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Bibliogr. s. 100. ; Tekst w jęz. ukr. ; Streszcz. ang., pol. ; artykuł w: Wschód Europy : studia humanistyczno-społeczne 2016, Vol. 2, No 1, s. 87-100 ; artykuł w: Bezpieczeństwo państw Europy Wschodniej = Bezopasnost' stran Vostočnoj Evropy = Security of Eastern European states S. 87-100 ; Bibliogr. s. 100. ; Tekst w jęz. ukr. ; Streszcz. ang., pol. ; artykuł w: Wschód Europy : studia humanistyczno-społeczne 2016, Vol. 2, No 1, s. 87-100 ; artykuł w: Bezpieczeństwo państw Europy Wschodniej = Bezopasnost' stran Vostočnoj Evropy = Security of Eastern European states S. 87-100

The article is devoted to the study of the battle history of the new town of Oster and the topography of its fortifications. The fortress of Oster originated in the 11th century on the bank of the river of the same name, at its confluence with the river Desna, in the 12th c. settlement already had three lines of fortifications, the remains of which remained until the mid-20th century. In the 60's 16th c. Oster Castle and the surrounding settlements were rebuilt in a new location due to the displacement of the Desna River bed. At that time, Oster was the castle of the Commonwealth on the border with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Based on the descriptions of the 16th and 17th centuries, the author reconstructed the location of the castle of new Oster. After the town and the castle were burned down by the Muscovites in 1616, the Osterian governor Remigian Zaleski began to rebuild the settlement near the old hillfort.However, the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not support this project, and ordered the castle to be rebuilt on the site of New Oster so that the local garrison could control traffic along the Desna River. In order to attract people to the town and improve its economic status, in 1628 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth government released the residents of new Oster from paying taxes, first for 8 years and then for another 6 years. As a result, the settlement has grown significantly. In the mid-17th century. New Oster had a castle, fortified with wooden walls and towers, and two lines of defensive fortifications around the town. Fortifications defended the city from the east, on the other hand the city had a natural protection – the Popivka and Desna rivers and Lake Desnishche.During the Russo-Ukrainian War of 1668, fortifications were built along the river Popivka, which were to defense the town from the castle occupied by Moscow soldiers. After the second partition of Poland in 1793, the western border of the Russian Empire moved much westward, so the fortress in Oster became ...

The article is devoted to the study of the battle history of the new town of Oster and the topography of its fortifications. The fortress of Oster originated in the 11th century on the bank of the river of the same name, at its confluence with the river Desna, in the 12th c. settlement already had three lines of fortifications, the remains of which remained until the mid-20th century. In the 60's 16th c. Oster Castle and the surrounding settlements were rebuilt in a new location due to the displacement of the Desna River bed. At that time, Oster was the castle of the Commonwealth on the border with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Based on the descriptions of the 16th and 17th centuries, the author reconstructed the location of the castle of new Oster. After the town and the castle were burned down by the Muscovites in 1616, the Osterian governor Remigian Zaleski began to rebuild the settlement near the old hillfort.However, the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not support this project, and ordered the castle to be rebuilt on the site of New Oster so that the local garrison could control traffic along the Desna River. In order to attract people to the town and improve its economic status, in 1628 the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth government released the residents of new Oster from paying taxes, first for 8 years and then for another 6 years. As a result, the settlement has grown significantly. In the mid-17th century. New Oster had a castle, fortified with wooden walls and towers, and two lines of defensive fortifications around the town. Fortifications defended the city from the east, on the other hand the city had a natural protection – the Popivka and Desna rivers and Lake Desnishche.During the Russo-Ukrainian War of 1668, fortifications were built along the river Popivka, which were to defense the town from the castle occupied by Moscow soldiers. After the second partition of Poland in 1793, the western border of the Russian Empire moved much westward, so the fortress in Oster became ...

Florian Bachmeiers Farbfotografien, welche in den letzten acht Jahren in der Ukraine entstanden sind, gelingt es, die vergangenen wie gegenwärtigen historischen Prozesse in der Ukraine sichtbar zu machen, und deren psychologischen und sozialen Auswirkungen auf die Menschen, wie auch die Landschaften zu beschreiben. Er bereist intensiv das ganze Land, fotografiert in den Städten, auf den Dörfern und an der Front. Im siebenten Jahr hat sich ein innerer politischer Konflikt in einen unbarmherzigen Stellvertreterkrieg verwandelt, der tausende Menschenleben gekostet und sich in all seinen Auswirkungen über das ganze Land gelegt hat. IN LIMBO beschreibt einen scheinbaren Zustand von Erstarren und gleichzeitig permanenter Unsicherheit. Die Portraits erzählen von Biografien, in die sich der Konflikt sichtbar und unsichtbar eingeschrieben hat. Neben den Heldendenkmälern und den Ruinen des letzten Krieges zieht sich die Front durch die Landschaft. Am Ende bleibt den Menschen nur die Entscheidung, sich entweder in diesem Zustand einzurichten oder das Land, die Heimat zu verlassen. (Verlagswerbung)

The article deals with the emergence and development of the military press of the ZUNR (Western-Ukrainian People's Republic), the main subjects that it brings up, its role in the development of the ZUNR as a state and the Ukrainian Galician Army are clarified. These are, in particular, publications such as «The Bulletin of the State Secretariat of Military Affairs», «Strilets / Rifleman», «Striletskyi Shliakh / Rifleman's Way», «Poleva Hazeta / Field Newspaper», «Respublikanskyi Samokhotnyk / Republican Samokhotnyk, «Kozatskyi Holos / Kozak's Voice». The article also draws attention to the fact that the well-known figures and journalists participated in the military press – D. Vitovskyi, R. Zaklynskyi, Ye. Zyblikevych, I. Krevetskyi, D. Krenzhalovskyi, O. Nazaruk, V. Pachovskyi. The author argues that the military press of the ZUNR was not only an important segment of the ZUNR press, but also a mouthpiece of the Ukrainian integral state idea; it occupies a prominent place in the history of the Ukrainian press.The main topics of the military press of the Western-Ukranian People's Republic in the context of the state-building and the liberation struggle of 1918‒1920 are analyzed. It is found out that the idea of Ukrainian statehood, the idea of struggle for Ukrainian statehood, the idea of unity were the main topics which have been raised by this press. The article reveals that the military press of Western-Ukranian People's Republic paid attention to social problems, including land reform, as well as to the international context of the Ukrainian issue.Key words: West Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian military press, idea of Ukrainian statehood. ; У статті розглянуто виникнення і розвиток військової преси ЗУНР, з'ясовано основні теми, які вона порушувала, її роль у розбудові ЗУНР як держави і Української Галицької Армії. Йдеться, зокрема, про такі видання як «Вістник Державного секретаріату військових справ», «Стрілець», «Стрілецький шлях», «Полева газета», «Республіканський самохотник», «Козацький голос». У статті звернуто увагу і на те, що у військовій пресі брали участь відомі діячі і публіцисти – Д. Вітовський, Р. Заклинський, Є. Зиблікевич, І. Кревецький, Д. Кренжаловський, О. Назарук, В. Пачовський. Автор доводить, що військова преса ЗУНР була не лише важливим сегментом преси ЗУНР, але й рупором української державницької соборницької ідеї, їй належить вагоме місце в історії української преси.Ключові слова: Західноукраїнська Народна Республіка, українська військова преса, ідея української державності.

Показано історію формування та завершення чеських урядів від 1992 до 2012 рр. Надано класифікацію чеських кабінетів і визначено переважаючий тип кабінетів. Вивчено розподіл найважливіших посад всередині урядів. Визначено основні чинники, які суттєво вплинули на стабільність урядів Чехії та індекс урядової стабільності. ; Показана история формирования и завершения чешских правительств от 1992 до 2012 гг.Проведеная классификация чешских кабинетов и определенно преобладающий тип кабинетов.Изучено распределение важнейших должностей внутри правительств. Определены основные факторы, которые существенно повлияли на стабильность правительств Чехии и измерен индекс правительственной стабильности ; Main tasks of the article are: 1.to show history of formation and termination governments since 1992 till 2012. 2. to make classification of Czech governments and define the prevailing type of cabinets. 3. to research main Portfolio allocation inside governments. 4. To define main factors of government stability. 5. to evaluate index of government stability.Peculiarity of Czech Constitution is the possibility to form cabinet without majority of deputies.There were two main factors of government instability in Czech Republic: Temporary decrease in the coalition potential of some otherwise ideologically moderate parties due the personal unwillingness of party leadership to make any political concessions. Also the negative factor for government stability is the existence of a radical party with minimal coalition potential – the Communist party of Bohemia and Moravia.In Czech Republic were mainly minimal winning coalitions based on cooperation of ideologically distant political parties or minority cabinets. However ideological part of motivation to form coalitions was not excluded, generally pragmatic coalitions prevail in Czech Republic. Concerning question of Portfolio distribution, party, that is the main force in coalition as usually possess the office of Primeminister and distribute Ministries with high status to other partners of coalition. A specific case of an election stalemate, the equal numbers of mandates for the left and the right wings of political spectrum.This factor is connected with the 2006 elections, when it was hard to form government and only absence of few deputies of opposition rescued the situation.In the consequences of crises inside government coalition were formed two technical governments under the rule of J. Tosovsky in 1998 and J. Fisher in 2009. Index of government stability is higher for the first cabinet of V. Claus and cabinet of M. Zeman.