Suchergebnisse

Abstract. The paper coins the term 'The Generous Poor' that has been fundamental in preserving democratic values within Pakistan in a hope that institutions of national governance take note of their issues where preserving life through better health facilitation has been the foundation.Keywords. The Generous Poor, Health, Poverty.JEL. I30, K32, N30.

[Zielsetzung der Arbeit] Die in Kapitel 1 vorgestellten Sachverhalte bilden den Rahmen für die vorliegende Ausarbeitung. Die in Folge des Klimawandels stetig ansteigende globale Durchschnittstemperatur bedingt, dass ein entschlossenes Handeln unausweichlich wird, um die heutigen Lebensbedingung auch für nachfolgende Generationen zu erhalten (vgl. Stern 2009: 46). Die Maßnahmen der Regierung zur Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen sind dabei vielfältig und ihre Wirkungsweise selten trivial. Dennoch werden viele der Maßnahmen weitläufig als wirkungsvoll angesehen, ohne dass Effekte und Potential tatsächlich bekannt sind. Den Aussagen von Politik und Wirtschaft wird nur allzu häufig ohne kritisches Hinterfragen vertraut. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, einzelne dieser Ansätze zur CO2-Reduktion innerhalb der Transportlogistik hinsichtlich ihrer tatsächlichen Wirkung zu untersuchen. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob diese so effizient zu einer Reduzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen beitragen, wie es von Politik und Wirtschaft behauptet wird. Es wird die These formuliert, dass die vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen zum Teil deutlich weniger effizient sind als weitläufig angenommen und ihnen oftmals die hohe klimafreundliche Wirkung zu Unrecht zugesprochen wird. Innerhalb der zur Überprüfung gewählten Ansätze soll diese These bestätigt oder widerlegt werden.

[Introduction] The euro crisis evolves out of the global financial crisis, which erupted with the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. Starting point of the euro crisis was the statement of the Greek government in autumn 2009 that budget deficit may be much higher than announce in the beginning of 2009. In early 2010 financial market expectations pointed in direction of possible Greek sovereign default. In May 2010 some secondary markets for government bonds began to dry up completely and the EU council agreed to a rescue plan for Greece. This plan could not dam up the concerns regarding the debt situation in Portugal and Ireland. During the ongoing crisis process these countries are supported by rescue plans (see Todev, Brazda, Laurinkari 2013). Rescue plans are not an instrument of the legal arrangement of the European Union or of the Eurozone. Therefore, new arrangement has had to be established since then. Moreover, the euro crisis is not only a sovereign debt crisis. It contains at least a banking crisis and macroeconomic crisis. All these parts are strongly connected. In the paper the main links are described. Furthermore, new legal arrangements and developments are presented to handle the sovereign debt, banking and macroeconomic crisis. In the beginning the changes deals with the sovereign debt crisis. Countries, which got support of other countries, had to accept changes in their public budget structure. To some extend the policy changes should help to solve reasons of the debt situation and of the macroeconomic crisis. In 2012 the EU council focused on the banking crisis, where the EU agreed to establish a banking union. The macroeconomic crisis is apparent by high unemployment rates and real GDP decreases. One main reason behind these characteristics is the lack of competitiveness of some economies. This point is addressed in the paper. At the end of the paper political aspects of the crisis politics should be mentioned. It is dealing with the income and wealth situation of some EU countries.

Canada-Renewable Energy presented the WTO Panel and Appellate Body (AB) with a novel issue: at the heart of the dispute was a measure adopted by the province of Ontario whereby producers of renewable energy would be paid a premium relative to conventional power producers. Some WTO Members complained that the measure was a prohibited subsidy because payments were conditional upon using Canadian equipment for the production of renewable energy. The AB gave them right only in part: it found that a local content requirement had indeed been imposed, but also found that it lacked evidence to determine whether a subsidy had been bestowed. The report is, for the reasons explained below, incoherent and could hardly serve as precedent for resolution of similar conflicts in the future. The facts of the case though, do raise legitimate questions both with respect to the specifics of the case, as well as of more general nature regarding the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), and the role of the judge when facing legislative failure. In this paper, we provide some responses to these questions in light of the theory and evidence regarding industrial policy in the name of environmental protection.

Le choc du covid-19 interroge la capacité de résilience des territoires insulaires, caractérisés par leur importante vulnérabilité (éloignement, risques naturels, etc.). Cette capacité s'inscrit dans un cadre particulier pour les territoires non indépendants. Leur intervention dans la gestion de cette crise sanitaire dépend des pouvoirs et compétences qu'ils ont en temps normal, et du choix de l'exécutif national d'appliquer un régime juridique d'exception. Classification JEL : K32, I18

The Environmental Liability Act (Umwelthaftungsgesetz) enacted January 1, 1991 is claimed to have substantially tightened the environmental liability regime in Germany. The economic consequences of the amendment of the German environmental liability legislation initiated by the Sandoz accident are investigated for a portfolio of firms in the chemical industry. By means of an event study it is determined whether the UmweltHG has led to a revision of expectations regarding the profitability of the German chemical industry. If sizeable precautionary pollution control measures and liability payments were to be induced by the UmweltHG, both the returns and the risk attached to investing in the chemical industry should be negatively affected. The findings of this study, however, do not indicate that the German Environmental Liability Act induced such a negative impact on the chemical industry.

We construct a panel of satisfaction with democracy (SWD) and economic, institutional, and environmental variables for 1990-2001 for fifteen European countries. In this sample, controlling for a number of factors, we find that average SWD is higher where (1) there exists an energy / CO2 tax, where (2) government expenditures on the environment are higher, where (3) certain environmental regulations like packaging rules are in place, and (4) where the government puts in place environmental offices or other official bodies charged with addressing environmental concerns. We also find that, on the environmental quality side, (5) more cars on the roads, (6) less unleaded fuel, and (7) higher pesticide use intensity all decrease SWD.

Les interdépendances fortes entre l'Union européenne (UE) et ses fournisseurs extérieurs de gaz naturel révèlent les problématiques de conflits et de logiques contradictoires liées à la coexistence d'arrangements institutionnels différents dans l'échange. Cet enjeu émerge clairement sur la relation entre l'UE et la Russie. La confrontation de ces deux espaces institutionnels semble avoir un « impact transformatif » sur les régulations et les politiques énergétiques de la Russie et de l'UE. L'article analyse les conflits et les risques économiques et institutionnels résultant de la confrontation de ces deux espaces de régulation. Classification JEL : K32, Q35, Q37, Q38

Motivation: On a macroeconomic scale, competitiveness is conditioned by both the actions of institutions at the central level, decisions taken by the legislative and executive authorities, as well as the potential of entrepreneurship, which is diversified depending on the level of socio-economic development of society. In turn, the economic, legal and administrative environment created by the state has a significant influence on the possibilities and way of conducting economic activity, because this environment shapes the external factors of the enterprises competitiveness.Aim: The purpose of this article is the legal-economic analysis regarding advertising of pharmacies and their activities, taking into account a broad spectrum of doctrinal and jurisdiction views. The subject of the analysis is the function and significance of advertising as shaping the potential of enterprise competitiveness in the context of pharmacy activity. The article uses the method of legal regulation analysis.Results: Taking into account the admissibility of the statutory limitation of the principles of shaping an enterprise competitiveness potential, the necessity should be emphasized of correct interpretation of the law, taking into account the objectives of the introduced restriction and applying only a proportional and adequate mechanism for sanctioning its infringements. In the context of the activities of pharmacies, as public health care facilities, the above remarks have special significance. The undisputed supremacy of the public purpose of a pharmacy activity can not deny the importance of an economic goal as the basic mechanism of an enterprise activity, the achievement of which is an economic guarantee of the public purpose implementation.

Motivation: On a macroeconomic scale, competitiveness is conditioned by both the actions of institutions at the central level, decisions taken by the legislative and executive authorities, as well as the potential of entrepreneurship, which is diversified depending on the level of socio-economic development of society. In turn, the economic, legal and administrative environment created by the state has a significant influence on the possibilities and way of conducting economic activity, because this environment shapes the external factors of the enterprises competitiveness.Aim: The purpose of this article is the legal-economic analysis regarding advertising of pharmacies and their activities, taking into account a broad spectrum of doctrinal and jurisdiction views. The subject of the analysis is the function and significance of advertising as shaping the potential of enterprise competitiveness in the context of pharmacy activity. The article uses the method of legal regulation analysis.Results: Taking into account the admissibility of the statutory limitation of the principles of shaping an enterprise competitiveness potential, the necessity should be emphasized of correct interpretation of the law, taking into account the objectives of the introduced restriction and applying only a proportional and adequate mechanism for sanctioning its infringements. In the context of the activities of pharmacies, as public health care facilities, the above remarks have special significance. The undisputed supremacy of the public purpose of a pharmacy activity can not deny the importance of an economic goal as the basic mechanism of an enterprise activity, the achievement of which is an economic guarantee of the public purpose implementation.