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Bibliogr. s. 100. ; Tekst w jęz. ukr. ; Streszcz. ang., pol. ; artykuł w: Wschód Europy : studia humanistyczno-społeczne 2016, Vol. 2, No 1, s. 87-100 ; artykuł w: Bezpieczeństwo państw Europy Wschodniej = Bezopasnost' stran Vostočnoj Evropy = Security of Eastern European states S. 87-100 ; Bibliogr. s. 100. ; Tekst w jęz. ukr. ; Streszcz. ang., pol. ; artykuł w: Wschód Europy : studia humanistyczno-społeczne 2016, Vol. 2, No 1, s. 87-100 ; artykuł w: Bezpieczeństwo państw Europy Wschodniej = Bezopasnost' stran Vostočnoj Evropy = Security of Eastern European states S. 87-100

The article is devoted to the study of the battle history of the new town of Oster and the topography of its fortifications. The fortress of Oster originated in the 11th century on the bank of the river of the same name, at its confluence with the river Desna, in the 12th c. settlement already had three lines of fortifications, the remains of which remained until the mid-20th century. In the 60's 16th c. Oster Castle and the surrounding settlements were rebuilt in a new location due to the displacement of the Desna River bed. At that time, Oster was the castle of the Commonwealth on the border with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Based on the descriptions of the 16th and 17th centuries, the author reconstructed the location of the castle of new Oster. After the town and the castle were burned down by the Muscovites in 1616, the Osterian governor Remigian Zaleski began to rebuild the settlement near the old hillfort.However, the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not support this project, and ordered the castle to be rebuilt on the site of New Oster so that the local garrison could control traffic along the Desna River. In order to attract people to the town and improve its economic status, in 1628 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth government released the residents of new Oster from paying taxes, first for 8 years and then for another 6 years. As a result, the settlement has grown significantly. In the mid-17th century. New Oster had a castle, fortified with wooden walls and towers, and two lines of defensive fortifications around the town. Fortifications defended the city from the east, on the other hand the city had a natural protection – the Popivka and Desna rivers and Lake Desnishche.During the Russo-Ukrainian War of 1668, fortifications were built along the river Popivka, which were to defense the town from the castle occupied by Moscow soldiers. After the second partition of Poland in 1793, the western border of the Russian Empire moved much westward, so the fortress in Oster became ...

The article is devoted to the study of the battle history of the new town of Oster and the topography of its fortifications. The fortress of Oster originated in the 11th century on the bank of the river of the same name, at its confluence with the river Desna, in the 12th c. settlement already had three lines of fortifications, the remains of which remained until the mid-20th century. In the 60's 16th c. Oster Castle and the surrounding settlements were rebuilt in a new location due to the displacement of the Desna River bed. At that time, Oster was the castle of the Commonwealth on the border with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Based on the descriptions of the 16th and 17th centuries, the author reconstructed the location of the castle of new Oster. After the town and the castle were burned down by the Muscovites in 1616, the Osterian governor Remigian Zaleski began to rebuild the settlement near the old hillfort.However, the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not support this project, and ordered the castle to be rebuilt on the site of New Oster so that the local garrison could control traffic along the Desna River. In order to attract people to the town and improve its economic status, in 1628 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth government released the residents of new Oster from paying taxes, first for 8 years and then for another 6 years. As a result, the settlement has grown significantly. In the mid-17th century. New Oster had a castle, fortified with wooden walls and towers, and two lines of defensive fortifications around the town. Fortifications defended the city from the east, on the other hand the city had a natural protection – the Popivka and Desna rivers and Lake Desnishche.During the Russo-Ukrainian War of 1668, fortifications were built along the river Popivka, which were to defense the town from the castle occupied by Moscow soldiers. After the second partition of Poland in 1793, the western border of the Russian Empire moved much westward, so the fortress in Oster became ...

Florian Bachmeiers Farbfotografien, welche in den letzten acht Jahren in der Ukraine entstanden sind, gelingt es, die vergangenen wie gegenwärtigen historischen Prozesse in der Ukraine sichtbar zu machen, und deren psychologischen und sozialen Auswirkungen auf die Menschen, wie auch die Landschaften zu beschreiben. Er bereist intensiv das ganze Land, fotografiert in den Städten, auf den Dörfern und an der Front. Im siebenten Jahr hat sich ein innerer politischer Konflikt in einen unbarmherzigen Stellvertreterkrieg verwandelt, der tausende Menschenleben gekostet und sich in all seinen Auswirkungen über das ganze Land gelegt hat. IN LIMBO beschreibt einen scheinbaren Zustand von Erstarren und gleichzeitig permanenter Unsicherheit. Die Portraits erzählen von Biografien, in die sich der Konflikt sichtbar und unsichtbar eingeschrieben hat. Neben den Heldendenkmälern und den Ruinen des letzten Krieges zieht sich die Front durch die Landschaft. Am Ende bleibt den Menschen nur die Entscheidung, sich entweder in diesem Zustand einzurichten oder das Land, die Heimat zu verlassen. (Verlagswerbung)

The article deals with the emergence and development of the military press of the ZUNR (Western-Ukrainian People's Republic), the main subjects that it brings up, its role in the development of the ZUNR as a state and the Ukrainian Galician Army are clarified. These are, in particular, publications such as «The Bulletin of the State Secretariat of Military Affairs», «Strilets / Rifleman», «Striletskyi Shliakh / Rifleman's Way», «Poleva Hazeta / Field Newspaper», «Respublikanskyi Samokhotnyk / Republican Samokhotnyk, «Kozatskyi Holos / Kozak's Voice». The article also draws attention to the fact that the well-known figures and journalists participated in the military press – D. Vitovskyi, R. Zaklynskyi, Ye. Zyblikevych, I. Krevetskyi, D. Krenzhalovskyi, O. Nazaruk, V. Pachovskyi. The author argues that the military press of the ZUNR was not only an important segment of the ZUNR press, but also a mouthpiece of the Ukrainian integral state idea; it occupies a prominent place in the history of the Ukrainian press.The main topics of the military press of the Western-Ukranian People's Republic in the context of the state-building and the liberation struggle of 1918‒1920 are analyzed. It is found out that the idea of Ukrainian statehood, the idea of struggle for Ukrainian statehood, the idea of unity were the main topics which have been raised by this press. The article reveals that the military press of Western-Ukranian People's Republic paid attention to social problems, including land reform, as well as to the international context of the Ukrainian issue.Key words: West Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian military press, idea of Ukrainian statehood. ; У статті розглянуто виникнення і розвиток військової преси ЗУНР, з'ясовано основні теми, які вона порушувала, її роль у розбудові ЗУНР як держави і Української Галицької Армії. Йдеться, зокрема, про такі видання як «Вістник Державного секретаріату військових справ», «Стрілець», «Стрілецький шлях», «Полева газета», «Республіканський самохотник», «Козацький голос». У статті звернуто увагу і на те, що у військовій пресі брали участь відомі діячі і публіцисти – Д. Вітовський, Р. Заклинський, Є. Зиблікевич, І. Кревецький, Д. Кренжаловський, О. Назарук, В. Пачовський. Автор доводить, що військова преса ЗУНР була не лише важливим сегментом преси ЗУНР, але й рупором української державницької соборницької ідеї, їй належить вагоме місце в історії української преси.Ключові слова: Західноукраїнська Народна Республіка, українська військова преса, ідея української державності.

Показано історію формування та завершення чеських урядів від 1992 до 2012 рр. Надано класифікацію чеських кабінетів і визначено переважаючий тип кабінетів. Вивчено розподіл найважливіших посад всередині урядів. Визначено основні чинники, які суттєво вплинули на стабільність урядів Чехії та індекс урядової стабільності. ; Показана история формирования и завершения чешских правительств от 1992 до 2012 гг.Проведеная классификация чешских кабинетов и определенно преобладающий тип кабинетов.Изучено распределение важнейших должностей внутри правительств. Определены основные факторы, которые существенно повлияли на стабильность правительств Чехии и измерен индекс правительственной стабильности ; Main tasks of the article are: 1.to show history of formation and termination governments since 1992 till 2012. 2. to make classification of Czech governments and define the prevailing type of cabinets. 3. to research main Portfolio allocation inside governments. 4. To define main factors of government stability. 5. to evaluate index of government stability.Peculiarity of Czech Constitution is the possibility to form cabinet without majority of deputies.There were two main factors of government instability in Czech Republic: Temporary decrease in the coalition potential of some otherwise ideologically moderate parties due the personal unwillingness of party leadership to make any political concessions. Also the negative factor for government stability is the existence of a radical party with minimal coalition potential – the Communist party of Bohemia and Moravia.In Czech Republic were mainly minimal winning coalitions based on cooperation of ideologically distant political parties or minority cabinets. However ideological part of motivation to form coalitions was not excluded, generally pragmatic coalitions prevail in Czech Republic. Concerning question of Portfolio distribution, party, that is the main force in coalition as usually possess the office of Primeminister and distribute Ministries with high status to other partners of coalition. A specific case of an election stalemate, the equal numbers of mandates for the left and the right wings of political spectrum.This factor is connected with the 2006 elections, when it was hard to form government and only absence of few deputies of opposition rescued the situation.In the consequences of crises inside government coalition were formed two technical governments under the rule of J. Tosovsky in 1998 and J. Fisher in 2009. Index of government stability is higher for the first cabinet of V. Claus and cabinet of M. Zeman.

The activity of Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker to protect the Ukrainians' national rights in Soviet Union is analyzed. It was the time of the Cold War, when the great divide between the Soviet Union and the Canada contained a many points. In particular, as Prime Minister, he called Soviet Government to protect human rights, stop arrest of dissidents, and to allow free elections. The violation of constitutional rights guaranteed in the Ukrainian SSR, prosecution of dissidents, the implementation of people's right to self-determination, the openings of the Canadian Consulate in Kyiv were main issues that Canadian politician raised in public discourse in Canada.Diefenbaker was certainly more outspoken than his predecessors and used anti-communist rhetoric. He enjoyed speaking to audiences of Canadian Ukrainians, always stressing his sympathy with their aims. Diefenbaker named Canada's first Ukrainian-Canadian Cabinet Minister Politician (Michael Starr) and appointed the second senator of Ukrainian descent (Ivan Hnatyshyn). He often quoted passages from the poems Taras Shevchenko, interested in Ukrainian history, and believed in the establishment of Ukrainian nationhood.Separately traced J. Diefenbaker' activities and initiatives in the international arena. The most famous speech made by John Diefenbaker on the problem of relations with the Soviet Union was his call in the United Nations for the Russians to explain why they continue to maintain several millions of Eastern Europeans in a state of colonial servitude to the Russian imperial system. Diefenbaker's speech on September 26, 1960 was a direct challenge to the Soviet leader Mykyta Khrushchev, who was personally leading the Soviet delegation to the Assembly of the United Nations. The speech had world reaction and was a sensation among the most delegations. Its impact was immediate upon Canadians of Eastern European descent whose homelands are within the communist totalitarian system. Diefenbaker's rhetoric caught the public mood among Canadian Ukrainians. It was a challenge voiced by a new hero, in the eyes of those people who came from the forgotten nations in Eastern Europe. Instead, the Soviet press attacked Diefenbaker's statements as "slanderous".After retiring from the post of Prime Minister, Diefenbaker led the International Committee for Human Rights. He was meeting with the world's politicians and raised the issue with respect to violations of constitutional rights of Ukrainians within Soviet Union. As leader of the conservative opposition in parliament, he repeatedly raised the issue of opening the Consulate of Canada in Kyiv. In 1969 he visited the capital of the Ukrainian SSR and in conversation with it officials sought the opening of the Consulate of Canada in the Ukrainian capital. Diefenbaker was one of the few world leaders who tried to implement the Ukrainian issue to the world agenda and stressed that "the West must speak out". Prime Minister of Canada was the most prominent spokesman the concept of the colonial status of the Ukrainian SSR among Western politicians. Their actions outlined Canada's policy framework on the Ukrainian question, which largely followed all subsequent governments. ; Проаналізовано діяльність прем'єр-міністра Канади Джона Діфенбейкера (1957–1963), спрямовану на захист національних прав українців у Радянському Союзі. До основних питань, які канадський політик упровадив до канадського суспільного дискурсу, належали проблеми порушення конституційно гарантованих прав людини в Українській РСР, арешти і переслідування дисидентів, реалізація права народу на самовизначення, відкриття канадського консульства у Києві тощо. Окремо простежено заходи й ініціативи Дж. Діфенбейкера на міжнародній арені, зокрема виступ 26 вересня 1960 р. на Генеральній Асамблеї ООН та реакцію на нього в Радянському Союзі, створення Міжнародного комітету захисту прав людини. Відзначено, що навіть після відставки з посади прем'єр-міністра Канади, Дж. Діфенбейкер активно цікавився ситуацією в Українській РСР, виступаючи на захист національних прав її мешканців.

The article is devoted to the revealing of specificity and features of understanding of freedom in eastern religious philosophical thoughts and comparative analysis of her interpretation in western and eastern traditions, which reveals its important differences as well in essence understanding of an ethical notions freedom, good, evil and personality. Western understanding of freedom is related to struggle for existence and power, politics, satisfaction of desires. On the contrary, the specificity of eastern (Hindu) understanding of freedom is related to her asociality and aspiration to releasing from dependencies, desires and introvertalpsychological orientation. The eastern (vedic) tradition freedom problem come to achievement a perfect state of unreflecting of reality and an apofatic understanding of individuality. It's examines ethical notions good, happiness only together with its opposites that represents in notion «play» of godlike forces(«lila») in Upanishades, that human perceives as «good» and «evil». It's asserts an active freedom by means of the spiritual logic renunciation and finding, receiving in Bhagavadgita. It's makes a comparative analysis and eduction of a differences between freedom understanding in existentialism, intuitionalism, pragmatism and eastern philosophical thoughts, which represents S. Vivekananda, B. Sh. Radgnish and so on. Inner releasing from illusory ego in sankhia philosophy has analogue with treatment by J-P Sartre of human essence as Absence and Presence of unreal (possible.) as well as notions «Atman» and «pure consciousness»(Bergson) is coincides in understanding of liberation as a «purification». As a whole, modern eastern thought is more advanced and radical, than western thought on the problem of freedom, state, authority, property, family and religion, as well as on the matter of inner liberation of personality. Thus basic value notions of East is similar to western notions and the same time is alternative as regards to western rationalism and pragmatism.Kеy words: freedom, liberation, dependence, introversion, asociality, vedantism. ; Стаття присвячена виявленню своєрідності і особливостей розуміння свободи в релігійно-філософської думці Сходу, а також порівняльному аналізу її трактовок у західної і східної традиціях, який виявляє їх значну різницю також і в розумінні сутності етичних понять добра , зла і особистості. Своєрідність східного (індуїстського) розуміння свободи пов'язано із її асоціальністю, прагненням до звільнення від залежностей, бажань і інтровертно-психологічною орієнтацією.Ключові слова: свобода, звільнення, залежність, інтровертність, асоціальність, ведантизм. Статья посвящена выявлению своеобразия и особенностей понимания свободы в религиозно-философской мысли Востока, а также сравнительному анализу еѐ трактовок в западной и восточной традициях, который выявил их значительные различия также и в понимании сущности этических понятий добра, зла и личности. Своеобразие восточного (индуистского) понимания свободы связано с еѐ асоциальностью, стремлением к освобождению от зависимостей, желаний и интровертно-психологической ориентацией.Ключевые слова: свобода, освобождение, зависимость, интровертность, асоциальность, ведантизм. The article is devoted to the revealing of specificity and features of understanding of freedom in eastern religious philosophical thoughts and comparative analysis of her interpretation in western and eastern traditions, which reveals its important differences as well in essence understanding of an ethical notions freedom, good, evil and personality. Western understanding of freedom is related to struggle for existence and power, politics, satisfaction of desires. On the contrary, the specificity of eastern (Hindu) understanding of freedom is related to her asociality and aspiration to releasing from dependencies, desires and introvertalpsychological orientation. The eastern (vedic) tradition freedom problem come to achievement a perfect state of unreflecting of reality and an apofatic understanding of individuality. It's examines ethical notions good, happiness only together with its opposites that represents in notion «play» of godlike forces(«lila») in Upanishades, that human perceives as «good» and «evil». It's asserts an active freedom by means of the spiritual logic renunciation and finding, receiving in Bhagavadgita. It's makes a comparative analysis and eduction of a differences between freedom understanding in existentialism, intuitionalism, pragmatism and eastern philosophical thoughts, which represents S. Vivekananda, B. Sh. Radgnish and so on. Inner releasing from illusory ego in sankhia philosophy has analogue with treatment by J-P Sartre of human essence as Absence and Presence of unreal (possible.) as well as notions «Atman» and «pure consciousness»(Bergson) is coincides in understanding of liberation as a «purification». As a whole, modern eastern thought is more advanced and radical, than western thought on the problem of freedom, state, authority, property, family and religion, as well as on the matter of inner liberation of personality. Thus basic value notions of East is similar to western notions and the same time is alternative as regards to western rationalism and pragmatism.Kеy words: freedom, liberation, dependence, introversion, asociality, vedantism.

The article analyses the peculiarities of civilization development. It is established that Western European civilization is represented in the form of the politics-economic entity – European Union, using the weak economy of others, most often of Eastern European countries tries to solve its own problems related to the satisfaction of needs and benefits of its citizens. In this regard, Western European civilization became universal, it transformed and conquered all modern world. It is found out that Ukrainian society is on the clash between civilizations and today it performs the role of so called buffer zone. The limitropheness of the Ukrainian society is proved, which, as in the times of National liberation war of 1648-1654 and the National-democratic revolution of 1917-1920, and now has an impact on the mentality of the Ukrainian society, its definiteness in the further development. It is grounded that without a strong economy of our state and without implementing the values of Western European civilization, the Ukrainian society will not be considered by the countries of the Old Europe as equal. In this regard, at this stage the attention is focused on the neutral status of our state with the further joining Western European civilization as an equal partner, not a vassal. ; Проаналізовано особливості цивілізаційного розвитку. Встановлено, що західноєвропейська цивілізація, представлена політико-економічним утворенням – Європейським Союзом використовуючи слабку економіку інших, найчастіше східноєвропейських країн, намагається вирішити власні проблеми, пов'язані із задоволенням потреб та благ своїх громадян. У зв'язку з цим західноєвропейська цивілізація стала універсальною, перетворила і завоювала весь сучасний світ Землі. З'ясовано, що українське суспільство знаходиться на міжцивілізаційному зіткненні і сьогодні виконує роль своєрідної буферної зони. Доведено лімітрофність українського суспільства, що, як і за часів Національно-визвольної війни 1648–1654 рр. і Національно-демократичної революції 1917–1920 рр., так і зараз, здійснює вплив на ментальність українського суспільства, його визначеність у подальшому розвитку. Обґрунтовано, що без сильної економіки нашої держави і без впровадження цінностей західноєвропейської цивілізації українське суспільство не буде розглядатися суспільствами Старої Європи як рівноправне. У зв'язку з цим на даному етапі основна увага приділяється нейтральному статусу нашої держави з подальшим входженням у західноєвропейську цивілізацію як рівноправний партнер, а не васал.

The article analyses the peculiarities of civilization development. It is established that Western European civilization is represented in the form of the politics-economic entity – European Union, using the weak economy of others, most often of Eastern European countries tries to solve its own problems related to the satisfaction of needs and benefits of its citizens. In this regard, Western European civilization became universal, it transformed and conquered all modern world. It is found out that Ukrainian society is on the clash between civilizations and today it performs the role of so called buffer zone. The limitropheness of the Ukrainian society is proved, which, as in the times of National liberation war of 1648-1654 and the National-democratic revolution of 1917-1920, and now has an impact on the mentality of the Ukrainian society, its definiteness in the further development. It is grounded that without a strong economy of our state and without implementing the values of Western European civilization, the Ukrainian society will not be considered by the countries of the Old Europe as equal. In this regard, at this stage the attention is focused on the neutral status of our state with the further joining Western European civilization as an equal partner, not a vassal. ; Проаналізовано особливості цивілізаційного розвитку. Встановлено, що західноєвропейська цивілізація, представлена політико-економічним утворенням – Європейським Союзом використовуючи слабку економіку інших, найчастіше східноєвропейських країн, намагається вирішити власні проблеми, пов'язані із задоволенням потреб та благ своїх громадян. У зв'язку з цим західноєвропейська цивілізація стала універсальною, перетворила і завоювала весь сучасний світ Землі. З'ясовано, що українське суспільство знаходиться на міжцивілізаційному зіткненні і сьогодні виконує роль своєрідної буферної зони. Доведено лімітрофність українського суспільства, що, як і за часів Національно-визвольної війни 1648–1654 рр. і Національно-демократичної революції 1917–1920 рр., так і зараз, здійснює вплив на ментальність українського суспільства, його визначеність у подальшому розвитку. Обґрунтовано, що без сильної економіки нашої держави і без впровадження цінностей західноєвропейської цивілізації українське суспільство не буде розглядатися суспільствами Старої Європи як рівноправне. У зв'язку з цим на даному етапі основна увага приділяється нейтральному статусу нашої держави з подальшим входженням у західноєвропейську цивілізацію як рівноправний партнер, а не васал.