Suchergebnisse

Before becoming a Christian nation, Lithuania had a choice between the Latin and Greek churches and elected Rome instead of Byzantium. The Western Church showed greater missionary fervor in her evangelizing and sanctifying work, that Lithuania chose to integrate itself into Western Europe by accepting baptism into the Roman Catholic Church. Mindaugas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, was baptized in 1251 and in 1253 was crowned King of Lithuania. This established the foundation for a Lithuanian nation. His death, however, brought great turmoil to the nation until the reign of Vytenis. The Grand Dukes Vytenis, Gediminas and Algirdas understood the historical significance of becoming a Catholic nation, but it was only under the reign of Grand Duke Jogaila that it was accomplished. Jogaila was baptized in 1386 and became the King of Poland. In 1387, Jogaila with a number of clergy and noblemen arrived in Lithuania where he appointed his cousin, Vytautas, as his successor there. Together they built churches and Christianized the ethnic Lithuanian population.The year 1387 is considered the year Lithuania became a Christian nation. However, many parts of the nation were still pagan for a number of years. It was only in 1417 that Samogitia was confirmed as converted. Becoming a Catholic nation had many political ramifications. Even though Jogaila could have been baptized in the Eastern Church, his choice to become a member of the Roman Catholic Church became a turning point in Lithuanian history. The Church's influence extended to almost every aspect of Lithuania's economic, political, cultural and defense spheres. Presently, after many years of Soviet occupation, Lithuania has returned to being an independent nation and a member of the European Union. Its' strong Christian identity helps to monitor the principles and objectives of the European Union to which it belongs.[.].

Before becoming a Christian nation, Lithuania had a choice between the Latin and Greek churches and elected Rome instead of Byzantium. The Western Church showed greater missionary fervor in her evangelizing and sanctifying work, that Lithuania chose to integrate itself into Western Europe by accepting baptism into the Roman Catholic Church. Mindaugas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, was baptized in 1251 and in 1253 was crowned King of Lithuania. This established the foundation for a Lithuanian nation. His death, however, brought great turmoil to the nation until the reign of Vytenis. The Grand Dukes Vytenis, Gediminas and Algirdas understood the historical significance of becoming a Catholic nation, but it was only under the reign of Grand Duke Jogaila that it was accomplished. Jogaila was baptized in 1386 and became the King of Poland. In 1387, Jogaila with a number of clergy and noblemen arrived in Lithuania where he appointed his cousin, Vytautas, as his successor there. Together they built churches and Christianized the ethnic Lithuanian population.The year 1387 is considered the year Lithuania became a Christian nation. However, many parts of the nation were still pagan for a number of years. It was only in 1417 that Samogitia was confirmed as converted. Becoming a Catholic nation had many political ramifications. Even though Jogaila could have been baptized in the Eastern Church, his choice to become a member of the Roman Catholic Church became a turning point in Lithuanian history. The Church's influence extended to almost every aspect of Lithuania's economic, political, cultural and defense spheres. Presently, after many years of Soviet occupation, Lithuania has returned to being an independent nation and a member of the European Union. Its' strong Christian identity helps to monitor the principles and objectives of the European Union to which it belongs.[.].

Before becoming a Christian nation, Lithuania had a choice between the Latin and Greek churches and elected Rome instead of Byzantium. The Western Church showed greater missionary fervor in her evangelizing and sanctifying work, that Lithuania chose to integrate itself into Western Europe by accepting baptism into the Roman Catholic Church. Mindaugas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, was baptized in 1251 and in 1253 was crowned King of Lithuania. This established the foundation for a Lithuanian nation. His death, however, brought great turmoil to the nation until the reign of Vytenis. The Grand Dukes Vytenis, Gediminas and Algirdas understood the historical significance of becoming a Catholic nation, but it was only under the reign of Grand Duke Jogaila that it was accomplished. Jogaila was baptized in 1386 and became the King of Poland. In 1387, Jogaila with a number of clergy and noblemen arrived in Lithuania where he appointed his cousin, Vytautas, as his successor there. Together they built churches and Christianized the ethnic Lithuanian population.The year 1387 is considered the year Lithuania became a Christian nation. However, many parts of the nation were still pagan for a number of years. It was only in 1417 that Samogitia was confirmed as converted. Becoming a Catholic nation had many political ramifications. Even though Jogaila could have been baptized in the Eastern Church, his choice to become a member of the Roman Catholic Church became a turning point in Lithuanian history. The Church's influence extended to almost every aspect of Lithuania's economic, political, cultural and defense spheres. Presently, after many years of Soviet occupation, Lithuania has returned to being an independent nation and a member of the European Union. Its' strong Christian identity helps to monitor the principles and objectives of the European Union to which it belongs.[.].

The article deals with the reflection of Western cultural crisis in Czesław Miłosz's creativity expressed as "catastrophism". The experience of crisis must be linked with the political situation between the two World Wars, but Miłosz perceives it as a crisis of culture and first of all a crisis in the changed social sphere. His view is close to the opinion of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset: "the rebellion of the mass" is one of the signs of cultural crisis. Miłosz rejects Ortega's idea of "dehumanization of art" because, according to Miłosz, a contemporary artist reflecting himself as a single individual and seeking to avoid the man of mass in fact is part of that mass. "The Captive mind" is the analysis of Polish writers' timeserving policy after World War II. In this book, Miłosz tried to find some kind of justification of writers' position and introduced a concept of "ketman". Miłosz practiced "ketman" himself when he worked in diplomatic service of the Polish People's Republic and later in West emigration.

The article deals with the reflection of Western cultural crisis in Czesław Miłosz's creativity expressed as "catastrophism". The experience of crisis must be linked with the political situation between the two World Wars, but Miłosz perceives it as a crisis of culture and first of all a crisis in the changed social sphere. His view is close to the opinion of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset: "the rebellion of the mass" is one of the signs of cultural crisis. Miłosz rejects Ortega's idea of "dehumanization of art" because, according to Miłosz, a contemporary artist reflecting himself as a single individual and seeking to avoid the man of mass in fact is part of that mass. "The Captive mind" is the analysis of Polish writers' timeserving policy after World War II. In this book, Miłosz tried to find some kind of justification of writers' position and introduced a concept of "ketman". Miłosz practiced "ketman" himself when he worked in diplomatic service of the Polish People's Republic and later in West emigration.

The article deals with the reflection of Western cultural crisis in Czesław Miłosz's creativity expressed as "catastrophism". The experience of crisis must be linked with the political situation between the two World Wars, but Miłosz perceives it as a crisis of culture and first of all a crisis in the changed social sphere. His view is close to the opinion of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset: "the rebellion of the mass" is one of the signs of cultural crisis. Miłosz rejects Ortega's idea of "dehumanization of art" because, according to Miłosz, a contemporary artist reflecting himself as a single individual and seeking to avoid the man of mass in fact is part of that mass. "The Captive mind" is the analysis of Polish writers' timeserving policy after World War II. In this book, Miłosz tried to find some kind of justification of writers' position and introduced a concept of "ketman". Miłosz practiced "ketman" himself when he worked in diplomatic service of the Polish People's Republic and later in West emigration.

The article deals with the reflection of Western cultural crisis in Czesław Miłosz's creativity expressed as "catastrophism". The experience of crisis must be linked with the political situation between the two World Wars, but Miłosz perceives it as a crisis of culture and first of all a crisis in the changed social sphere. His view is close to the opinion of the Spanish philosopher Ortega y Gasset: "the rebellion of the mass" is one of the signs of cultural crisis. Miłosz rejects Ortega's idea of "dehumanization of art" because, according to Miłosz, a contemporary artist reflecting himself as a single individual and seeking to avoid the man of mass in fact is part of that mass. "The Captive mind" is the analysis of Polish writers' timeserving policy after World War II. In this book, Miłosz tried to find some kind of justification of writers' position and introduced a concept of "ketman". Miłosz practiced "ketman" himself when he worked in diplomatic service of the Polish People's Republic and later in West emigration.

We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.

We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.

We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.

We present an overview of the development of clinical neuropsychology, the current status of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Western countries, and the possibilities of developing this specialty in Lithuania. The main duties of a clinical neuropsychologist are to perform neuropsychological assessments and clinical interventions. Clinical neuropsychologists working within health care are professionals who offer services to patients across the lifespan with cognitive and behavioral/emotional symptoms related to neurological, developmental, and psychiatric disorders. Specialists of clinical neuropsychology are needed in neurology and psychiatry clinics, in centers of mental health and rehabilitation, and institutions of psychological assessment and education of children. The specialization models of clinical neuropsychology in Europe and North America are similar in their content and requirements for courses and practice. Nevertheless, specialist education in most of European countries is related to clinical training and not an academic degree, as it is in the USA and Canada. The duration of specialist education in clinical neuropsychology in Europe varies, but this education can only be started after acquiring a Master's degree in most of the European countries. The regulation of the specialty of clinical neuropsychology in Europe also varies. In some countries, this specialty is fully legally regulated, and in some countries not regulated at all. For specialization in clinical neuropsychology, the license of a psychologist, enabling an individual to work in the health care system of the country, is required in most Western countries. Taking into consideration the Scandinavian experience, it can be expected that the planning of specialization studies in Lithuania would be easier if the licensing of psychologists would be regulated. Today, traditional specializations of psychology in Lithuania may be obtained through Master's degree studies, i.e., a specialized Master's diploma compensates a license and any need of further specialization. This Lithuanian tradition is not in accord with the EuroPsy politics of obtaining a diploma: a Master's diploma is acquired within 6 years of studies, and, after these studies, specialization is continued for a few more years (participation in specialized courses, performance of supervised practice). The model of specialization in clinical neuropsychology in Lithuania should be developed in accordance with international standards of neuropsychology, which are in constant development. In Western countries, the knowledge and skills of clinical and health psychology are considered to be an important part of the specialist education in clinical neuropsychology. Therefore, two years of Master's studies in clinical neuropsychology would not be sufficient when preparing competent clinical neuropsychologists, unless it is combined with a supervised neuropsychological practice of a defined duration. A doctoral degree is required for neuropsychological practice in the USA, but it is usually not required in Europe. In Lithuania, such a tradition for other specializations of psychology does not exist either, which suggests that a doctoral degree should not be necessary for the specialty of clinical neuropsychology as well. Nevertheless, like in Western countries, supervised clinical neuropsychological practice should be a necessary part of the specialists' education in clinical neuropsychology.

21st century is called the century of democracy. But if you take a look at the contemporary political discourse and recent situation, it is evident that the real situation is far from the described above. "The resurgence of ideological and political turbulence in the late 1960s, social conflicts rising in the early 1970s, and the spread of mass protest by new social movements and citizen initiatives in the 1980s were symptoms of a profound transformation of West European politics". This transformation united xenophobia and the populist ideology into one strong phenomenon that became very popular among the European societies. "Populist parties are generally thought of as lacking grand visions on comprehensive ideological projects. Instead, they are presumed to appeal to common sense of common people, seek to divine mood swings of an increasingly volatile electorate, and to shape their political programs accordingly." Because of high popularity, radical right wing populism becomes stronger. The main purpose of today's political and social elite is to stop or to prevent European societies from the possibility of becoming xenophobic nations full of fair and hatred. The way of preventing xenophobia and radical right wing populism is to create a unified and common European identity. "The future of radical right-wing populism ultimately depends on the degree on which it manages to incorporate the question of national identity into a coherent political program". Since this question was successfully unified in the Western democracies, it is possible that these parties and xenophobic radicalism can come to new EU member states: to Lithuania as well.

21st century is called the century of democracy. But if you take a look at the contemporary political discourse and recent situation, it is evident that the real situation is far from the described above. "The resurgence of ideological and political turbulence in the late 1960s, social conflicts rising in the early 1970s, and the spread of mass protest by new social movements and citizen initiatives in the 1980s were symptoms of a profound transformation of West European politics". This transformation united xenophobia and the populist ideology into one strong phenomenon that became very popular among the European societies. "Populist parties are generally thought of as lacking grand visions on comprehensive ideological projects. Instead, they are presumed to appeal to common sense of common people, seek to divine mood swings of an increasingly volatile electorate, and to shape their political programs accordingly." Because of high popularity, radical right wing populism becomes stronger. The main purpose of today's political and social elite is to stop or to prevent European societies from the possibility of becoming xenophobic nations full of fair and hatred. The way of preventing xenophobia and radical right wing populism is to create a unified and common European identity. "The future of radical right-wing populism ultimately depends on the degree on which it manages to incorporate the question of national identity into a coherent political program". Since this question was successfully unified in the Western democracies, it is possible that these parties and xenophobic radicalism can come to new EU member states: to Lithuania as well.

21st century is called the century of democracy. But if you take a look at the contemporary political discourse and recent situation, it is evident that the real situation is far from the described above. "The resurgence of ideological and political turbulence in the late 1960s, social conflicts rising in the early 1970s, and the spread of mass protest by new social movements and citizen initiatives in the 1980s were symptoms of a profound transformation of West European politics". This transformation united xenophobia and the populist ideology into one strong phenomenon that became very popular among the European societies. "Populist parties are generally thought of as lacking grand visions on comprehensive ideological projects. Instead, they are presumed to appeal to common sense of common people, seek to divine mood swings of an increasingly volatile electorate, and to shape their political programs accordingly." Because of high popularity, radical right wing populism becomes stronger. The main purpose of today's political and social elite is to stop or to prevent European societies from the possibility of becoming xenophobic nations full of fair and hatred. The way of preventing xenophobia and radical right wing populism is to create a unified and common European identity. "The future of radical right-wing populism ultimately depends on the degree on which it manages to incorporate the question of national identity into a coherent political program". Since this question was successfully unified in the Western democracies, it is possible that these parties and xenophobic radicalism can come to new EU member states: to Lithuania as well.

Veneti (Lat. Venedi, Venethi; Gr. Ουενέδαι) usually describes a tribe or confederation of tribes which are mentioned by many antique and modern historians and geographers. This article addresses those Veneti about whom the historian and political figure of the Roman Empire, Publius Cornelius Tacitus, wrote in his work Germania ('De origine 146 et situ Germanorum', 98 AD). The ethnic identity of this tribe has given birth to many hypotheses, one of which associates the Venethi of Tacitus with the Baltic tribes. The first part of the article brings together the most important facts on the distribu- tion of the name Veneti, beginning with the oldest data reaching back before the Christian era and concluding with the latest information from the 20th century. The second part presents onomastic material, which in one form or another reflects the root (stem) ven-/ven-t/ven-et-, and upon which hypotheses on the ethnic affiliation of the Veneti are usually based. The third part analyzes the most frequently discussed hypotheses, with attention paid to the distinction of ethnic-linguistic elements of Baltic ethnic origin from the Slavic ones. Based on the facts presented, two problems are elucidated and discussed. 1. The origin of the Veneti tribe itself and its ethnic affiliation: who were Tacitus' Venethi? 2. The etymology of the name Veneti.