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[EN] Between 1674 and 1678, a land and naval war occurred just off the east coast of Sicily, between France and Spain. The town of Augusta had a wide natural harbour but an inadequate defence system: thus, it was easily conquered by the French army. After the war the fortifications of the town were updated. In this respect, the military engineer Carlos De Grunenberg built new fortifications on the isthmus that connected the town to the mainland. Historical and landscape value of De Grunenberg's fortifications derives from their specific position in the area where the old town, surrounded by the sea, meets the mainland and the modern quarters. Unfortunately, the fortress was conceived as to be built on a flat ground, rather than on a slope. Its clay foundation wasn't taken into account and serious instabilities, caused by earthquakes and the action of the sea, now urge for consolidation and restoration works, which represent the issue of the present proposal. ; Di San Lio, E.; Vitale, MR.; Aliffi, F.; Macca, S. (2015). De Grunenberg's fortifications in Augusta. Knowledge and conservation of a neglected heritage. En Defensive architecture of the mediterranean: XV to XVIII centuries. Vol. I. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 119-126. https://doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2015.2015.1731 ; OCS ; 119 ; 126

The wave of protests that, starting from the end of 2010, hit some countries in the Middle- East North-Africa region, leading to the fall of long-standing autocratic regimes and referred to as the Arab Spring, has renewed the interests of researchers on youth bulges. The youth bulge theory links the demographic transition to political instability, by asserting that countries characterized by a particularly young population tend to be more vulnerable to political violence. The aim of the thesis is to test empirically this hypothesis on a sample of 160 countries in the post-World War II period. For this purpose, we adopt an econometric strategy alternative to the one prevailing in the literature on the determinants of civil conflicts: we employ a simple linear regression model which accounts for country and time fixed effects.

Although in comparison to other key Gramscian concepts, ideology has not been among the most studied, this is beginning to change. In particular, recent scholarship has demonstrated a diffuse and variegated usage of the term in the Prison Notebooks, as well as an innovative extension of the concept, which is articulated around a network of closely correlated terms and concepts. Nevertheless, debates remain over how to understand its meaning in Gramsci's carceral discourse, with some arguing that his distinctive conception of ideology has a "neutral", and arguably, also "positive" meaning, while others contend that it is neither "neutral", nor "positive", but a critical concept. This essay argues that Gramsci's conception of ideology is neither neutral nor positive, but rather, an eminently critical and differentiated analysis of the diverse ideological forms of consciousness through which the popular masses are enveloped within the web of a class's hegemony through the mediation of the philosophers' philosophies, the fruit of his attempt to rethink philosophy politically. In short, understanding Gramsci's conception of ideology in the full sense can only be ascertained by following the threads of his philosophical investigations in their shifts and re-elaborations. Keywords: Gramsci, Politics, Philosophy, Ideology

Georges Canguilhem has never systematically discussed Sigmund Freud's thinking. This essay aims to reconstruct Canguilhem's reading of Freudian psychoanalysis, highlighting its strategic use within the framework of Canguilhem's controversy against psychology. From this point of view, knowledge is established as a field of political struggle: unlike psychology and its deterministic and normalizing drifts, psychoanalysis allows Canguilhem to affirm the irreducibility of thought to brain localizations, to emphasize its erratic power and to think the constitution of an eccentric subjectivity. ; Georges Canguilhem non ha mai trattato in maniera sistematica il pensiero di Sigmund Freud. Il presente saggio propone di rintracciare la lettura della psicoanalisi freudiana operata da Canguilhem, mettendone in evidenza l'utilizzo strategico nel contesto della sua polemica contro la psicologia. In tale prospettiva, il sapere risulta istituito come campo di una lotta politica: al contrario della psicologia e delle sue derive deterministiche e normalizzanti, la psicoanalisi permette di affermare l'irriducibilità del pensiero alle localizzazioni cerebrali, di enfatizzarne la potenza erratica e di pensare la costituzione di una soggettività eccentrica.