Suchergebnisse

Albert H. Imlah. Economic Elements in the Pax Britannica.E. A. Benians, Sir James Butler and C. E. Carrington (Eds.). The Cambridge History of the British Empire.Lucy Brown. The Board of Trade and the Free‐ Trade Movement 1830‐42.A. T. Gaydon. The Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society.A. Mary Kirkus (Ed.). The Records of the Commissioners of Sewers in the Ports of Holland i547‐1603.R. Robson. The Attorney in Eighteenth‐Century England.Asa Briggs. The Age of Improvement.Norman McGord. The Anti‐Corn Law League 1838–1846.A. H. John. A Liverpool Merchant House: Being the History of Alfred Booth and Company 1863‐1958.E. H. Phelps Brown. The Growth of British Industrial Relations.R. Brentano. York Metropolitan Jurisdiction and Papal Judges Delegate, 1279‐1296.J. B. Black. The Reign of Elizabeth.A. H. Shorter. Paper Mills and Paper Makers in England, 1495‐1800.L. G. JOHNSON. The Social Evolution of Industrial Britain: A study in the growth of our industrial society.Margaret Hewitt. Wives and Mothers in Victorian Industry.University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, CardiffA Short History of the Scottish Coal‐Mining Industry.D. E. Varley. A History of the Midland Counties Lace Manufacturers Association.G. Luzzatto. Breve storia economica d'ltalia dalla caduta delVimpero romano al principio del Cinquecento.L. de Rosa. I cambi esteri del Regno di Napoli dal 1591 al 1707, in Biblioteca del Bollettino.G. Aleati. La poplazione di Pavia durante il dominio spagnolo.U. Meroni. Cremona fedelissima.Luigi Dal Pane. LO Stato Pontificio e il movimento riformatore del Settecento.B. Gaizzi. Storia del setificio comasco: Veconomia.P. L. Spaggiari, Il ducato di Parma e VEuropa (1854‐59).Astone Gasparetto. Il vetro di Murano dalle origini ad oggi.M. Abrate. Ľindustria metallurgica in Europa nella prima metà del XIX secolo–una valutazione piemontese.Giorgio Mori. La Valdelsa dal 1840 al igoo.Manlio Rossi Doria. Died anni dipolitico, agraria nel Mezzogiorno.Joseph Dorfman. The Economic Mind in American Civilization.John J. Murray. The Heritage of the Middle West.Lewis H. Kimmel. Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy iy8g‐igj8.Frank Thistlethwaite. The Anglo‐American Connection in the Early Nineteenth Century.Clifton K. Yearley, Jr. Britons in American Labor: A History of the Influence of the United Kingdom Immigrants on American Labor, 1820–1914.Robert S. Hunt. Law and Locomotives: The Impact of the Railroad on Wisconsin Law in the Nineteenth Century.George J. Kuehnl. The Wisconsin Business Corporation.P. L. Payne and L. E. Davis. The Savings Bank of Baltimore, 1818‐1866.Alfred Glaze Smith, Jr. Economic Readjustment of An Old Cotton State: South Carolina, 1820–1860.Leonard J. Arrington. Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter‐day Saints 1830‐igoo.J. Stanley Clark. The Oil Century: From the Drake Well to the Conservation Era.Oscar E. Anderson, Jr. The Health of a Nation: Harvey W. Wiley and the Fight for Pure Food.Philip Taft. The A.F. of L. from the Death of Gompers to the Merger.Gertrude Bancroft. The American Labor Force: Its Growth and Changing Composition.S. N. Whitney. Antitrust Policies.Lester V. Chandler. Benjamin Strong, Central Banker.Sidney Cottle and Tate Whitman. Corporate Earning Power and Market Valuation 1935‐1955.Fritz M. Heichelheim. An Ancient Economic History, From the Palaeolithic Age to the Migrations of the Germanic, Slavic, and Arabic Nations.Karl Polanyi, Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson (Eds.).H. Michell. The Economics of Ancient Greece. Second edition.John W. Baldwin. The Medieval Theories of the Just Price.A. Biéler. La pensée économìque et sociale de Calvin.H. C. Allen. Bush and Backwoods–a comparison of the frontier in Australia and the United States.John Joseph Beer. The Emergence of the German Dye Industry. (Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences.Mark W. Leiserson. Wages and Economic Control in Norway 1945‐1957‐ (Harvard University Press.T. C. Cochran. The Puerto Rican Businessman: A Study in Cultural Change.Oliver C. Cox. The Foundations of Capitalism.

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the effect of company performance, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership on executive compensation. In this study, company performance is measured by Net Profit Margin (NPM) and Return on Equity (ROE). The data in this study were obtained from the company's annual report. Data collection uses a purposive sampling method for infrastructure, utility and transportation sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018. The samples used in this study were 29 companies from 70 companies. The analytical method of this study uses multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that the performance of companies that are positioned with ROE, managerial ownership has a positive effect on executive compensation. While the company's performance does not affect executive compensation when measured by the NPM proxy. The institutional ownership variable in this study shows that there is an influence on executive compensation but has an inverse relationship.Keywords: Executive compensation, NPM, ROE, institutional ownership, managerial ownership.Anthony, R. N., & Govindarajan, V. (2005). Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Barkema, H. G., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (1998). Managerial Compensation and Firm Performance: A General Research Framework. Academy of Management Journal, 2.Barus, M. A., Sudjana, N., & Sulasmiyati, S. (2017). PENGGUNAAN RASIO KEUANGAN UNTUK MENGUKUR KINERJA KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN (Studi pada PT. Astra Otoparts, Tbk dan PT. Goodyer Indonesia, Tbk yang Go Public di Bursa Efek Indonesia). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis.Bizjak, J., Hayes, R. M., & Kalpathy, S. (2015). Performance-Contingent Executive Compensation and Managerial Behavior .Darmadi, S. (2011). Board compensation, corporate governance, and firmperformance in Indonesia.Duffhues, P., & Kabir, R. (2008). Is the Pay-Performance Relationship Always Positive?: Evidence from the Netherlands. Journal of Multinational Financial Management.Endri, & Wakil, A. (2008). Analisis Kinerja Keuangan Dengan Menggunakan Rasio-Rasio Keuangan Dan Economic Value Added (Studi Kasus: PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri). Islamic Finance & Business Review.Ghozali, I. (2011). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Ghozali, I. (2011). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Ghozali, R. D. (2015). PENGARUH STRUKTUR KEPEMILIKAN, KINERJA, DAN RISIKO TERHADAP KOMPENSASI EKSEKUTIF (Studi Empiris pada Industri Perbankan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2011-2015).Haron, H., & Akhtaruddin, M. (2013). Determinants of Directors' Remuneration in Malaysian Public Listed Companies. Indians Journal of Corporate Governance.Haruman, T. (2008). Struktur Kepemilikan, Keputusan Keuangan, dan Nilai Perusahaan. Finance and Banking Journal.Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Cost and Ownership Structure . Journal of Financial Economic.Jensen, M. C., & Murphy, J. K. (1990). Performance Pay and Top Management. Journal of Political Economy.Lazear, E., & Rosen, S. (1981). Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts. Journal of Political Economy.Maharani, W. P., & Utami, E. R. (2019). Pengaruh Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Kompensasi Eksekutif yang Dimediasi oleh Kinerja Perusahaan. Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan.Mardiyati, U., Devi, M. S., & Suherman. (2013). PENGARUH KINERJA PERUSAHAAN, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, DAN SHAREHOLDER PAYOUT TERHADAP KOMPENSASI EKSEKUTIF Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Non Financial yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2007-2010 . Jurnal Riset Manajemen Sains Indonesia (JRMSI).Munawir, S. (2007). Analisa Laporan Keuangan, Edisi Keempat. Jogjakarta: Liberty.Nazir, H. (2014). PENGARUH KEPEMILIKAN INSTITUSIONAL, KOMPOSISI DEWAN KOMISARIS INDEPENDEN, REPUTASI KANTOR AKUNTAN PUBLIK DAN KOMPENSASI BONUS TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA (Study Empiris pada Perusahaan Finance yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia) .Probohudono, A. N., Perwitasari, D., & Putra, R. P. (2016). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Remunerasi Direksi: Studi Komparasi Perusahaan di Australia, Ssingapura, Indonesia, dan Malaysia. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia.Pujiningsih, A. I. (2011). PENGARUH STRUKTUR KEPEMILIKAN, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, PRAKTIK CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DAN KOMPENSASI BONUS TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2007-2009).Saputri, D. (2018). PENGARUH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN DAN KINERJA TERHADAP KOMPENSASI EKSEKUTIF (STUDI KASUS PADA SEKTOR INDUSTRI PERBANKAN KONVENSIONAL YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE 2011-2016). Jurnal Manajemen.Scott, W. R. (2000). Financial Accounting Theory. Ontario: Prentice Hall.Sugiyono. (2008). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.Sugiyono. (2010). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.Suherman, Fitriawan, R., & Ahmad, G. N. (2015). Pengaruh Kinerja Perusahaan, Kepemilikan Institusi, dan Komisaris Independen terhadap Total Kompensasi: Studi pada Perusahaan yang Terdaftar di LQ45 Tahun 2009–2012. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen.Suherman, Pardede, Y. Y., & Mardiyati, U. (2016). PENGARUH KINERJA PERUSAHAAN, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, DAN KARAKTERISTIK EKSEKUTIF TERHADAP KOMPENSASI EKSEKUTIF. Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan.Suherman, Rahma, W., & Buchdadi, A. D. (2010). Firm Performance, Corporate Governance, and Executive Compensation in Financial Firms: Evidence from Indonesia. working paper.Victoravich, L. M., Xu, P., & Gan, H. (2013). Institutional ownership and executive compensation Evidence from US banks during the financial crisis. Managerial Finance.Vidyatmoko, D., Sanim, B., Siregar, H., & Didu, M. S. (2013). Faktor - Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kompensasi Eksekutif dan Dampaknya terhadap Kinerja BUMN Perkebunan .Weygandt PhD, CPA, J. J., Kimmel PhD, CPA, P. D., & Kieso PhD, CPA, D. E. (2013). Financial Accounting IFRS Edition 2e. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Wicaksono, K. Y. (2017). PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, DAN KINERJA PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP KOMPENSASI EKSEKUTIF. Undergraduate Thesis, STIE PERBANAS SURABAYA.

Aus der Einleitung: "Je voulais briser les partis. J'étais le seul à pouvoir le faire et le seul à croire la chose possible au moment que j'ai choisi. J'ai eu raison contre tous." (de Gaulle 1962). Charles de Gaulles sieht die politischen Parteien als Grundübel und Hauptursache für den Untergang der III. und IV. Französischen Republik. Mit Etablierung der V. Republik sollen sie deshalb dauerhaft aus dem Prozess der politischen Entscheidungsfindung verdrängt werden. Doch entgegen der Intention ihrer Gründungsväter passen sich die Parteien den Vorgaben des neuen Regierungssystems an und erlangen infolgedessen zunehmende Bedeutung im Zusammenspiel der politischen Hauptakteure. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit diesen unerwarteten Einflussmöglichkeiten der Parteien auf die Regierungspolitik. Hierbei soll analysiert werden, inwieweit das französische Regierungssystem als Form der Parteienregierung charakterisiert werden kann. Ausgehend von Richard S. Katz' Kriterien des "party government" und dem französischen Gegenstück der präsidentialisierten Parteien, "parti présidentiel", soll die Rolle der politischen Parteien im Regierungssystem analysiert werden. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Frage nach dem realen Einfluss der französischen Parteien auf die Hauptentscheidungen des politischen Lebens Frankreichs, auf die Konstituierung der Exekutive und auf die Formulierung von Regierungspolitik. Die Parteien werden in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere auf ihr Verhältnis zum französischen Staatspräsidenten hin untersucht, da dieser der zentrale Akteur im Verfassungsgefüge ist und somit maßgeblich die Machtposition der Parteien beeinflusst. Es wird die These aufgestellt, dass sich das Regierungssystem der V. Französischen Republik zu einer abgeschwächten Form der Parteienregierung entwickelt hat. Insbesondere bei der direkten Präsidentschaftswahl, dem zentralen politischen Ereignis, nehmen die Parteien eine wichtige Stellung ein. An diesem Punkt soll gezeigt werden, dass die politischen Parteien durch die Ernennung eines eigenen Spitzenkandidaten starken Einfluss auf die Konstituierung der Exekutive nehmen. Des Weiteren können die Parteien auch auf die Bestimmung der Regierungspolitik kontinuierlich mehr einwirken. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass ihre Macht im Gegensatz zu anderen westlichen Demokratien an diesem Punkt jedoch nach wie vor gering ist. In der Literatur werden die V. Französische Republik und die politischen Parteien umfassend untersucht. Insbesondere die Forschung zu den einzelnen Parteien und der Entwicklung des Parteiensystems ist weitreichend. Noch zahlreicher sind die Arbeiten, welche sich mit dem französischen Regierungssystem und hierbei vor allem der Rolle des Staatspräsidenten beschäftigen. In diesem Zusammenhang ist auch die seit Jahren lebhaft geführte Diskussion um die Einordnung der V. Republik in die Typologie demokratischer Regierungssysteme zu nennen, also der Klassifizierung Frankreichs als parlamentarisches, präsidentielles oder semi-präsidentielles System. Trotz des weiten Spektrums der Literatur fällt auf, dass sich vor allem die französischen Autoren der Konzeption Charles de Gaulles nahtlos anschließen und die politischen Parteien als schwache, wenig stabile Gebilde darstellen. Die französische Forschung orientiert sich überwiegend an einer präsidentialistischen Verfassungsauslegung und beurteilt die Macht der Parteien innerhalb des Regierungssystems als äußerst gering. Die Parteien werden ganz im Sinne der Verfassungsväter der V. Republik als untergeordnete Organisationen charakterisiert, die sich dem präsidentiellen Willen bedingungslos beugen. Als hauptsächliche Vertreter dieser Anschauung seien hier Maurice Duverger, Pierre Avril und Hugues Portelli genannt. Dominique Chagnollaud und Jean-Louis Quermonne wiederum gestehen den Parteien in ihrem vierbändigen Werk zur V. Republik ein für die französische Literatur durchaus weitgehendes Maß an Einflussmöglichkeiten zu. Dies könnte ein Anzeichen für einen Wandel in der französischen Forschung und die höhere Anerkennung der Parteien in den letzten Jahren sein. In der englisch- und deutschsprachigen Forschung hingegen setzt sich immer mehr die Auffassung durch, dass die französischen Parteien sehr wohl eine zentrale Stellung im Regierungssystem einnehmen. Gerade in der deutschen Forschung hat sich in den letzten Jahren eine lebhafte Debatte entwickelt, ob die V. Französische Republik eine Form der Parteienregierung darstellt. Hierbei sei vor allem auf die Diskussion in der Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen hingewiesen, die zwischen Romy Messerschmidt und Adolf Kimmel, sowie Ina Stephan und Dirk Zadra geführt wird. Auch Christine Pütz widerlegt die französischen Interpretationen der Parteien als bloße "partis présidentiel" und widmet sich hierbei insbesondere der Betrachtung der Staatspräsidenten als Parteiführer. Für die englischsprachige Forschung seien Alistair Cole und Andrew Knapp genannt, die ebenfalls auf die gewonnene Machtposition der Parteien hinweisen. Trotz der großen Menge an Literatur füllt die vorliegende Arbeit insofern eine Lücke, als dass sie den Zusammenhang zwischen Parteien- und Regierungssystem darzustellen versucht. Indem die Untersuchung Verfassungsnorm sowie Verfassungspraxis betrachtet und die konkreten Einflussmöglichkeiten der politischen Parteien innerhalb dieser aufzeigt, stellt sie einen Beitrag zur aktuellen Diskussion bezüglich der Einordnung der V. Republik als Parteienregierung dar. Die Konstitution bildet den grundlegenden, strukturierenden Rahmen für das Handeln der Verfassungsorgane. Ausgangspunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist deshalb die Darstellung der konstitutionellen Ordnung der V. Französischen Republik um in einem zweiten Schritt deren Interpretation durch die politischen Akteure sowie die Regierungspraxis zu untersuchen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden die bereits im Titel genannten Begriffe des "party government" sowie der "parti présidentiel" erläutert und deren jeweilige Merkmale aufgeführt. Die Analyse der Verfassungsordnung der V. Französischen Republik stellt den zweiten Teil der Arbeit dar. Hierbei wird auf die Gründung der V. Französischen Republik, die Intention der Verfassungsgeber und die Verfassungsrevision von 1962 eingegangen. Anschließend wird die Besonderheit des französischen Regierungssystems mit seiner Struktur einer doppelköpfigen Exekutive untersucht. Die Verfassung etabliert durch die direkte Präsidentschaftswahl sowie die Legislativwahlen zwei Exekutivorgane: Den Staatspräsidenten und die von der Nationalversammlung unterstützte Regierung unter Führung des Premierministers. Rolle und Machtbefugnisse dieser beiden Exekutivorgane werden aufgezeigt um anschließend ihr Zusammenwirken darzustellen. Abschließend werden die Stellung der politischen Parteien im Verfassungssystem und allgemeine Merkmale des französischen Parteiensystems aufgezeigt. Die Nationalversammlung wird auf die für die Fragestellung relevanten Punkte des Wahlmodus und des Instruments des rationalisierten Parlamentarismus hin untersucht. Ein kurzes Zwischenfazit resümiert die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und dient somit als Grundlage für die anschließende Betrachtung der Verfassungspraxis in der V. Republik. Die Untersuchung der Rolle der politischen Parteien im Regierungssystem ist das Kernstück der Arbeit und folgt im dritten Teil. Die realen Einflussmöglichkeiten der Parteien sollen hier durchleuchtet werden. Die Analyse greift die Fragestellung der Arbeit auf, ob das französische Regierungssystem als eine Art der Parteienregierung bezeichnet werden kann oder aber durch präsidentialisierte Parteien mit minimalen Einflussmöglichkeiten gekennzeichnet ist. Erster Aspekt ist hierbei der Einfluss der Parteien auf die Bildung und Zusammensetzung der Exekutive. Die Präsidentschaftswahl steht in diesem Zusammenhang als hauptsächliches politisches Ereignis im Zentrum der Analyse. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass die Präsidentschaftswahlen weniger Personen- als vielmehr Parteienwahlen sind, bei denen die Parteien eine wichtige Position bei der Erlangung der Präsidentschaft einnehmen. In einem zweiten Schritt soll die Rolle der Parteien bei der Regierungsbildung untersucht werden. Die Einflussmöglichkeiten auf die Auswahl des Kabinetts werden in Zeiten gleichgerichteter Mehrheiten und Phasen unterschiedlicher parteipolitischer Ausrichtung, der so genannten Kohabitation, unterteilt. Daran anschließend erfolgt die Charakterisierung des Staatspräsidenten als Führer "seiner" Partei. Zweiter Aspekt der Rolle der Parteien im Regierungssystem ist die Beziehung zur Regierungspolitik aus parlamentarischer Sicht. Auch hierbei muss aufgrund der Verfassungskonzeption einer doppelten Exekutive zwischen Phasen übereinstimmender präsidialer und parlamentarischer Mehrheiten und Phasen der Kohabitation unterschieden werden. In den Phasen gleichgerichteter parteipolitischer Mehrheiten wird zunächst die Entstehung einer parlamentarischen Regierungsmehrheit betrachtet. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass dieser "fait majoritaire" das Fundament präsidentieller Regierungspolitik darstellt. Daraufhin sollen die realen Einwirkungsmöglichkeiten der Parteien auf die Formulierung von Regierungspolitik untersucht werden. Die Macht der Parteien variiert hierbei je nach politischen Phasen und Akteuren. Deshalb soll daran anschließend die präsidentielle Regierungspraxis der fünf bisherigen französischen Staatspräsidenten und der jeweilige Einfluss "ihrer" Regierungspartei analysiert werden. Die im Mai 2007 begonnene Präsidentschaft Nicolas Sarkozys wird von dieser Untersuchung ausgenommen, da nach neun Monaten Regierungszeit noch keine klare Einschätzung möglich ist, sondern lediglich Tendenzen angedeutet werden können. Dies soll im Schlussteil der Arbeit erfolgen. Der Untersuchung über den Parteieneinfluss auf die Regierungspolitik bei gleichgerichteten Mehrheiten wird die Analyse der Einwirkungsmöglichkeiten in Kohabitationszeiten gegenübergestellt. Zunächst sollen Erscheinungsformen und allgemeine Charakteristika der Kohabitation geschildert werden um anschließend zu durchleuchten, inwieweit während dieser Phasen ein Machttransfer innerhalb der Exekutive stattfindet. Daraufhin wird die Regierungspraxis während der drei bisherigen Kohabitationen untersucht und die Einflussmöglichkeiten der Parteien auf die Regierungspolitik aufgezeigt. Dies dient der abschließenden Erörterung, ob die politischen Parteien in Zeiten der Kohabitation größeren Einfluss auf Regierungsentscheidungen nehmen als in Phasen gleichgerichteter parteipolitischer Mehrheiten. Es wird darauf verzichtet eine Einordnung der V. Republik in der Typologie demokratischer Regierungssysteme vorzunehmen. Die Frage, ob es sich um ein parlamentarisches, präsidentielles oder semi-präsidentielles Regierungssystem handelt, impliziert zwar Auswirkungen auf die Funktionen politischer Parteien. Deren Beantwortung würde jedoch den Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sprengen und geht über die Fragestellung weit hinaus. Des Weiteren konzentriert sich die Untersuchung auf die Rolle der politischen Parteien in Beziehung zu Staatspräsident, Premierminister und Regierung sowie Nationalversammlung. Der Senat, als zweite Kammer der französischen Legislative, findet keine Betrachtung, da er in der Verfassungspraxis nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Auch die Funktion und Ausgestaltung des französischen Verfassungsrats, des Conseil Constitutionnel, wird von der Betrachtung ausgeklammert, da seine Position im Verfassungsgefüge für die Analyse des Parteiencharakters der V. Republik nur wenig Aufschluss gibt. Ebenfalls von der Untersuchung ausgeschlossen wird die Rekrutierung politischen Führungspersonals. Dieser Aspekt der französischen Verfassungspraxis ist in den letzten Jahren verstärkt in die Kritik gekommen. Absolventen der Grandes Écoles, insbesondere der ENA (École nationale d'administration), steigen ohne vorherige Parteienarbeit direkt oben in das Regierungsgeschäft ein. Obwohl dieser Gesichtspunkt äußerst interessant in der Betrachtung der politischen Ordnung und einer "exception française" ist, stellt er für die Fragestellung der vorliegenden Arbeit nur einen Nebenaspekt dar. Dieser soll nicht weiter ausgeführt werden, da sich die Untersuchung auf die Einflussmöglichkeiten von Parteien auf Konstituierung und Entscheidungsfindung der Exekutive konzentriert.

Full list of authors: Horesh, Assaf; Sfaradi, Itai; Ergon, Mattias; Barbarino, Cristina; Sollerman, Jesper; Moldon, Javier; Dobie, Dougal; Schulze, Steve; Pérez-Torres, Miguel; Williams, David R. A.; Fremling, Christoffer; Gal-Yam, Avishay; Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.; O'Brien, Andrew; Lundqvist, Peter; Murphy, Tara; Fender, Rob; Anand, Shreya; Belicki, Justin; Bellm, Eric C.; Coughlin, Michael W.; De, Kishalay; Golkhou, V. Zach; Graham, Matthew J.; Green, Dave A.; Hankins, Matt; Kasliwal, Mansi; Kupfer, Thomas; Laher, Russ R.; Masci, Frank J.; Miller, A. A.; Neill, James D.; Ofek, Eran O.; Perrott, Yvette; Porter, Michael; Reiley, Daniel J.; Rigault, Mickael; Rodriguez, Hector; Rusholme, Ben; Shupe, David L.; Titterington, David ; We report the discovery and panchromatic follow-up observations of the young Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) SN 2020oi in M100, a grand-design spiral galaxy at a mere distance of 14 Mpc. We followed up with observations at radio, X-ray, and optical wavelengths from only a few days to several months after explosion. The optical behavior of the supernova is similar to those of other normal SNe Ic. The event was not detected in the X-ray band but our radio observations revealed a bright mJy source (Lν ≈ 1.2× 1027 erg s-1 Hz-1). Given the relatively small number of stripped envelope SNe for which radio emission is detectable, we used this opportunity to perform a detailed analysis of the comprehensive radio data set we obtained. The radio-emitting electrons initially experience a phase of inverse Compton cooling, which leads to steepening of the spectral index of the radio emission. Our analysis of the cooling frequency points to a large deviation from equipartition at the level of e/ B ⪆ 200, similar to a few other cases of stripped envelope SNe. Our modeling of the radio data suggests that the shock wave driven by the SN ejecta into the circumstellar matter (CSM) is moving at ∼ 3× 104 km s-1. Assuming a constant mass loss from the stellar progenitor, we find that the mass-loss rate is ⊙M≈ 1.4× 10-4 M⊙ yr-1 for an assumed wind velocity of 1000 km s-1. The temporal evolution of the radio emission suggests a radial CSM density structure steeper than the standard r -2. © 2020. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. ; We thank the anonymous referee. A.H. is grateful for the support by grants from the Israel Science Foundation, the USIsrael Binational Science Foundation (BSF), and the I-CORE Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and the Israel Science Foundation. T.M. acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council through grant FT150100099. D.D. is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. D.R.A.W. was supported by the Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys, which is funded through generous support from the Hintze Family Charitable Foundation. A.A.M. is funded by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation, the Brinson Foundation, and the Moore Foundation in support of the LSSTC Data Science Fellowship Program; he also receives support as a CIERA Fellow by the CIERA Postdoctoral Fellowship Program (Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics, Northwestern University). M.P.T. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709) and through grant PGC2018-098915-B-C21 (MCI/AEI/FEDER, UE). J.M. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709) and from the grant RTI2018-096228-B-C31 (MICIU/FEDER, EU). A.G.Y.'s research is supported by the EU via ERC grant No. 725161, the ISF GW excellence center, an IMOS space infrastructure grant and BSF/Transformative and GIF grants, as well as The Benoziyo Endowment Fund for the Advancement of Science, the Deloro Institute for Advanced Research in Space and Optics, The Veronika A. Rabl Physics Discretionary Fund, Paul and Tina Gardner, Yeda-Sela and the WIS-CIT joint research grant; A.G.Y. is the recipient of the Helen and Martin Kimmel Award for Innovative Investigation. M.R. has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement n759194-USNAC). M.W.C. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation with grant number PHY-2010970. C.F. gratefully acknowledges support of his research by the Heising-Simons Foundation (#2018-0907). Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48 inch and the 60 inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. Z.T.F. is supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No. AST-1440341 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, the University of Washington, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, Los Alamos National Laboratories, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. Partly based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope. SED Machine is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No. 1106171. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. We acknowledge the Gomeroi people as the traditional owners of the Observatory site. e-MERLIN is a National Facility operated by the University of Manchester at Jodrell Bank Observatory on behalf of STFC. We thank the staff of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory for their assistance in the commissioning, maintenance, and operation of AMI, which is supported by the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford. We also acknowledge support from the European Research Council under grant ERC-2012-StG-307215 LODESTONE. This work was supported by the GROWTH project funded by the National Science Foundation under grant No. 1545949. ; Peer reviewed

Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of "personalized" oncology have achieved notable successes in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targeted therapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a few disease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistant immortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are not reliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, an international task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity "broadspectrum" therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspects of relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a wide range of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For these targets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which were phytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed for known effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment Potential contrary or procarcinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixed evidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of the relationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. This novel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types of cancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for future research is offered. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. ; Funding Agencies|Terry Fox Foundation Grant [TF-13-20]; UAEU Program for Advanced Research (UPAR) [31S118]; NIH [AR47901, R21CA188818, R15 CA137499-01, F32CA177139, P20RR016477, P20GM103434, R01CA170378, U54CA149145, U54CA143907, R01-HL107652, R01CA166348, R01GM071725, R01 CA109335-04A1, 109511R01CA151304CA168997 A11106131R03CA1711326 1P01AT003961RO1 CA100816P01AG034906 R01AG020642P01AG034906-01A1R01HL108006]; NIH NRSA Grant [F31CA154080]; NIH (NIAID) R01: Combination therapies for chronic HBV, liver disease, and cancer [AI076535]; Sky Foundation Inc. Michigan; University of Glasgow; Beatson Oncology Centre Fund; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, ISCIII [PI12/00137, RTICC: RD12/0036/0028]; FEDER from Regional Development European Funds (European Union), Consejeria de Ciencia e Innovacion [CTS-6844, CTS-1848]; Consejeria de Salud of the Junta de Andalucia [PI-0135-2010, PI-0306-2012]; ISCIII [PIE13/0004]; FEDER funds; United Soybean Board; NIH NCCAM Grant [K01AT007324]; NIH NCI Grant [R33 CA161873-02]; Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Foundation Graduate Studentship; Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust, UK; West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission/Division of Science Research; National Institutes of Health; Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) [IG10636, 15403]; GRACE Charity, UK; Breast Cancer Campaign, UK; Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship; Connecticut State University; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Research Society; University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Elsa U. Pardee Foundation; CPRIT; Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas; NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); Gilead and Shire Pharmaceuticals; NIH/NCI [1R01CA20009, 5R01CAl27258-05, R21CA184788, NIH P30 CA22453, NCI RO1 28704]; Scottish Governments Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division; National Research Foundation; United Arab Emirates University; Terry Fox Foundation; Novartis Pharmaceutical; Aveo Pharmaceutical; Roche; Bristol Myers Squibb; Bayer Pharmaceutical; Pfizer; Kyowa Kirin; NIH/NIAID Grant [A1076535]; Auckland Cancer Society; Cancer Society of New Zealand; NIH Public Service Grant from the National Cancer Institute [CA164095]; Medical Research Council CCU-Program Grant on cancer metabolism; EU Marie Curie Reintegration Grant [MC-CIG-303514]; Greek National funds through the Operational Program Educational and Lifelong Learning of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)-Research Funding Program THALES [MIS 379346]; COST Action CM1201 `Biomimetic Radical Chemistry; Duke University Molecular Cancer Biology T32 Training Grant; National Sciences Engineering and Research Council Undergraduate Student Research Award in Canada; Charles University in Prague projects [UNCE 204015, PRVOUK P31/2012]; Czech Science Foundation projects [15-03834Y, P301/12/1686]; Czech Health Research Council AZV project [15-32432A]; Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic project [NT13663-3/2012]; National Institute of Aging [P30AG028716-01]; NIH/NCI training grants to Duke University [T32-CA059365-19, 5T32-CA059365]; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan [24590493]; Ministry of Health and Welfare [CCMP101-RD-031, CCMP102-RD-112]; Tzu-Chi University of Taiwan [61040055-10]; Svenska Sallskapet for Medicinsk Forskning; Cancer Research Wales; Albert Hung Foundation; Fong Family Foundation; Welsh Government A4B scheme; NIH NCI; University of Glasgow, Beatson Oncology Centre Fund, CRUK [C301/A14762]; NIH Intramural Research Program; National Science Foundation; American Cancer Society; National Cancer Center [NCC-1310430-2]; National Research Foundation [NRF-2005-0093837]; Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund Grant [80028595]; Lustgarten Fund Grant [90049125, NIHR21CA169757]; Alma Toorock Memorial for Cancer Research; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (MSIP), Republic of Korea [2011-0017639, 2011-0030001]; Ministry of Education of Taiwan [TMUTOP103005-4]; International Life Sciences Institute; United States Public Health Services Grants [NIH R01CA156776]; VA-BLR&D Merit Review Grant [5101-BX001517-02]; V Foundation; Pancreatic Cancer Action Network; Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation; Childrens Cancer Institute Australia; University Roma Tre; Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC-Grant) [IG15221]; Carlos III Health Institute; Feder funds [AM: CP10/00539, PI13/02277]; Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE); Marie Curie CIG Grant [2012/712404]; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Avon Foundation for Women [OBC-134038]; Canadian Institutes of Health [MSH-136647, MOP 64308]; Bayer Healthcare System G4T (Grants4Targets); NIH NIDDK; NIH NIAAA; Shire Pharmaceuticals; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Research Assistantship Award; Italian Ministry of University; University of Italy; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) [16SV5536K]; European Commission [FP7 259679 "IDEAL"]; Cinque per Mille dellIRPEF-Finanziamento della Ricerca Sanitaria; European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) [278570]; AIRC [10216, 13837]; European Communitys Seventh Framework Program FP7 [311876]; Canadian Institute for Health Research [MOP114962, MOP125857]; Fonds de Recherche Quebec Sante [22624]; Terry Fox Research Institute [1030]; FEDER; MICINN [SAF2012-32810]; Junta de Castilla y Leon [BIO/SA06/13]; ARIMMORA project [FP7-ENV-2011]; European Union; NIH NIDDK [K01DK077137, R03DK089130]; NIH NCI grants [R01CA131294, R21 CA155686]; Avon Foundation; Breast Cancer Research Foundation Grant [90047965]; National Institute of Health, NINDS Grant [K08NS083732]; AACR-National Brain Tumor Society Career Development Award for Translational Brain Tumor Research [13-20-23-SIEG]; Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India [SR/FT/LS-063/2008]; Yorkshire Cancer Research; Wellcome Trust, UK; Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance Project CAMPUS-QUARC, within program FESR Campania Region; National Cancer Institute [5P01CA073992]; IDEA Award from the Department of Defense [W81XWH-12-1-0515]; Huntsman Cancer Foundation; University of Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) Pilot Research Grant [CTSI-2013-P03]; SEEDS You Choose Awards; DoD [W81XVVH-11-1-0272, W81XWH-13-1-0182]; Kimmel Translational Science Award [SKF-13-021]; ACS Scholar award [122688-RSG-12-196-01-TBG]; National Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Pew Charitable Trusts; American Diabetes Association; Elsa U. Pardee Foundation; Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Oversea Scholars, State Education Ministry and Scientific and Technological Innovation Project, Harbin [2012RFLX5011]; United States National Institutes of Health [ES019458]; California Breast Cancer Research Program [17UB-8708]; National Institutes of Health through the RCMI-Center for Environmental Health [G1200MD007581]; NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Training Grant [T32HL098062]; European FP7-TuMIC [HEALTH-F2-2008-201662]; Italian Association for Cancer research (AIRC) Grant IG [11963]; Regione Campania L.R:N.5; European National Funds [PON01-02388/1 2007-2013]

Publisher's version (útgefin grein). ; Background: Mutations in BRCA2 cause a higher risk of early-onset aggressive prostate cancer (PrCa). The IMPACT study is evaluating targeted PrCa screening using prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) in men with germline BRCA1/2 mutations. Objective: To report the utility of PSA screening, PrCa incidence, positive predictive value of PSA, biopsy, and tumour characteristics after 3 yr of screening, by BRCA status. Design, setting, and participants: Men aged 40–69 yr with a germline pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutation and male controls testing negative for a familial BRCA1/2 mutation were recruited. Participants underwent PSA screening for 3 yr, and if PSA > 3.0 ng/ml, men were offered prostate biopsy. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: PSA levels, PrCa incidence, and tumour characteristics were evaluated. Statistical analyses included Poisson regression offset by person-year follow-up, chi-square tests for proportion t tests for means, and Kruskal-Wallis for medians. Results and limitations: A total of 3027 patients (2932 unique individuals) were recruited (919 BRCA1 carriers, 709 BRCA1 noncarriers, 902 BRCA2 carriers, and 497 BRCA2 noncarriers). After 3 yr of screening, 527 men had PSA > 3.0 ng/ml, 357 biopsies were performed, and 112 PrCa cases were diagnosed (31 BRCA1 carriers, 19 BRCA1 noncarriers, 47 BRCA2 carriers, and 15 BRCA2 noncarriers). Higher compliance with biopsy was observed in BRCA2 carriers compared with noncarriers (73% vs 60%). Cancer incidence rate per 1000 person years was higher in BRCA2 carriers than in noncarriers (19.4 vs 12.0; p = 0.03); BRCA2 carriers were diagnosed at a younger age (61 vs 64 yr; p = 0.04) and were more likely to have clinically significant disease than BRCA2 noncarriers (77% vs 40%; p = 0.01). No differences in age or tumour characteristics were detected between BRCA1 carriers and BRCA1 noncarriers. The 4 kallikrein marker model discriminated better (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.73) for clinically significant cancer at biopsy than PSA alone (AUC = 0.65). Conclusions: After 3 yr of screening, compared with noncarriers, BRCA2 mutation carriers were associated with a higher incidence of PrCa, younger age of diagnosis, and clinically significant tumours. Therefore, systematic PSA screening is indicated for men with a BRCA2 mutation. Further follow-up is required to assess the role of screening in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Patient summary: We demonstrate that after 3 yr of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, we detect more serious prostate cancers in men with BRCA2 mutations than in those without these mutations. We recommend that male BRCA2 carriers are offered systematic PSA screening. © 2019 The Authors We demonstrate that after 3 yr of prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) testing, we detect more serious prostate cancers in men with BRCA2 mutations than those without these mutations. We recommend that male BRCA2 carriers are offered systematic PSA screening. ; We demonstrate that, after four annual PSA screening rounds, BRCA2 mutation carriers have a higher incidence of PrCa, are diagnosed at a younger age, and present with more clinically significant tumours than BRCA2 noncarriers. Further follow-up is required to assess the role of screening in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Therefore, these data support the use of systematic PSA screening in male BRCA2 carriers. Author contributions : Rosalind A. Eeles had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design : Aaronson, Ardern-Jones, Bancroft, Bangma, Castro, Dearnaley, Eccles, Evans, Eyfjord, Falconer, Foster, Gronberg, Hamdy, Johannsson, Khoo, Kote-Jarai, Lilja, Lindeman, Lubinski, Mahle, Mikropoulos, Mitra, Moynihan, Page, Rennert, Suri. Acquisition of data: All authors. Analysis and interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: All authors. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis : Page, Bancroft, Brook, Assel, Vickers, Lilja. Obtaining funding : Eeles and all IMPACT collaborating sites obtained their own funding for running the study at their site. Administrative, technical, or material support: All authors. Supervision: Eeles. Other : None. Financial disclosures: Rosalind A. Eeles certifies that all conflicts of interest, including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript (eg, employment/affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, or patents filed, received, or pending), are the following: Hans Lilja holds patents for intact PSA assays, and is named, along with Andrew J. Vickers, on a patent application for a statistical method to detect prostate cancer. The patents have been licensed and commercialised as the 4 Kscore by OPKO Health. Drs. Vickers and Lilja receive royalties from sales of this test. Additionally, Dr. Lilja owns stock and Dr. Vickers owns stock options in OPKO. Professor Rosalind Eeles: Royal Marsden Hospital—Nov 2017; support from Janssen; honorarium as speaker £1100; University of Chicago invited talk May 2018; honorarium as speaker Rosalind A. Eeles certifies that all conflicts of interest, including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript (eg, employment/affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, or patents filed, received, or pending), are the following: Hans Lilja holds patents for intact PSA assays, and is named, along with Andrew J. Vickers, on a patent application for a statistical method to detect prostate cancer. The patents have been licensed and commercialised as the 4 Kscore by OPKO Health. Drs. Vickers and Lilja receive royalties from sales of this test. Additionally, Dr. Lilja owns stock and Dr. Vickers owns stock options in OPKO. Professor Rosalind Eeles: Royal Marsden Hospital—Nov 2017; support from Janssen; honorarium as speaker £1100; University of Chicago invited talk May 2018; honorarium as speaker $1000. The remaining authors have no other conflict of interest to declare.000. The remaining authors have no other conflict of interest to declare. Funding/Support and role of the sponsor : This research is coordinated by the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK, and is supported by grants from Cancer Research UK (grant references C5047/A21332, C5047/A13232, and C5047/A17528) and the Ronald and Rita McAulay Foundation. Judith Offman is supported by Cancer Research UK Programme Grant reference C8161/A16892. Mr. and Mrs. Jack Baker are acknowledged for supporting the study in NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA and Myriad Genetics Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, for providing research BRCA testing rates for NorthShore University HealthSystem patients. We acknowledge funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) to the Biomedical Research Center at the Institute of Cancer Research and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, at Manchester University Foundation Trust (IS-BRC-1215-20007), the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Program, and the Cambridge Clinical Research Centre, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. We acknowledge that in Australia, this project was cofunded by Cancer Council Tasmania and Cancer Australia (grant number 1006349 [2011–2013]), Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia (grant number PCFA PRO4 [2008]), Cancer Councils of Victoria and South Australia (grant number 400048 [2006–2008]), the Victorian Cancer Agency Clinical Trial Capacity CTCB08_14, Cancer Australia and Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia (2014–2016; grant number 1059423), and Translational grants EOI09_50. The Association of International Cancer Research funded data collection in The Netherlands (AICR 10-0596). We acknowledge funding from the Basser Center for BRCA (to Susan Domchek). This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute (NIH/NCI) with a Cancer Center Support Grant to Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (P30 CA008748), a SPORE grant in Prostate Cancer to Dr. H. Scher (P50-CA92629), the Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, David H. Koch through the Prostate Cancer Foundation. This work was also supported in part by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Program in UK, the Swedish Cancer Society (CAN 2017/559), the Swedish Research Council (VR-MH project no. 2016-02974), and General Hospital in Malmö Foundation for Combating Cancer. We acknowledge funding from the Slovenian Research Agency, Research programme P3-0352. We thank CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya for their institutional support. Elena Castro acknowledges funding from Prostate Cancer Foundation. We acknowledge the support of the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (organismo adscrito al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad), "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), una manera de hacer Europa" (PI10/01422, PI13/00285, PIE13/00022, PI16/00563, JR18/00011 and CIBERONC), and the Institut Català de la Salut and Autonomous Government of Catalonia (2009SGR290, 2014SGR338 and PERIS Project MedPerCan). We acknowledge funding support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia to the IPO Porto study (project grant PTDC/DTP-PIC/1308/2014 to Manuel R. Teixeira and fellowship grant SFRH/BD/116557/2016 to Marta Cardoso). ; Peer Reviewed

Under a Creative Commons license.-- Review.-- et al. ; Targeted therapies and the consequent adoption of >personalized> oncology have achieved notablesuccesses in some cancers; however, significant problems remain with this approach. Many targetedtherapies are highly toxic, costs are extremely high, and most patients experience relapse after a fewdisease-free months. Relapses arise from genetic heterogeneity in tumors, which harbor therapy-resistantimmortalized cells that have adopted alternate and compensatory pathways (i.e., pathways that are notreliant upon the same mechanisms as those which have been targeted). To address these limitations, aninternational task force of 180 scientists was assembled to explore the concept of a low-toxicity >broad-spectrum> therapeutic approach that could simultaneously target many key pathways and mechanisms. Using cancer hallmark phenotypes and the tumor microenvironment to account for the various aspectsof relevant cancer biology, interdisciplinary teams reviewed each hallmark area and nominated a widerange of high-priority targets (74 in total) that could be modified to improve patient outcomes. For thesetargets, corresponding low-toxicity therapeutic approaches were then suggested, many of which werephytochemicals. Proposed actions on each target and all of the approaches were further reviewed forknown effects on other hallmark areas and the tumor microenvironment. Potential contrary or procar-cinogenic effects were found for 3.9% of the relationships between targets and hallmarks, and mixedevidence of complementary and contrary relationships was found for 7.1%. Approximately 67% of therelationships revealed potentially complementary effects, and the remainder had no known relationship. Among the approaches, 1.1% had contrary, 2.8% had mixed and 62.1% had complementary relationships. These results suggest that a broad-spectrum approach should be feasible from a safety standpoint. Thisnovel approach has potential to be relatively inexpensive, it should help us address stages and types ofcancer that lack conventional treatment, and it may reduce relapse risks. A proposed agenda for futureresearch is offered. ; Amr Amin was funded by Terry Fox Foundation Grant # TF-13-20 and UAEU Program for Advanced Research (UPAR) #31S118; Jack Arbiser was funded by NIHAR47901; Alexandra Arreola was funded by NIH NRSA Grant F31CA154080; Alla Arzumanyan was funded by NIH (NIAID) R01: Combination therapies for chronic HBV, liver disease, and cancer (AI076535); Work in the lab of Asfar S. Azmi is supported by NIH R21CA188818 as well as from Sky Foundation Inc. Michigan; Fabian Benencia was supported by NIH Grant R15 CA137499-01; Alan Bilsland was supported by the University of Glasgow, Beatson Oncology Centre Fund, CRUK (www.cancerresearchuk.org) Grant C301/A14762; Amancio Carnero was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, ISCIII (Fis: PI12/00137, RTICC: RD12/0036/0028) co-funded by FEDER from Regional Development European Funds (European Union), Consejeria de Ciencia e Innovacion (CTS-6844 and CTS-1848) and Consejeria de Salud of the Junta de Andalucia (PI-0135-2010 and PI-0306-2012). His work on this project has also been made possible thanks to the Grant PIE13/0004 co-funded by the ISCIII and FEDER funds; Stephanie C. Casey was supported by NIH Grant F32CA177139; Mrinmay Chakrabarti was supported by the United Soybean Board; Rupesh Chaturvedi was supported by an NIH NCCAM Grant (K01AT007324); Georgia Zhuo Chen was supported by an NIH NCI Grant (R33 CA161873-02); Helen Chen acknowledges financial support from the Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Foundation Graduate Studentship; Sophie Chen acknowledges financial support from the Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust, UK; Yi Charlie Chen acknowledges financial support from the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission/Division of Science Research, his research was also supported by NIH grants (P20RR016477 and P20GM103434) from the National Institutes of Health awarded to the West Virginia IDeA Network of Biomedical Research Excellence; Maria Rosa Ciriolo was partially supported by the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) Grants #IG10636 and #15403; Helen M. Coley acknowledges financial support from the GRACE Charity, UK and the Breast Cancer Campaign, UK; Marisa Connell was supported by a Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship; Sarah Crawford was supported by a research grant from Connecticut State University; Charlotta Dabrosin acknowledges financial support from the Swedish Research Council and the Swedish Research Society; Giovanna Damia gratefully acknowledges the generous contributions of The Italian Association for Cancer Research (IG14536 to G.D.); ; Santanu Dasgupta gratefully acknowledges the support of the University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Elsa U. Pardee Foundation; William K. Decker was supported in part by CPRIT, the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas; Anna Mae E. Diehl was supported by NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the NIH National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Gilead and Shire Pharmaceuticals; Q. Ping Dou was partially supported by NIH/NCI (1R01CA20009, 5R01CA127258-05 and R21CA184788), and NIH P30 CA22453 (to Karmanos Cancer Institute); Janice E. Drew was supported by the Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division; Eyad Elkord thanks the National Research Foundation, United Arab Emirates University and the Terry Fox Foundation for supporting research projects in his lab; Bassel El-Rayes was supported by Novartis Pharmaceutical, Aveo Pharmaceutical, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, and Kyowa Kirin; Mark A. Feitelson was supported by NIH/NIAID Grant AI076535; ; Dean W. Felsher was supported by NIH grants (R01CA170378, U54CA149145, and U54CA143907); Lynnette R Ferguson was financially supported by the Auckland Cancer Society and the Cancer Society of New Zealand; Gary L. Firestone was supported by NIH Public Service Grant CA164095 awarded from the National Cancer Institute; Christian Frezza "would like to acknowledge funding from a Medical Research Council CCU-Program Grant on cancer metabolism, and a unique applicant AICR project grant"; Mark M. Fuster was supported by NIH Grant R01-HL107652; Alexandros G. Georgakilas was supported by an EU Marie Curie Reintegration Grant MC-CIG-303514, Greek National funds through the Operational Program 'Educational and Lifelong Learning of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF)-Research Funding Program THALES (Grant number MIS 379346) and COST Action CM1201 'Biomimetic Radical Chemistry'; Michelle F. Green was supported by a Duke University Molecular Cancer Biology T32 Training Grant; Brendan Grue was supported by a National Sciences Engineering and Research Council Undergraduate Student Research Award in Canada; Dorota Halicka was supported by by NIH NCI grant NCI RO1 28704; Petr Heneberg was supported by the Charles University in Prague projects UNCE 204015 and PRVOUK P31/2012, by the Czech Science Foundation projects 15-03834Y and P301/12/1686, by the Czech Health Research Council AZV project 15-32432A, and by the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic project NT13663-3/2012; Matthew D. Hirschey wishes to acknowledge Duke University Institutional Support, the Duke Pepper Older Americans Independence Center (OAIC) Program in Aging Research supported by the National Institute of Aging (P30AG028716-01) and NIH/NCI training grants to Duke University (T32-CA059365-19 and 5T32-CA059365); ; Lorne J. Hofseth was supported by NIH grants (1R01CA151304, 1R03CA1711326, and 1P01AT003961); Kanya Honoki was supported in part by the grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (No. 24590493); Hsue-Yin Hsu was supported in part by grants from the Ministry of Health and Welfare (CCMP101-RD-031 and CCMP102-RD-112) and Tzu-Chi University (61040055-10) of Taiwan; Lasse D. Jensen was supported by Svenska Sallskapet for Medicinsk Forskning, Gosta Fraenkels Stiftelse, Ak.e Wibergs Stiftelse, Ollie och Elof Ericssons Stiftelse, Linkopings Universitet and the Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Wen G. Jiang wishes to acknowledge the support by Cancer Research Wales, the Albert Hung Foundation, the Fong Family Foundation, and Welsh Government A4B scheme; Lee W. Jones was supported in part by grants from the NIH NCI; W Nicol Keith was supported by the University of Glasgow, Beatson Oncology Centre Fund, CRUK (www.cancerresearchuk.org) Grant C301/A14762; Sid P. Kerkar was supported by the NIH Intramural Research Program; Rob J. Kulathinal was supported by the National Science Foundation, and the American Cancer Society; Byoung S. Kwon was supported in part by National Cancer Center (NCC-1310430-2) and National Research Foundation (NRF-2005-0093837); Anne Le was supported by Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund Grant 80028595, a Lustgarten Fund Grant 90049125 and Grant NIHR21CA169757 (to Anne Le); Michael A. Lea was funded by the The Alma Toorock Memorial for Cancer Research; Ho-Young Lee. ; This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (MSIP), Republic of Korea (Nos. 2011-0017639 and 2011-0030001) and by a NIH Grant R01 CA100816; Liang-Tzung Lin was supported in part by a grant from the Ministry of Education of Taiwan (TMUTOP103005-4); Jason W. Locasale acknowledges support from NIH awards (CA168997 and AI110613) and the International Life Sciences Institute; Bal L. Lokeshwar was supported in part by United States' Public Health Services Grants: NIH R01CA156776 and VA-BLR&D Merit Review Grant No. 5I01-BX001517-02; Valter D. Longo acknowledges support from NIH awards (P01AG034906 and R01AG020642) and from the V Foundation; Costas A. Lyssiotis was funded in part by the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network as a Pathway to Leadership Fellow and through a Dale F. Frey Breakthrough award from the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation; Karen L. MacKenzie wishes to acknowledge the support from the Children's Cancer Institute Australia (affiliated with the University of New South Wales, Australia and the Sydney Children's Hospital Network); Maria Marino was supported by grant from University Roma Tre to M.M. (CLA 2013) and by the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC-Grant #IG15221); ; Ander Matheu is funded by Carlos III Health Institute (AM: CP10/00539), Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE) and Marie Curie CIG Grant (AM: 2012/712404); Christopher Maxwell was supported by funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, in partnership with the Avon Foundation for Women (OBC-134038) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research New Investigator Salary Award (MSH-136647); Eoin McDonnell received Duke University Institutional Support; Kapil Mehta was supported by Bayer Healthcare System G4T (Grants4Targets); Gregory A. Michelotti received support from NIH NIDDK, NIH NIAAA, and Shire Pharmaceuticals; Vinayak Muralidhar was supported by the Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Research Assistantship Award; Elena Niccolai was supported by the Italian Ministry of University and the University of Italy; Virginia R. Parslow gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre (ACSRC); Graham Pawelec was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) Grant number 16SV5536K, and by the European Commission (FP7 259679 "IDEAL"); Peter L. Pedersen was supported by NIH Grant CA-10951; Brad Poore was supported by Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund Grant 80028595, the Lustgarten Fund Grant 90049125, and Grant NIHR21CA169757 (to Anne Le); Satya Prakash was supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Grant (MOP 64308); Lizzia Raffaghello was supported by an NIH Grant (P01AG034906-01A1) and Cinque per Mille dell'IRPEF–Finanziamento della Ricerca Sanitaria; Jeffrey C. Rathmell was supported by an NIH Grant (R01HL108006); Swapan K. Ray was supported by the United Soybean Board; Domenico Ribatti received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under Grant agreement n°278570; Luigi Ricciardiello was supported by the AIRC Investigator Grants 10216 and 13837, and the European Community's Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007–2013 under Grant agreement 311876; Francis Rodier acknowledges the support of the Canadian Institute for Health Research (FR: MOP114962, MOP125857), Fonds de Recherche Québec Santé (FR: 22624), and the Terry Fox Research Institute (FR: 1030); ; Gian Luigi Russo contributed to this effort while participating in the Fulbright Research Scholar Program 2013–14; Isidro Sanchez-Garcia is partially supported by FEDER and by MICINN (SAF2012-32810), by NIH Grant (R01 CA109335-04A1), by Junta de Castilla y León (BIO/SA06/13) and by the ARIMMORA project (FP7-ENV-2011, European Union Seventh Framework Program). Isidro Sanchez-Garcia's lab is also a member of the EuroSyStem and the DECIDE Network funded by the European Union under the FP7 program; Andrew J. Sanders wishes to acknowledge the support by Cancer Research Wales, the Albert Hung Foundation, the Fong Family Foundation, and Welsh Government A4B scheme; Neeraj K. Saxena was supported by grant funding from NIH NIDDK (K01DK077137, R03DK089130); Dipali Sharma was partially funded by NIH NCI grants (R01CA131294, R21 CA155686), the Avon Foundation and a Breast Cancer Research Foundation Grant (90047965); Markus David Siegelin received funding from National Institute of Health, NINDS Grant K08NS083732, and the 2013 AACR-National Brain Tumor Society Career Development Award for Translational Brain Tumor Research, Grant Number 13-20-23-SIEG; Neetu Singh was supported by funds from the Department of Science and Technology (SR/FT/LS-063/2008), New Delhi, India; Carl Smythe was supported by Yorkshire Cancer Research and The Wellcome Trust, UK; Carmela Spagnuolo was supported by funding from Project C.I.S.I.A., act n. 191/2009 from the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance Project CAMPUS-QUARC, within program FESR Campania Region 2007/2013, objectives 2.1, 2.2; Diana M. Stafforini was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (5P01CA073992), IDEA Award W81XWH-12-1-0515 from the Department of Defense, and by the Huntsman Cancer Foundation; John Stagg was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Pochi R. Subbarayan was supported by the University of Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) Pilot Research Grant (CTSI-2013-P03) and SEEDS You Choose Awards; Phuoc T. Tran was funded by the DoD (W81XWH-11-1-0272 and W81XWH-13-1-0182), a Kimmel Translational Science Award (SKF-13-021), an ACS Scholar award (122688-RSG-12-196-01-TBG) and the NIH (R01CA166348); Kathryn E. Wellen receives funding from the National Cancer Institute, Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Pew Charitable Trusts, American Diabetes Association, and Elsa U. Pardee Foundation; Huanjie Yang was partially supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Oversea Scholars, State Education Ministry and Scientific and Technological Innovation Project, Harbin (2012RFLXS011); ; Paul Yaswen was supported by funding from the United States National Institutes of Health (ES019458) and the California Breast Cancer Research Program (17UB-8708); Clement Yedjou was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (Grant # G1200MD007581), through the RCMI-Center for Environmental Health; Xin Yin was supported by NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Training Grant T32HL098062.; Jiyue Zhu was supported by NIH Grant R01GM071725; Massimo Zollo was supported by the European FP7-TuMIC HEALTH-F2-2008-201662, the Italian Association for Cancer research (AIRC) Grant IG # 11963 and the Regione Campania L.R:N.5, the European National Funds PON01-02388/1 2007-2013. ; Peer Reviewed

LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration, Fermi GBM, INTEGRAL, IceCube Collaboration, AstroSat Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager Team, IPN Collaboration, The Insight-HXMT Collaboration, ANTARES Collaboration, The Swift Collaboration, AGILE Team, The 1M2H Team, The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration and the DES Collaboration, The DLT40 Collaboration, GRAWITA: GRAvitational Wave Inaf TeAm, The Fermi Large Area Telescope Collaboration, ATCA: Australia Telescope Compact Array, ASKAP: Australian SKA Pathfinder, Las Cumbres Observatory Group, OzGrav, DWF (Deeper, Wider, Faster Program), AST3, and CAASTRO Collaborations, The VINROUGE Collaboration, MASTER Collaboration, J-GEM, GROWTH, JAGWAR, CaltechNRAO, TTU-NRAO, and NuSTAR Collaborations, Pan-STARRS, The MAXI Team, TZAC Consortium, KU Collaboration, Nordic Optical Telescope, ePESSTO, GROND, Texas Tech University, SALT Group, TOROS: Transient Robotic Observatory of the South Collaboration, The BOOTES Collaboration, MWA: Murchison Widefield Array, The CALET Collaboration, IKI-GW Follow-up Collaboration, H.E.S.S. Collaboration, LOFAR Collaboration, LWA: Long Wavelength Array, HAWC Collaboration, The Pierre Auger Collaboration, ALMA Collaboration, Euro VLBI Team, Pi of the Sky Collaboration, The Chandra Team at McGill University, DFN: Desert Fireball Network, ATLAS, High Time Resolution Universe Survey, RIMAS and RATIR, and SKA South Africa/MeerKAT ; On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of $\sim 1.7\,{\rm{s}}$ with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of ${40}_{-8}^{+8}$ Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 $\,{M}_{\odot }$. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at $\sim 40\,{\rm{Mpc}}$) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient's position $\sim 9$ and $\sim 16$ days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta. ; Kavli Foundation ; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond ; Niels Bohr International Academy ; DARK Cosmology Centre ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1518052 AST-141242 AST-1411763 AST-1714498 AST-1517649 PHY-1607291 AST-1412421 AST-1313484 ; Gordon AMP; Betty Moore Foundation ; Heising-Simons Foundation ; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ; The David & Lucile Packard Foundation ; DNRF ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) ; Space Telescope Science Institute National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) HST-HF-51348.001 HST-HF-51373.001 ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NAS5-26555 NNX15AE50G NNX16AC22G NAS5-00136 NNX08AR22G NNX12AR65G NNX14AM74G NNX12AR55G NNM13AA43C NNM11AA01A NNX15AE60G PF6-170148 PF7-180162 ; INAF ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) I/028/12/2 ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER), France ; Commission Europeenne, France ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France ; IdEx, France ; Sorbonne Paris Cite, France ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU, France ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; A*MIDEX, France ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Alsace (CPER), France ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cite d'Azur, France ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (MINECO/FEDER), Spain FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Basic Research Program of China 2013CB834901 2013CB834900 2013CB834903 ; Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation AMP; Assessment Program CHINARE2016-02-03-05 ; Tsinghua University ; Nanjing University ; Beijing Normal University ; University of New South Wales ; Texas AM University ; Australian Antarctic Division ; National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) of Australia ; Chinese Academy of Sciences through Center for Astronomical Mega-Science ; National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC) ; Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; ANPCyT ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET) ; Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ; Municipalidad de Malargue ; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Ciencia Tecnologia e Inovacao (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) ; Czech Republic Government MSMT CR LG15014 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 ; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Region Ile-de-France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ; Helmholtz Association ; Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) ; Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) ; CETEMPS Center of Excellence ; Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Italy) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 ; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ; Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica (PAPIIT) ; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico ; Netherlands - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; FOM (The Netherlands) ; Poland-National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 ; Portugal-Portuguese national funds ; FEDER within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; CNDI-UEFISCDI 20/2012 194/2012 PN 16 42 01 02 ; Slovenia-Slovenian Research Agency ; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid ; European Union (EU) ; Spanish Government ; Xunta de Galicia ; European Union (EU) FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) 0450696 ; Grainger Foundation ; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; European Union (EU) PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; UNESCO ; Australian Research Council FT150100099 FL15010014 ; Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science ; Western Australian and Australian Governments ; Australian Government Department of Industry, Innovation and Science ; Australian Research Council CE170100013 ; Spanish Government AYA 2015-71718-R ; Junta de Andalucia TIC-2839 ; National Research Foundation NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870 DGE-1144469 ; Korea Basic Science Research Program NRF2014R1A6A3A03057484 NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961 ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico) through Laboratorios Nacionales Program (Mexico) ; Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC, Spain) ; Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU, South Korea) ; Australian Research Council CE110001020 ; Australian Research Council LE130100104 ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) ; JAXA ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP 17H06362 JP26220708 JP17H02901 JP17H06363 JP15H00788 JP24103003 JP10147214 JP10147207 ; Chandra X-ray Observatory Center GO7-18033X ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NAS8-03060 ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) ; UKSA ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Department of Space (DoS), Government of India ; European Union (EU) 653477 ; ESO 199.D-0143 099.D-0376 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) HA 1850/28-1 Kl 766/16-3 ; European Union (EU) 291222 615929 647208 725161 ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/P000312/1 ; ERF ST/M005348/1 ST/P000495/1 ; Marie Sklodowska-Curie 702538 ; Polish NCN OPUS 2015/17/B/ST9/03167 ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; California Institute of Technology ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 3160504 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1311862 ; Quantum Universe I-Core program ; Kimmel award ; IRC GOIPG/2017/1525 ; Australian Research Council CE110001020 FT160100028 ; Millennium Science Initiative IC120009 ; NASA through Fermi-GBM ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) 50 QV 0301 ; Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) 50 OG 1101 ; Science Foundation Ireland 12/IP/1288 ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) ; High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) ; JAXA (Japan) ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Swedish Research Council ; National Space Board (Sweden) ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) ; Centre National D'etudes Spatiales ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-76SF00515 ; Office of Naval Research N00014-07-C0147 ; National Science Foundation under University Radio Observatory AST-1139963 AST-1139974 ; ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory 099.D-0382 099.D-0622 099.D-0191 099.D-0116 ; REM telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory 35020 ; Department of University and Research (MIUR) ; Italian Space Agency (ASI) ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) ; BIC 114332KYSB20160007 ; Chinese Academy of Sciences KJZD-EW-M06 ; National Natural Science Foundation of China 11673062 ; Oversea Talent Program of Yunnan Province ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia P1-0188 ; Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) - National Science Foundation under PIRE 1545949 ; California Institute of Technology (USA) ; University of Maryland College Park (USA) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 15H05437 ; JST Consortia ; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (USA) ; Texas Tech University (USA) ; San Diego State University (USA) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) ; National Central University (Taiwan) ; Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India) ; Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India) ; Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel) ; Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden) ; Humboldt University (Germany) ; Liverpool John Moores University (UK) ; Planning and Budgeting Committee ; Israel Science Foundation ; Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) 1455090 ; ERC grant TReX ; Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) ; NRL ; Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys ; Hintze Family Charitable Foundation ; Swedish Research Council ; Israel Science Foundation, Minerva, Israeli ministry of Science ; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation ; I-CORE of the Planning and Budgeting Committee ; Swedish Research Council 2016 03657 3 ; Swedish National Space Board Dnr. 107/16 ; Gravitational Radiation and Electromagnetic Astrophysical Transients (GREAT) - Swedish Research council (V.R.) Dnr. 2016-06012 ; Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India ; Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 271051 232656 167281 260378 179588 239762 254964 271737 258865 243290 ; Red HAWC, Mexico ; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico RG100414 IN111315 IN111716-3 IA102715 109916 ; VIEP-BUAP ; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory ; Polish Science Centre DEC-2014/13/B/ST9/945 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Max Planck Society ; Foundation CELLEX ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Ministry of Research, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Programme of the CNRS ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; IPNP of the Charles University ; Grant Agency of the Czech Republic ; Polish National Science Centre ; South African Department of Science and Technology ; National Research Foundation ; University of Namibia ; National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia (NCRST) ; Innsbruck University ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Austrian Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy ; University of Adelaide ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; University of Amsterdam ; EGI Federation ; China National Space Administration (CNSA) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences XDB23040400 ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China 2016YFA0400800 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; Grid Laboratory of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; FWO ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme ; Flanders Institute ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand ; Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) 15-1230015 14-22-00271 ; Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan 0075/GF4 ; RUSTAVELI FR/379/6-300/14 ; European Space Agency ; ESA Russia ; ESA USA ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Centre National D'etudes Spatiales ; Helmholtz Association ; German Aerospace Centre (DLR) ; INTA ; OSTC ; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF) Italian Space Agency (ASI) 2013-025-R.1 ; German INTEGRAL through DLR 50 OG 1101 ; Spanish MINECO/FEDER ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) 16-29-13009-ofi-m ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP16H02183 JP15H02075 JP15H02069 JP26800103 JP25800103 ; Inter-University Cooperation Program of the MEXT ; NINS program ; Toyota Foundation D11-R-0830 ; Mitsubishi Foundation ; Yamada Science Foundation ; Inoue Foundation for Science ; National Research Foundation - South Africa ; NRF 2017R1A3A3001362 ; KASI 2017-1-830-03 ; Israel Science Foundation 541/17 ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India ; Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR) ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion ; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme ; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears ; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana ; National Science Centre of Poland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) ; European Commission Joint Research Centre ; European Union (EU) ; Royal Society of London ; Scottish Funding Council ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alapprogramok (OTKA) ; Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) ; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Industry Canada and Province of Ontario through Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications ; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; Leverhulme Trust ; Research Corporation for Science Advancement ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; RIKEN ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) JP 17H06362 ; EVN RP029 ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme 653477 ; European Research Council (ERC) 647208 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through NWO VIDI 639.042.612-Nissanke ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) 62002444-Nissanke ; VISIR 60.A-9392 ; MOST104-2923-M-008-004-MY5 ; MOST106-2112-M-008-007

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of similar to 1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg(2) at a luminosity distance of 40(-8)(+8) Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 M-circle dot. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at similar to 40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over similar to 10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient's position similar to 9 and similar to 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta. ; Kavli Foundation; Danish National Research Foundation; Niels Bohr International Academy; DARK Cosmology Centre; NSF [AST-1518052, AST-141242, AST-1411763, AST-1714498, AST-1517649, PHY-1607291, AST-1412421, AST-1313484]; Gordon AMP; Betty Moore Foundation; Heising-Simons Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; DNRF; UCMEXUS-CONACYT; NASA - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF-51348.001, HST-HF-51373.001]; NASA [NAS5-26555, NNX15AE50G, NNX16AC22G, NAS5-00136, NNX08AR22G, NNX12AR65G, NNX14AM74G, NNX12AR55G, NNM13AA43C, NNM11AA01A, NNX15AE60G, PF6-170148, PF7-180162]; INAF; INFN; ASI [I/028/12/2]; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (CEA), France; Commission Europeenne (FEDER), France; Commission Europeenne, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France; IdEx, France; Sorbonne Paris Cite, France [ANR-10-LABX-0023, ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02]; Labex OCEVU, France [ANR-11-LABX-0060]; A*MIDEX, France [ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02]; Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), France; Region Alsace (CPER), France; Region Provence-Alpes-Cite d'Azur, France; Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation, Russia; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (MINECO/FEDER), Spain [FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P, FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P, FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P]; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco; National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China [2013CB834901, 2013CB834900, 2013CB834903]; Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation AMP; Assessment Program [CHINARE2016-02-03-05]; Tsinghua University; Nanjing University; Beijing Normal University; University of New South Wales; Texas AM University; Australian Antarctic Division; National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) of Australia; Chinese Academy of Sciences through Center for Astronomical Mega-Science; National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC); Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malargue; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas; Australia-the Australian Research Council; Brazil-Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2010/07359-6, 1999/05404-3]; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC); Czech Republic [MSMT CR LG15014, LO1305, LM2015038, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402]; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Regional Ile-de-France; Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) within Investissements d'Avenir Programme [LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63, ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02]; Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); Mexico-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) [167733]; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; Netherlands - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO); Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM); Poland-National Centre for Research and Development [ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11, ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11]; National Science Centre [2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2013/08/M/ST9/00728, HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198]; Portugal-Portuguese national funds; FEDER within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS; CNDI-UEFISCDI [20/2012, 194/2012, PN 16 42 01 02]; Slovenia-Slovenian Research Agency; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad; Xunta de Galicia; European Community 7th Framework Program [FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826]; USA-Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, DE-SC0011689]; National Science Foundation [0450696]; Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; European Union 7th Framework Program [PIRSES-2009-GA-246806]; European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme [646623]; UNESCO; Australian Research Council [FT150100099, FL15010014]; Australian Research Council; Australian Government; Australian Government (NCRIS); Western Australian and Australian Governments; National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics in 3D (ASTRO 3D) [CE170100013]; Spanish Ministry [AYA 2015-71718-R]; Junta de Andalucia Proyecto de Excelencia [TIC-2839]; National Research Foundation [NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870, DGE-1144469]; Korea Basic Science Research Program [NRF2014R1A6A3A03057484, NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961]; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico) through Laboratorios Nacionales Program (Mexico); Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC, Spain); Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU, South Korea); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) [CE110001020]; ARC LIEF from Australian Research Council [LE130100104]; NASA; ASI; JAXA; MEXT KAKENHI [JP 17H06362, JP26220708, JP17H02901, JP17H06363, JP15H00788, JP24103003, JP10147214, JP10147207]; Chandra X-ray Observatory Center [GO7-18033X]; National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) [NAS8-03060]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT); UKSA; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); Indian Space Research Organisation; European Unions Horizon research and innovation programme [653477]; ESO [199.D-0143, 099.D-0376]; DFG [HA 1850/28-1, Kl 766/16-3]; EU/FP7-ERC [291222, 615929, 647208, 725161]; STFC [ST/P000312/1]; ERF [ST/M005348/1, ST/P000495/1]; Marie Sklodowska-Curie [702538]; Polish NCN [OPUS 2015/17/B/ST9/03167]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; California Institute of Technology; Alexander von Humboldt Sofja Kovalevskaja Award; FONDECYT [3160504]; US NSF [AST-1311862]; Quantum Universe I-Core program; Kimmel award; IRC [GOIPG/2017/1525]; Australian Research Council CAASTRO [CE110001020, FT160100028]; Millennium Science Initiative [IC120009]; NASA through Fermi-GBM; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) [50 QV 0301]; Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) through DLR [50 OG 1101]; Science Foundation Ireland [12/IP/1288]; NASA (United States); DOE (United States); CEA/Irfu (France); IN2P3/CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); INFN (Italy); MEXT (Japan); KEK (Japan); JAXA (Japan); K.A. Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Research Council; National Space Board (Sweden); INAF (Italy); CNES (France); DOE [DE-AC02-76SF00515]; Office of Naval Research [N00014-07-C0147]; National Science Foundation under University Radio Observatory [AST-1139963, AST-1139974]; ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory [099.D-0382, 099.D-0622, 099.D-0191, 099.D-0116]; REM telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory [35020]; Department of University and Research (MIUR); Italian Space Agency (ASI); Autonomous Region of Sardinia (RAS); National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF); BIC [114332KYSB20160007]; Hundred Talent Program; Chinese Academy of Sciences [KJZD-EW-M06]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [11673062]; Oversea Talent Program of Yunnan Province; STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council); Slovenian Research Agency [P1-0188]; Sorbonne Paris Cite [ANR-10-LABX-0023, ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02]; JSPS [15H05437]; JST Consortia; GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) - National Science Foundation under PIRE [1545949]; California Institute of Technology (USA); University of Maryland College Park (USA); University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (USA); Texas Tech University (USA); San Diego State University (USA); Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA); Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan); National Central University (Taiwan); Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India); Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India); Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel); Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden); Humboldt University (Germany); Liverpool John Moores University (UK); Planning and Budgeting Committee; Israel Science Foundation; Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation; National Science Foundation CAREER [1455090]; ERC grant TReX; Naval Research Laboratory (NRL); NRL; Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys; Hintze Family Charitable Foundation; Swedish Research Council (V.R.); Israel Science Foundation, Minerva, Israeli ministry of Science; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation; I-CORE of the Planning and Budgeting Committee; Swedish Research Council (VR) [2016 03657 3]; Swedish National Space Board [Dnr. 107/16]; Gravitational Radiation and Electromagnetic Astrophysical Transients (GREAT) - Swedish Research council (V.R.) [Dnr. 2016-06012]; Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India; Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation; US National Science Foundation (NSF); US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Mexico [271051, 232656, 167281, 260378, 179588, 239762, 254964, 271737, 258865, 243290]; Red HAWC, Mexico; DGAPA-UNAM [RG100414, IN111315, IN111716-3, IA102715, 109916]; VIEP-BUAP; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre [DEC-2014/13/B/ST9/945]; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF); Max Planck Society; German Research Foundation (DFG); Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; French Ministry for Research; CNRS-IN2P3; Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Programme of the CNRS; U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); IPNP of the Charles University; Czech Science Foundation; Polish National Science Centre; South African Department of Science and Technology; National Research Foundation; University of Namibia; National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia (NCRST); Innsbruck University; Austrian Science Fund (FWF); Austrian Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy; University of Adelaide; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; University of Amsterdam; EGI Federation; China National Space Administration (CNSA); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [XDB23040400]; Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST) [2016YFA0400800]; U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs; U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division; Grid Laboratory of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure; U.S. Department of Energy; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada; Swedish Research Council, Sweden; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Germany; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO); FWO Odysseus programme; Flanders Institute; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Marsden Fund, New Zealand; Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Villum Fonden, Denmark; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Russian Science Foundation [15-1230015, 14-22-00271]; Science and Education Ministry of Kazakhstan [0075/GF4]; RUSTAVELI [FR/379/6-300/14]; ESA Denmark; ESA France; ESA Germany; ESA Italy; ESA Switzerland; ESA Spain; ESA Russia; ESA USA; CEA; CNES; DLR; ESA; INTA; OSTC; ASI/INAF [2013-025-R.1]; German INTEGRAL through DLR [50 OG 1101]; Spanish MINECO/FEDER [ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R]; RFBR [16-29-13009-ofi-m]; JSPS KAKENHI [JP16H02183, JP15H02075, JP15H02069, JP26800103, JP25800103]; Inter-University Cooperation Program of the MEXT; NINS program; Toyota Foundation [D11-R-0830]; Mitsubishi Foundation; Yamada Science Foundation; Inoue Foundation for Science; National Research Foundation of South Africa; NRF [2017R1A3A3001362]; KASI [2017-1-830-03]; Israel Science Foundation [541/17]; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India; Department of Science and Technology, India; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India; Ministry of Human Resource Development, India; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana; National Science Centre of Poland; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Russian Science Foundation; European Commission; European Regional Development Funds (ERDF); Royal Society; Scottish Funding Council; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA); Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO); National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI); National Research Foundation of Korea; Industry Canada and Province of Ontario through Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation; Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR); Council of Hong Kong; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST); Leverhulme Trust; Research Corporation; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan; RIKEN; MEXT; KAKENHI [JP 17H06362]; EVN [RP029]; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [653477]; ERC [647208]; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through NWO VIDI [639.042.612-Nissanke]; NWO TOP [62002444-Nissanke]; VISIR [60.A-9392]; [MOST104-2923-M-008-004-MY5]; [MOST106-2112-M-008-007] ; (1M2H) We thank J. McIver for alerting us to the LVC circular. We thank J. Mulchaey (Carnegie Observatories director), L. Infante (Las Campanas Observatory director), and the entire Las Campanas staff for their extreme dedication, professionalism, and excitement, all of which were critical in the discovery of the first gravitational-wave optical counterpart and its host galaxy as well as the observations used in this study. We thank I. Thompson and the Carnegie Observatory Time Allocation Committee for approving the Swope Supernova Survey and scheduling our program. We thank the University of Copenhagen, DARK Cosmology Centre, and the Niels Bohr International Academy for hosting D.A.C., R.J.F., A.M.B., E.R., and M.R.S. during the discovery of GW170817/SSS17a. R.J.F., A.M.B., and E.R. were participating in the Kavli Summer Program in Astrophysics, "Astrophysics with gravitational wave detections." This program was supported by the the Kavli Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, the Niels Bohr International Academy, and the DARK Cosmology Centre. The UCSC group is supported in part by NSF grant AST-1518052, the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, generous donations from many individuals through a UCSC Giving Day grant, and from fellowships from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (R.J.F.), the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (R.J.F. and E.R.) and the Niels Bohr Professorship from the DNRF (E.R.). AMB acknowledges support from a UCMEXUS-CONACYT Doctoral Fellowship. Support for this work was provided by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grants HST-HF-51348.001 (B.J.S.) and HST-HF-51373.001 (M.R.D.) awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. This paper includes data gathered with the 1 meter Swope and 6.5 meter Magellan Telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.r (AGILE) The AGILE Team thanks the ASI management, the technical staff at the ASI Malindi ground station, the technical support team at the ASI Space Science Data Center, and the Fucino AGILE Mission Operation Center. AGILE is an ASI space mission developed with programmatic support by INAF and INFN. We acknowledge partial support through the ASI grant No. I/028/12/2. We also thank INAF, Italian Institute of Astrophysics, and ASI, Italian Space Agency.r (ANTARES) The ANTARES Collaboration acknowledges the financial support of: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), IdEx program and UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02), Labex OCEVU (ANR-11-LABX-0060) and the A*MIDEX project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-Alpes-Cite d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (refs.; r r FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P, -2-P and -3-P; MINECO/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), and Prometeo and Grisolia programs (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities.r (AST3) The AST3 project is supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (Grant Nos. 2013CB834901, 2013CB834900, 2013CB834903), and the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Program (grant No. CHINARE2016-02-03-05). The construction of the AST3 telescopes has received fundings from Tsinghua University, Nanjing University, Beijing Normal University, University of New South Wales, and Texas A&M University, the Australian Antarctic Division, and the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) of Australia. It has also received funding from Chinese Academy of Sciences through the Center for Astronomical Mega-Science and National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC).r (Auger) The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargue. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malargue; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas; in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia-the Australian Research Council; Brazil-Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant Nos. 2010/07359-6 and 1999/05404-3; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC); Czech Republic-grant Nos. MSMT CR LG15014, LO1305, LM2015038 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Regional Ile-de-France; Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); Mexico-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) No.; r r 167733; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; The Netherlands - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO); Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM); Poland-National Centre for Research and Development, grant Nos. ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 and ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11; National Science Centre, grant Nos. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2013/08/M/ST9/00728, and HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198; Portugal-Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS; CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects grant Nos. 20/2012 and 194/2012 and PN 16 42 01 02; Slovenia-Slovenian Research Agency; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad; Xunta de Galicia; European Community 7th Framework Program grant No. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826; USA-Department of Energy, Contract Nos. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, and DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, grant No.r 0450696; The Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; European Union 7th Framework Program, grant No. PIRSES-2009-GA-246806; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant No. 646623); and UNESCO.r (Australian Radio) T.M. acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council through grant FT150100099. S.O. acknowledges the Australian Research Council grant Laureate Fellowship FL15010014. D.L.K. and I.S.B. are additionally supported by NSF grant AST-141242. P.A.B. and the DFN team acknowledge the Australian Research Council for support under their Australian Laureate Fellowship scheme. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility, which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. This scientific work makes use of the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory, operated by CSIRO. We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamatji people as the traditional owners of the Observatory site. Support for the operation of the MWA is provided by the Australian Government (NCRIS), under a contract to Curtin University administered by Astronomy Australia Limited. We acknowledge the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre, which is supported by the Western Australian and Australian Governments. The Australian SKA Pathfinder is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility, which is managed by CSIRO. Operation of ASKAP is funded by the Australian Government with support from the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. ASKAP uses the resources of the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre. Establishment of ASKAP, the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory and the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre are initiatives of the Australian Government, with support from the Government of Western Australia and the Science and Industry Endowment Fund. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics in 3D (ASTRO 3D) through project number CE170100013.r (Berger Time-Domain Group) The Berger Time-Domain Group at Harvard is supported in part by the NSF through grants AST-1411763 and AST-1714498, and by NASA through grants NNX15AE50G and NNX16AC22G.r (Bootes) A.J.C.T.; r r acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry Project AYA 2015-71718-R (including FEDER funds) and Junta de Andalucia Proyecto de Excelencia TIC-2839. I.H.P. acknowledges the support of the National Research Foundation (NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870). S.J. acknowledges the support of Korea Basic Science Research Program (NRF2014R1A6A3A03057484 and NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961). The BOOTES-5/JGT observations were carried out at Observatorio Astronomico Nacional in San Pedro Martir (OAN-SPM, Mexico), operated by Instituto de Astronomia, UNAM and with support from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico) through the Laboratorios Nacionales Program (Mexico), Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC, Spain) and Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU, South Korea). We also thank the staff of OAN-SPM for their support in carrying out the observations.r (CAASTRO) Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. The national facility capability for SkyMapper has been funded through ARC LIEF grant LE130100104 from the Australian Research Council, awarded to the University of Sydney, the Australian National University, Swinburne University of Technology, the University of Queensland, the University of Western Australia, the University of Melbourne, Curtin University of Technology, Monash University, and the Australian Astronomical Observatory. SkyMapper is owned and operated by The Australian National University's Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics.r (CALET) The CALET team gratefully acknowledges support from NASA, ASI, JAXA, and MEXT KAKENHI grant numbers JP 17H06362, JP26220708, and JP17H02901.r (Chandra/McGill) This work was supported in part by Chandra Award Number GO7-18033X, issued by the Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for and on behalf of the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) under contract NAS8-03060. D.H., M.N., and J.J.R. acknowledge support from a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant and a Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) Nouveaux Chercheurs Grant. P.A.E. acknowledges UKSA support. J.A.K. acknowledges the support of NASA grant NAS5-00136. D.H. also acknowledges support from the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR).r (CZTI/AstroSat) CZTI is built by a TIFR-led consortium of institutes across India, including VSSC, ISAC, IUCAA, SAC, and PRL. The Indian Space Research Organisation funded, managed, and facilitated the project.r (DLT40) D.J.S. acknowledges support for the DLT40 program from NSF grant AST-1517649.r (EuroVLBI) The European VLBI Network is a joint facility of independent European, African, Asian, and North American radio astronomy institutes. Scientific results from data presented in this publication are derived from the following EVN project code: RP029. e-MERLIN is a National Facility operated by the University of Manchester at Jodrell Bank Observatory on behalf of STFC. The collaboration between LIGO/Virgo and EVN/e-MERLIN is part of a project that has received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 653477.r (ePESSTO) We acknowledge ESO programs 199.D-0143 and 099.D-0376. PS1 and ATLAS are supported by NASA grants NNX08AR22G, NNX12AR65G, NNX14AM74G, and NNX12AR55G. We acknowledge the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G.; r r Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1), EU/FP7-ERC grants 291222, 615929, 647208, 725161, STFC grants ST/P000312/1 and ERF ST/M005348/1, ST/P000495/1. Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant No 702538. Polish NCN grant OPUS 2015/17/B/ST9/03167, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. PRIN-INAF 2014. David and Ellen Lee Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology. Alexander von Humboldt Sofja Kovalevskaja Award. Royal Society-Science Foundation Ireland Vilho, Yrjo and Kalle Vaisala Foundation. FONDECYT grant number 3160504. US NSF grant AST-1311862. Swedish Research Council and the Swedish Space Board. The Quantum Universe I-Core program, the ISF, BSF, and Kimmel award. IRC grant GOIPG/2017/1525. Australian Research Council CAASTRO CE110001020 and grant FT160100028. We acknowledge Millennium Science Initiative grant IC120009.r (Fermi-GBM) B.C., V.C., A.G., and W.S.P. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through contract NNM13AA43C. M.S.B., R.H., P.J., C.A.M., S.P., R.D.P., M.S., and P.V. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding from cooperative agreement NNM11AA01A. E.B. is supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. D.K., C.A.W.H., C.M.H., and J.R. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through the Fermi-GBM project. Support for the German contribution to GBM was provided by the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) under contract number 50 QV 0301. A.v.K. was supported by the Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) through DLR grant 50 OG 1101. S.M.B. acknowledges support from Science Foundation Ireland under grant 12/IP/1288.r (Fermi-LAT) The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges support for LAT development, operation, and data analysis from NASA and DOE (United States), CEA/Irfu and IN2P3/CNRS (France), ASI and INFN (Italy), MEXT, KEK, and JAXA (Japan), and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the National Space Board (Sweden). Science analysis support in the operations phase from INAF (Italy) and CNES (France) is also gratefully acknowledged. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.r (FRBSG) S.L.L. is supported by NSF grant PHY-1607291 (LIU). Construction of the LWA has been supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-07-C0147. Support for operations and continuing development of the LWA1 is provided by the National Science Foundation under grants AST-1139963 and AST-1139974 of the University Radio Observatory program.r (GRAWITA) We acknowledge INAF for supporting the project "Gravitational Wave Astronomy with the first detections of adLIGO and adVIRGO experiments-GRAWITA" PI: E. Brocato. Observations are made with ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory under programmes ID 099.D-0382 (PI: E. Pian), 099.D-0622 (PI: P. D'Avanzo), 099.D-0191 (PI: A. Grado), 099.D-0116 (PI: S. Covino) and with the REM telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory under program ID 35020 (PI: S. Campana). We thank the ESO operation staff for excellent support of this program. The Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) is funded by the Department of University and Research (MIUR), the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (RAS) and is operated as National Facility by the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). Z.J. is supported by the External Cooperation Program of BIC (number 114332KYSB20160007). J.M.; r r is supported by the Hundred Talent Program, the Major Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZD-EW-M06), the National Natural Science Foundation of China 11673062, and the Oversea Talent Program of Yunnan Province. R.L.C. Starling, K.W., A.B.H., N.R.T., and C.G.M. are supported by the STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council). D.K., acknowledges the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (P1-0188). S.K. and A.N.G. acknowledge support by grant DFG Kl 766/16-3. D.G. acknowledges the financial support of the UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02). K.T. was supported by JSPS grant 15H05437 and by a JST Consortia grant.r (GROND) Part of the funding for GROND was generously granted from the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1). "We acknowledge the excellent help in obtaining GROND data from Angela Hempel, Markus Rabus and Regis Lachaume on La Silla."r (GROWTH, JAGWAR, Caltech-NRAO, TTU-NRAO, and NuSTAR) This work was supported by the GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) project funded by the National Science Foundation under PIRE grant No. 1545949. GROWTH is a collaborative project among California Institute of Technology (USA), University of Maryland College Park (USA), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (USA), Texas Tech University (USA), San Diego State University (USA), Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA), Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan), National Central University (Taiwan), Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India), Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India), Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel), The Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden), Humboldt University (Germany), Liverpool John Moores University (UK). A.H. acknowledges support by the I-Core Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and the Israel Science Foundation. T.M. acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council through grant FT150100099. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. D.L.K. is additionally supported by NSF grant AST-1412421. A.A.M. is funded by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation in support of the Data Science Fellowship Program. P.C.Y., C.C.N., and W.H.I. thank the support from grants MOST104-2923-M-008-004-MY5 and MOST106-2112-M-008-007. A.C. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation CAREER award 1455090, "CAREER: Radio and gravitational-wave emission from the largest explosions since the Big Bang." T.P. acknowledges the support of Advanced ERC grant TReX. B.E.C. thanks SMARTS 1.3 m Queue Manager Bryndis Cruz for prompt scheduling of the SMARTS observations. Basic research in radio astronomy at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is funded by 6.1 Base funding. Construction and installation of VLITE was supported by NRL Sustainment Restoration and Maintenance funding. K.P.M.'s research is supported by the Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys, which is funded through the Hintze Family Charitable Foundation. J.S. and A.G. are grateful for support from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. GREAT is funded by the Swedish Research Council (V.R.). E.O.O.; r r is grateful for the support by grants from the Israel Science Foundation, Minerva, Israeli ministry of Science, the US-Israel Binational Science Foundation, and the I-CORE Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and The Israel Science Foundation. We thank the staff of the GMRT that made these observations possible. The GMRT is run by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. AYQH was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-1144469. S.R. has been supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR) under grant number 2016 03657 3, by the Swedish National Space Board under grant number Dnr. 107/16 and by the research environment grant "Gravitational Radiation and Electromagnetic Astrophysical Transients (GREAT)" funded by the Swedish Research council (V.R.) under Dnr. 2016-06012.r We acknowledge the support of the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India and the Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation for the GROWTH-India project.r (HAWC) We acknowledge the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF); the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Mexico (grants 271051, 232656, 167281, 260378, 179588, 239762, 254964, 271737, 258865, 243290); Red HAWC, Mexico; DGAPA-UNAM (grants RG100414, IN111315, IN111716-3, IA102715, 109916); VIEP-BUAP; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre grant DEC-2014/13/B/ST9/945. We acknowledge the support of the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India and the Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation for the GROWTH-India project.r (H.E.S.S.) The support of the Namibian authorities and of the University of Namibia in facilitating the construction and operation of H.E.S.S. is gratefully acknowledged, as is the support by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), the Max Planck Society, the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the French Ministry for Research, the CNRS-IN2P3 and the Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Programme of the CNRS, the U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the IPNP of the Charles University, the Czech Science Foundation, the Polish National Science Centre, the South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation, the University of Namibia, the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia (NCRST), the Innsbruck University, the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy, the University of Adelaide and the Australian Research Council, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by the University of Amsterdam. We appreciate the excellent work of the technical support staff in Berlin, Durham, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Palaiseau, Paris, Saclay, and in Namibia in the construction and operation of the equipment. This work benefited from services provided by the H.E.S.S. Virtual Organisation, supported by the national resource providers of the EGI Federation.; r r r (Insight-HXMT) The Insight-HXMT team acknowledges the support from the China National Space Administration (CNSA), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; grant No. XDB23040400), and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST; grant No. 2016YFA0400800).r (IceCube) We acknowledge the support from the following agencies: U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, the Grid Laboratory of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure; U.S. Department of Energy, and National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, the Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada; Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO), FWO Odysseus programme, Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT), Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Marsden Fund, New Zealand; Australian Research Council; Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS); the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Villum Fonden, Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark.r (IKI-GW) A.S.P., A.A.V., E.D.M., and P.Y.u.M. acknowledge the support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant 15-1230015). V.A.K., A.V.K., and I.V.R. acknowledge the Science and Education Ministry of Kazakhstan (grant No. 0075/GF4). R.I. is grateful to the grant RUSTAVELI FR/379/6-300/14 for partial support. We acknowledge the excellent help in obtaining Chilescope data from Sergei Pogrebsskiy and Ivan Rubzov.r (INTEGRAL) This work is based on observations with INTEGRAL, an ESA project with instruments and science data center funded by ESA member states (especially the PI countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain), and with the participation of Russia and the USA. The INTEGRAL SPI project has been completed under the responsibility and leadership of CNES. The SPI-ACS detector system has been provided by MPE Garching/Germany. The SPI team is grateful to ASI, CEA, CNES, DLR, ESA, INTA, NASA, and OSTC for their support. The Italian INTEGRAL team acknowledges the support of ASI/INAF agreement No. 2013-025-R.1. R.D. and A.v.K. acknowledge the German INTEGRAL support through DLR grant 50 OG 1101. A.L. and R.S. acknowledge the support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant 14-22-00271). A.D. is funded by Spanish MINECO/FEDER grant ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R.r (IPN) K.H. is grateful for support under NASA grant NNX15AE60G. R.L.A. and D.D.F. are grateful for support under RFBR grant 16-29-13009-ofi-m.; r r r (J-GEM) MEXT KAKENHI (JP17H06363, JP15H00788, JP24103003, JP10147214, JP10147207), JSPS KAKENHI (JP16H02183, JP15H02075, JP15H02069, JP26800103, JP25800103), Inter-University Cooperation Program of the MEXT, the NINS program for cross-disciplinary science study, the Toyota Foundation (D11-R-0830), the Mitsubishi Foundation, the Yamada Science Foundation, Inoue Foundation for Science, the National Research Foundation of South Africa.r (KU) The Korea-Uzbekistan Consortium team acknowledges the support from the NRF grant No. 2017R1A3A3001362, and the KASI grant 2017-1-830-03. This research has made use of the KMTNet system operated by KASI.r (Las Cumbres) Support for I. A. and J.B. was provided by NASA through the Einstein Fellowship Program, grants PF6-170148 and PF7-180162, respectively. D.A.H., C.M., and G.H. are supported by NSF grant AST-1313484. D.P. and D.M acknowledge support by Israel Science Foundation grant 541/17. This work makes use of observations from the LCO network.r (LIGO and Virgo) The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck- Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium.; r r The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, the Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme and the Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana, the National Science Centre of Poland, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI), the National Research Foundation of Korea, Industry Canada and the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, MPS, INFN, CNRS, and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for provision of computational resources. The MAXI team acknowledges the support by JAXA, RIKEN, and MEXT KAKENHI grant number JP 17H06362. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The European VLBI Network is a joint facility of independent European, African, Asian, and North American radio astronomy institutes. Scientific results from data presented in this publication are derived from the following EVN project code: RP029.r e-MERLIN is a National Facility operated by the University of Manchester at Jodrell Bank Observatory on behalf of STFC. The collaboration between LIGO/Virgo and EVN/eMERLIN is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 653477. We thank Britt Griswold (NASA/GSFC) for graphic arts. P.G.J. acknowledges ERC-Consolidator grant No. 647208. We thank the GMRT staff for prompt scheduling of these observations. The GMRT is run by the National Center for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. INAF, Italian Institute of Astrophysics ASI, Italian Space Agency. This work is part of the research program Innovational Research Incentives Scheme (Vernieuwingsimpuls), which is financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through the NWO VIDI grant No. 639.042.612-Nissanke and NWO TOP grant No. 62002444-Nissanke.; r r We thank ESO for granting full access to all the LVC MoU partners of the observations of GW170817 obtained with NACO and VISIR under the Observatory program 60.A-9392.