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SummaryThe transient behavior of a simple two‐state discrete Markov process can be studied by means of matrix‐multiplication and z‐transformations.For linear systems the output is equal to the convolution of the input and the impulse response of the system. By taking z‐transforms the convolution can be avoided: the transform of the output is equal to the transform of the input multiplied by the transform of the impulse response of the system.The signal flow graph method is the transformation of the matrix‐method of solving a system of simultaneous equations in a topological method.The simple two‐state discrete Markov process can be represented by such a flow graph and it is shown how to simplify this flow graph step by step. Taking as input the unit‐impulse at time zero, the output of this system at time n turns out to be the n‐step transition‐probability.The results for the transmission in a network are mentioned (Mason and Zimmermann [8]). With these results it is possible to give at once the n‐step transition probability of a system without first simplifying the flow graph.Building on this result signal flow graphs can be used to determine the chance to be for the first time in a certain state, the average number of times a system is in a certain state and the chance to reach a certain state for the first time before another state of the system has been reached.Finally the results are extended to continuous Markov processes.

Oral history is empowering because it initiates African agency while creating primary documents for future research and historical interpretation. An oral history interview with Molefi Kete Asante, conducted by historian Diane D. Turner, reveals aspects of his early life with autobiographical sketches about his mother, father, and the community where he was raised. The interview moves from personal accounts of his childhood to his academic career and his transformation from Arthur L. Smith, to Molefi Kete Asante. Asante addresses questions around a variety of topics, including key issues in Black Studies. Asante discusses the intellectual and developmental process that brought him to construct the theory of Afrocentricity and how our nation's first Ph.D. program in African American Studies was established at Temple University under his leadership.

Der Artikel befaßt sich mit der ungarisch-sprachigen Presse in der Tschechoslowakei zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen. Nach 1918 wurden insgesamt 850 Zeitungen und Zeitschriften in ungarischer Sprache herausgegeben. Zur Zeit der ersten Slowakischen Republik wurde hingegen nur eine einzige Tageszeitung und eine Zeitschrift herausgegben. (SOI-Gal)