Suchergebnisse

Die Europäische Datenschutzgrundverordnung (DSGVO) erhöht das Schutzniveau von personenbezogenen Daten und vereinheitlicht es europaweit. Reagieren müssen darauf alle Unternehmen, die personenbezogene Daten verarbeiten. Dies hat ganz unterschiedliche unmittelbare und mittelbare Auswirkungen auf die Unternehmen. Sie haben durch unterschiedliche Geschäftsmodelle, Unternehmensgrößen und Organisationsstrukturen verschiedene Ausgangspositionen und können mit verschiedenen personellen und finanziellen Ressourcen auf die DSGVO reagieren. Die Fähigkeit und Weise, mit der und auf die Unternehmen mit der DSGVO umgehen, hat damit mittelbare Effekte auf die Position der Unternehmen im wettbewerblichen Umfeld. Aber auch unmittelbar kann es zu Effekten der DSGVO auf die Wettbewerbsposition der Unternehmen kommen. Dies ist dann der Fall, wenn Unternehmen, welche die DSGVO einhalten müssen, mit Unternehmen im Wettbewerb stehen, welche die DSGVO nicht einhalten müssen, etwa bei Wirtschaftsaktivitäten außerhalb der Europäischen Union im Wettbewerb mit nichteuropäischen Unternehmen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht dieser Report auf Basis einer Befragung im Rahmen des IW-Zukunftspanels, welchen Aufwand deutsche Unternehmen durch die Umsetzung und Einhaltung der DSGVO bislang erfahren haben und wie sie die Auswirkungen der DSGVO auf die eigene Wettbewerbsposition einschätzen. Dies ist insbesondere deshalb relevant, als dass Daten zu einer immer wertvolleren Ressource werden. Für die meisten befragten Unternehmen hat die DSGVO keine Vorteile für ihre Wettbewerbsposition. Ein Drittel sieht sogar vor allem Nachteile, insbesondere weil der Aufwand der Umsetzung als sehr hoch eingeschätzt wird. Besonders digitalisierte und innovative Unternehmen sehen die DSGVO hingegen als vorteilhaft für ihre Position im Wettbewerb an. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollten politische Anstrengungen unternommen werden, die DSGVO als internationalen Datenschutzmaßstab zu etablieren, während die Unternehmen stärker bei der Implementierung unterstützt werden sollten. ; The European General Data Regulation (GDPR) increases the level of protection of personal data and standardises it throughout Europe. All companies that process personal data must react to this. This has very different direct and indirect effects on companies. They have different starting positions due to different business models, company sizes and organisational structures and can react to the GDPR with different personnel and financial resources. The ability and way companies deal with the GDPR thus has indirect effects on the position of the companies in the competitive environment. But the GDPR can also have direct effects on the competitive position of companies. This is the case if companies that have to comply with the DSGVO compete with companies that do not have to comply with the DSGVO, for example in the case of economic activities outside the European Union. Against this background, this report examines, on the basis of a survey conducted as part of the "IW Zukunftspanel", the effort German companies have experienced to date in implementing and complying with the GDPR and how they assess the effects of the GDPR on their own competitive position. This is particularly relevant because data is becoming an increasingly valuable resource. For most of the companies surveyed, the GDPR has no advantages for their competitive position. One third even sees disadvantages, in particular since the implementation effort is estimated to be very high. On the other hand, particularly digitalized and innovative companies perceive the GDPR as advantageous for their competitive position. Against this background, political efforts should be made to establish the GDPR as an international data protection standard, while companies should receive greater support in its implementation.

Die gegenwärtige, seit 2007 Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Politik intensiv beschäftigende internationale Finanzmarktkrise hat die Bedeutung von interdisziplinärer Forschung zu konstitutionellen Grundlagen globalisierter Finanzmärkte im Spannungsverhältnis von Stabilität und Wandel deutlich vor Augen geführt. Allerdings ist das wissenschaftliche Interesse an dieser Thematik nicht situationsbezogen auf die Ereignisse seit 2007 beschränkt, im Gegenteil: Die aktuellen Diskussionen beziehen sich im Kern in weiten Bereichen auf wissenschaftlichen Fragen, die schon vor 2007 immer wieder thematisiert wurden. Allerdings fehlte und fehlt es bis heute an übergreifenden inhaltlichen und methodischen Ansätzen, die die Komplexität globalisierter Finanzmärkte insgesamt erfassen. An dieser Stelle setzt das Forschungsprogramm zu konstitutionellen Grundlagen globalisierter Finanzmärkte an. Konkret geht es insofern um drei Untersuchungsfelder, die sachlich eng miteinander verzahnt sind: I. Finanzsystemstabilität als internationale Regulierungsaufgabe, II. Adäquanz der Internationalen Finanzarchitektur, III. Finanzmärkte und Realwirtschaft.

The paper discusses the renewed short selling regulation (Regulation (EU) No 236/2012) in the European Union. The focus is on the provisions that deal with prohibiting short selling in exceptional market circumstances. The Regulation further enforces certain obligations to report and disclose short positions. It is concluded that banning short selling is not an effective tool to contain extreme price volatility. The difference-in-differences regression and repeated measures GLM were used to test whether short selling bans were successful in containing volatility of those Spanish and Italian stocks that were subject to two back-to-back prohibitions during the years 2011-2013. The results are consistent with the majority of previous research, suggesting that the effectiveness of short sale constraints in reducing volatility is limited at best. Furthermore, there are evidence of counterproductive effects: constraints on short selling may actually increase volatility as well as deteriorate liquidity. However, based on theory and previous studies, reporting and disclosure requirements shall be favored provided they improve market efficiency as well as supervisory work of regulatory bodies.This paper discusses the renewed short selling regulation (Regulation (EU) No 236/2012) in the European Union. The focus is on the provisions that deal with prohibiting short selling in exceptional market circumstances. The Regulation further enforces certain obligations to report and disclose short positions. It is concluded that banning short selling is not an effective tool to contain extreme price volatility. The difference-in-differences regression and repeated measures GLM were used to test whether short selling bans were successful in containing volatility of those Spanish and Italian stocks that were subject to two back-to-back prohibitions during the years 2011-2013. The results are consistent with the majority of previous research, suggesting that the effectiveness of short sale constraints in reducing volatility is limited at best. Furthermore, there are evidence of counterproductive effects: constraints on short selling may actually increase volatility as well as deteriorate liquidity. However, based on theory and previous studies, reporting and disclosure requirements shall be favored provided they improve market efficiency as well as supervisory work of regulatory bodies. Bestellen über Zugriff(Open Access)

This article shows legal order in which German sports (football) enterprises exist. Due to the fact that German is the homeland of ordoliberalism and Walter Eucken was its leading representative we compare the principles of this legal order with the current situation in the sector of sports organization. Legal solutions that are applied, encourage the development of both professional football leagues where licensing procedure corresponds to the assumed objectives set out by the League Association. The following research methods were applied: a descriptive, historical and comparison analysis. Literature studies on the law relating to the operation of professional football leagues in Germany and the history of economic thought (in particular ordoliberalism) were performed on German sources and legislation.

Airbnb und Uber schaffen mit ihren Geschäftsmodellen neue Märkte. Werden dadurch Ressourcen besser genutzt, oder werden soziale Standards und gesetzliche Regulierungen umgangen? Nach Meinung von Tim Brühn und Georg Götz, Universität Gießen, bilden sich im Ergebnis Unternehmen mit hohen Marktanteilen wie Google, Ebay und Amazon heraus, die Nutzenexternalitäten zwischen ihren Kundengruppen in höherem Umfang internalisieren als Plattformen mit kleinerem Kundenkreis. Dies sei unter Effizienzgesichtspunkten als positiv zu bewerten. Gleichzeitig reduziere diese Dynamik den Wettbewerbsdruck zwischen den Unternehmen und ermögliche potenziell hohe Preisaufschläge. Martin Peitz, Universität Mannheim, weist darauf hin, dass sowohl die Bereitschaft von neuen Anbietern im Markt, sich an Spielregeln zu halten, die für alle gelten, als auch der Wille des Staates, bei veränderten Rahmenbedingungen bestehende Regulierungen zu überarbeiten, nötig sind. Für Adolf Rebler, Regierung der Oberpfalz, handelt es sich bei den »modernen Modellen« des Mitfahrens um Versuche, die gesetzlichen Vorschriften des Personenbeförderungsrechts zu umgehen. Ulrich Schwalbe, Universität Hohenheim, erscheint es sinnvoll, überholte Regulierungen aufzuheben, aber auch durch entsprechende Regelungen dafür zu sorgen, dass ein hinreichendes Maß an Sicherheit und Qualität der Leistungen gewährleistet ist. Harald Heinrichs, Universität Lüneburg, sieht in der Sharing Economy großes Potenzial, durch neue Geschäftsmodelle einen Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Wirtschaften zu leisten, Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft seien gefordert, angemessene Regulierungs- und Gestaltungsansätze zu entwickeln. Für Dieter Schlenker, Genossenschaft Taxi Deutschland, werden durch Uber die Beförderungserlöse privatisiert, während die Risiken der Gesellschaft auferlegt werden. Reinhard Loske, Universität Witten/Herdecke, plädiert dafür, dass durch europäisches und nationales Wettbewerbsrecht sowie internationale Abkommen sichergestellt we

Obwohl es dem Konzept des Soft Paternalismus gelang, die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Bedeutung verhaltensökonomischer Erkenntnisse und die verhaltensbeeinflussende Wirkung von 'weichen' Politikinstrumenten wie Default rules zu lenken, wird gezeigt, dass der Soft Paternalismus nur einen sehr begrenzten neuen Beitrag für die Begründung und Ausgestaltung der Verbraucherpolitik leisten kann. "Weiche" Governance-Instrumente und Verhaltensökonomie können auch unabhängig vom Soft Paternalismus verwendet werden. Dagegen kann dieses Konzept aufgrund seiner normativen Unklarheit gerade nichts Neues zur normativen Begründung des Paternalismus bei Zielkonflikten zur individuellen Entscheidungsfreiheit und damit zur Vorzugswürdigkeit von "weichen" gegenüber "harten" Politikinstrumenten bieten. Eine ernsthafte normative Diskussion über den Paternalismus steht damit immer noch aus.

Competition policy starts by shaping a legislative framework. This is aimed to establish boundaries for conducting competition and also sets limits of licit and illicit demarcation, for competitive and anticompetitive practices. The Romanian Competition Law has a divalent approach and it aims to provide specific behavioral conditions in order to stimulate and protect free-market competition, with the ultimate goal of developing a balanced, efficient and competitive economy. Our country's Competition policy is based on punishing the behavior. There are three such types of anti-competitive behavior, namely: agreements between undertakings, abuse of dominant position and mergers and other concentrations between undertakings. Recent Practice proved that this "enforcement-conduct-punishment" structure is not necessary the best way to address competition and it is high time for authorities to switch both regulation and enforcement of competition from the "classical perspective" towards concepts like "competition advocacy" and "soft power" and give competition policy a new, reshaped face.

Recent years have seen a rapid increase in legislation governing, protecting, and rewarding whistleblowers. Whereas the EU recently enacted a Directive protecting whistleblowers, the US has gone one step further long ago, not only protecting them but also offering substantial monetary rewards for their information. In this paper. we review the evidence for the effectiveness of US whistleblower reward programs and consider some recent novelties. We also consider objections against these programs and local factors in the US that likely contribute to their success. Finally, we voice some concerns over the EU Directive's ability to achieve its policy objective of enhancing enforcement of Union law.

Der Entsorgungswirtschaft wird im Rahmen wettbewerbspolitischer Diskussionen kaum Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Dabei ist der Wettbewerb teilweise sehr schwach ausgeprägt. Gebührenfinanzierte kommunale Unternehmen sind im Bereich des Siedlungsmülls oft allein für die Entsorgung verantwortlich; aktuelle Rekommunalisierungstendenzen befördern das Engagement der Kommunen weiter. Nun hat die Monopolkommission an der zunehmend von kommunalen Unternehmen dominierten Marktstruktur in der Hausmüllentsorgung Kritik geübt. ; Competition in the waste management sector is very weak. Especially in the fields of domestic waste management, mostly local authority companies financed by fees are solely responsible for disposal. Furthermore, current tendencies toward remunicipalisation strengthen the role of local authorities. Due to this development, the German Monopolies Commission recently criticised the market structure of waste management, which has become increasingly dominated by local authority companies. A comprehensive analysis shows that the ongoing development is unfavourable for both economic and ecological reasons. Thus, a new organisation of the waste management market promoting competition is necessary. Within such a competitive framework, local authorities should act as organisers and controllers of market behaviour.

The development of a country depends on the legal system of that country. Romanian aconomy haw knoweded, as many states, different ideologies and govemental methods, the segnificant difference< beetween then being the degree of state interventionism in the economy. To obtain a free market, we need a proper legal system, a special guvernmental attitude and a good implementation of the state of law principles and democracy. As we feel the need of change, the state tries to come with new programs and perspectives. The result is a legislative inflation, that scares any antreprenorial initiative. But there is another way of forming new institutions or changing them, more appropriate to the market. This is the way based on practical experience, tradition and responsability.

Motivation: On a macroeconomic scale, competitiveness is conditioned by both the actions of institutions at the central level, decisions taken by the legislative and executive authorities, as well as the potential of entrepreneurship, which is diversified depending on the level of socio-economic development of society. In turn, the economic, legal and administrative environment created by the state has a significant influence on the possibilities and way of conducting economic activity, because this environment shapes the external factors of the enterprises competitiveness.Aim: The purpose of this article is the legal-economic analysis regarding advertising of pharmacies and their activities, taking into account a broad spectrum of doctrinal and jurisdiction views. The subject of the analysis is the function and significance of advertising as shaping the potential of enterprise competitiveness in the context of pharmacy activity. The article uses the method of legal regulation analysis.Results: Taking into account the admissibility of the statutory limitation of the principles of shaping an enterprise competitiveness potential, the necessity should be emphasized of correct interpretation of the law, taking into account the objectives of the introduced restriction and applying only a proportional and adequate mechanism for sanctioning its infringements. In the context of the activities of pharmacies, as public health care facilities, the above remarks have special significance. The undisputed supremacy of the public purpose of a pharmacy activity can not deny the importance of an economic goal as the basic mechanism of an enterprise activity, the achievement of which is an economic guarantee of the public purpose implementation.

Motivation: On a macroeconomic scale, competitiveness is conditioned by both the actions of institutions at the central level, decisions taken by the legislative and executive authorities, as well as the potential of entrepreneurship, which is diversified depending on the level of socio-economic development of society. In turn, the economic, legal and administrative environment created by the state has a significant influence on the possibilities and way of conducting economic activity, because this environment shapes the external factors of the enterprises competitiveness.Aim: The purpose of this article is the legal-economic analysis regarding advertising of pharmacies and their activities, taking into account a broad spectrum of doctrinal and jurisdiction views. The subject of the analysis is the function and significance of advertising as shaping the potential of enterprise competitiveness in the context of pharmacy activity. The article uses the method of legal regulation analysis.Results: Taking into account the admissibility of the statutory limitation of the principles of shaping an enterprise competitiveness potential, the necessity should be emphasized of correct interpretation of the law, taking into account the objectives of the introduced restriction and applying only a proportional and adequate mechanism for sanctioning its infringements. In the context of the activities of pharmacies, as public health care facilities, the above remarks have special significance. The undisputed supremacy of the public purpose of a pharmacy activity can not deny the importance of an economic goal as the basic mechanism of an enterprise activity, the achievement of which is an economic guarantee of the public purpose implementation.

Motivation: The financial crisis and the collapsing of the financial market as a result of bankruptcy in 2008 of Lehman Brothers bank became the justification for the need for State intervention in order to prevent the bankruptcy of other financial institutions and related consequences for the real economy.Results: Essential in this range was the position of the European Commission, whose task is to exercise control over compliance with European rules relating to the Member States intervention in the economy. A special role is played here by rules on granting State aid because their violation can lead to distortions of competition in the Single European Market.Aim: The aim of the article is to analyze the conditions of admissibility of State aid in the European Union, taking into account the rules applicable to the aid for undertakings during the crisis.