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[EN] Between 1674 and 1678, a land and naval war occurred just off the east coast of Sicily, between France and Spain. The town of Augusta had a wide natural harbour but an inadequate defence system: thus, it was easily conquered by the French army. After the war the fortifications of the town were updated. In this respect, the military engineer Carlos De Grunenberg built new fortifications on the isthmus that connected the town to the mainland. Historical and landscape value of De Grunenberg's fortifications derives from their specific position in the area where the old town, surrounded by the sea, meets the mainland and the modern quarters. Unfortunately, the fortress was conceived as to be built on a flat ground, rather than on a slope. Its clay foundation wasn't taken into account and serious instabilities, caused by earthquakes and the action of the sea, now urge for consolidation and restoration works, which represent the issue of the present proposal. ; Di San Lio, E.; Vitale, MR.; Aliffi, F.; Macca, S. (2015). De Grunenberg's fortifications in Augusta. Knowledge and conservation of a neglected heritage. En Defensive architecture of the mediterranean: XV to XVIII centuries. Vol. I. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 119-126. https://doi.org/10.4995/FORTMED2015.2015.1731 ; OCS ; 119 ; 126

The wave of protests that, starting from the end of 2010, hit some countries in the Middle- East North-Africa region, leading to the fall of long-standing autocratic regimes and referred to as the Arab Spring, has renewed the interests of researchers on youth bulges. The youth bulge theory links the demographic transition to political instability, by asserting that countries characterized by a particularly young population tend to be more vulnerable to political violence. The aim of the thesis is to test empirically this hypothesis on a sample of 160 countries in the post-World War II period. For this purpose, we adopt an econometric strategy alternative to the one prevailing in the literature on the determinants of civil conflicts: we employ a simple linear regression model which accounts for country and time fixed effects.

Although in comparison to other key Gramscian concepts, ideology has not been among the most studied, this is beginning to change. In particular, recent scholarship has demonstrated a diffuse and variegated usage of the term in the Prison Notebooks, as well as an innovative extension of the concept, which is articulated around a network of closely correlated terms and concepts. Nevertheless, debates remain over how to understand its meaning in Gramsci's carceral discourse, with some arguing that his distinctive conception of ideology has a "neutral", and arguably, also "positive" meaning, while others contend that it is neither "neutral", nor "positive", but a critical concept. This essay argues that Gramsci's conception of ideology is neither neutral nor positive, but rather, an eminently critical and differentiated analysis of the diverse ideological forms of consciousness through which the popular masses are enveloped within the web of a class's hegemony through the mediation of the philosophers' philosophies, the fruit of his attempt to rethink philosophy politically. In short, understanding Gramsci's conception of ideology in the full sense can only be ascertained by following the threads of his philosophical investigations in their shifts and re-elaborations. Keywords: Gramsci, Politics, Philosophy, Ideology

Georges Canguilhem has never systematically discussed Sigmund Freud's thinking. This essay aims to reconstruct Canguilhem's reading of Freudian psychoanalysis, highlighting its strategic use within the framework of Canguilhem's controversy against psychology. From this point of view, knowledge is established as a field of political struggle: unlike psychology and its deterministic and normalizing drifts, psychoanalysis allows Canguilhem to affirm the irreducibility of thought to brain localizations, to emphasize its erratic power and to think the constitution of an eccentric subjectivity. ; Georges Canguilhem non ha mai trattato in maniera sistematica il pensiero di Sigmund Freud. Il presente saggio propone di rintracciare la lettura della psicoanalisi freudiana operata da Canguilhem, mettendone in evidenza l'utilizzo strategico nel contesto della sua polemica contro la psicologia. In tale prospettiva, il sapere risulta istituito come campo di una lotta politica: al contrario della psicologia e delle sue derive deterministiche e normalizzanti, la psicoanalisi permette di affermare l'irriducibilità del pensiero alle localizzazioni cerebrali, di enfatizzarne la potenza erratica e di pensare la costituzione di una soggettività eccentrica.

Il testo vuole presentare il lavoro di Vanda, gruppo fondato alla Facoltà di Architettura del Politecnico di Milano da tre docenti e una ricercatrice. Vanda ha intrapreso la ricerca su "teorie e opere femminili in architettura" con un seminario dal titolo "Osare pensare la città femmina" e nel corso di un decennio (I990-2000) ha operato con studentesse e ricercatrici in molte tesi di laurea dentro l'Università e fuori, nelle amministrazioni comunali, con le politiche temporali. Nella storia dell'architettura, insegnata esclusivamente come storia dei grandi maestri, sono comparse le madri dell'architettura anglosassone di fine Ottocento, le "architettrici" del periodo fascista, le arredatrici e le futuriste degli anni trenta, e le figure delle grandi professioniste come Margarete Shutte Lihotsky o Charlotte Perriand. Si è ricostruita la storia dell'abitare femminile e sono stati affrontati temi di studio importanti: la cura e i tempi della città. Questi ultimi, dopo avere prodotto i nuovi P.R.O. per migliorare gli orari pubblici dei negozi, dei tram, delle scuole, hanno avuto una ricaduta spaziale in un sistema di piccoli accorgimenti architettonici chiamati microarchitetture del quotidiano. ; The text presents the work of Vanda, a group based in the Milan Polytechnic where it was founded by three professors and a researcher of the Faculty of Architecture. Vanda has been researching about "theories and women's work in architecture". The group started its activities with a seminar entitled "Dare to think the city female." During a decade (I990-2000) the team developed many research directions involving students and researchers, working also with local municipalities in time oriented policies.The history of architecture has long been taught only as great masters history. Only recently the historians highlighted the late nineteenth century work of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Mothers work of architecture. In this way new figures emerged like the "architettrici" of the fascist period, the decorators and the futurist in the thirties, up to the figures of the great professionals like Margarete Shutte Lihotsky or Charlotte Perriand.Vanda reconstructed the history of living according women point of view, and addressed important study topics as the care and time in the city. The latter, after producing the new Regulatory Plan of hours to improve public times of shops, tram, schools, relapsed space in a system of small architectural devices called the everyday micro-architecture.