This article reviews liberalism as one of the theories of International Relations. This review-will be presented in three sections. In the first section the article will review the historical and philosophical origins of the liberal thought. This will be followed by the introduction of important works in a historical order that helped liberal theory to distinguish itself conceptually theoretically and methodologically from the rest of the field. In the final section in lieu of a conclusion the current state of affairs in liberal theory from theoretical and practical perspectives will be presented. This review underscores the fact that liberalism as a political theory has contributed to the development of liberalism as an International Relations theory yet over the years liberalism has managed to create its own place by developing methodologically and conceptually.
One of the questions in social science is about the relationship between theory and practice. It goes back to the ancient Greek philosophers whose world was strictly separated into polis and oikos. The actors of polis were engaged in the formation of a democratic society requiring active action in the sense of vita activa. According to Arendt, with the decline of the polis and the emergence of the new forms of the society, vita activa was initially set in opposition to vita contemplativa and then later devalued in favour of vita contemplativa. However, with Galilei and Kant, there has been a counter-movement, which no longer understood theory as isolating oneself from the world but as shaping social realities. Theory and practice are joined today by the concept of research. The relationship between theory and practice will be examined initially within a historical perspective offering the genesis. Then the features of some institutions are discussed in terms of their communications with theory and practice and redefined accordingly.
Since there is no state structure in the Jahiliyyah Period, political situation is highly uncertain and mysterious. However, the political situation reached its peak with the Umayyad dynasty while still being present during the Jahiliyyah Period. It is a known fact that the civilizations of The Jahiliyyah Period are quite different from the other civilizations in the past times. Due to geographic hardships, it is impossible to survive in the Arabian Peninsula with a nuclear family. Thus, the people of the age were forced to live with groups of people who are gathered by kindred ship. These group created the concept of tribe as a social structure. A tribe is a small state in the desert who has a socio-politic structure more than just kindred ship. Tribe members live in the tribe they are born into and obey to its rules. In addition, the tribe members join battles, get their revenge, and internalize the honour and reputation of their tribe as their own. Each tribe has a leader, and the tribes are governed by their leaders. The term "tribe" also states the political organization inside the tribe. The spirit that leads the members of a tribe to take action against the hazards and act together is called Asabiyyah. The motto of Asabiyyah is "help your brother, tyrant or oppressed". The people of the period were forced to comply with the rules and the politics that are created by the formation of tribes. Tribe life affected the literary works of the period. The poets of the period wrote many political praise poems to help their tribe dominate the politics, and many political satiric poems to criticize their enemies. In this article, political poems written in the Jahiliyyah period will be exemplified.
In the present article author examines the problem of development of University student's socio-cultural competence by reading English fictional literature. The place of literature in intercultural communication in the teaching of foreign languages: that it is a source of information about nature, built on the basis of social and cultural realities, and through it they can know alternative cultural norms and at the same time compare their beliefs and attitudes. In addition, it is also source of developing the cognitive and emotional knowledge of students and through it they can find an easy solution to all the complexities of life. All analyzes was made on the example of fictions by E.Hemingway, Ch.Dickens, S.Mougham, F. Scott Fitzgerald, O.Henry, M.Twain, J.London, T.Morrison, P.John Dos and the approach to using historical facts in developing socio-cultural competence is revealed being supplemented with a number of pre-reading and post-reading activities suggested to students learning English as a second foreign language.
The Dunning Kruger Effect, which states that individuals with little or no knowledge about a subject have more self-confidence than experts, was first put forward as a result of a social experiment in 1999. Over time, the concept has become a theory that has been accepted in the literature and has been the subject of studies in some branches of science and has been translated into Turkish as Cahil Cesareti. In this direction, the aim of the study is to analyze the Google search frequencies of the words "Dunning Kruger Effect" and "Ignorant Courage" and to determine the level of awareness of the concepts in the USA and Turkey comparatively. As a result of the Google Trends data and literature review, it has been determined that the Dunning Kruger Effect theory is known in the USA both in the general category and in the finance category. In Turkey, it has been seen that the related concept is known in the general category and has been the subject of some studies. In addition, it was stated that the related concept does not have financial awareness, as a result of both Google Trends data and literature search. In this direction, the study adds originality to the national literature at the stage of determining the level of awareness of the Dunning Kruger Effect theory, whose Turkish equivalent is Ignorant Courage, in the finance literature.
John Locke'un meşhur An Essay Concerning Human Understanding eserinin 1694 yılındaki ikinci baskısının ikinci kitabına 27. bölüm olarak eklediği Of Identity and Diversity (Özdeşlik ve Başkalığa Dair) başlığı ilk yayımlandığı günden itibaren sayısız tartışmayı beraberinde getirmiştir. Locke'un bu teorisinin bu kadar yoğun şekilde tartışılmasının sebepleri arasında teorinin anlaşılmasın güçlüğü ön plana çıkar. Locke kişisel özdeşliği tanımlarken hem materyalist hem de ruhsal töz öğretilerinden bağımsız biz pozisyon almaya gayret gösterir. Bu durum onu kişi, töz ve özdeşlik gibi terimlerin tanımını en baştan yapmaya zorlar ki bu tanımların her biri beraberinde yeni problemler getirmektedir. Locke kişisel özdeşlik sorununun çözümünde bilinci anahtar rolde kullanır ve Locke bunu düşünen tözden farklı bir şey olarak tanımlar. Bu çaba zihin felsefesi çalışmalarının geleceğini şekillendirecek bir girişim olsa da Locke'un döneminde bilinç henüz yeni yeni tartışılan bir kavramdır ve Locke'un bilinç ile tam olarak neyi kastettiği çoğu zaman anlaşılamamıştır. Onun bilinç ile aslında hafızayı kastettiğini düşünenlerin sayısı az değildir ve bu yorum Locke'un teorisini ciddi eleştirilere açık hale getirmektedir. Bir diğer eleştiri ise bu teorinin kendi içerisinde tutarsız olduğudur. Bu görüşe göre Locke'un bölümün başında özenle kurmaya çalıştığı düşünen töz-bilinç ayrımı bölümün son kısımlarına gelindiğinde yine Locke tarafından ortadan kaldırılmış veya en azından, bu ikisi arasında keskin bir ayrım yapılamayacağı kabul edilmiştir. Kısaca kişiyi geçmişteki veya gelecekteki olası haliyle özdeş kılan şeyin ne olduğunu soran kişisel özdeşlik problemi; töz, ruh ve zihin hakkında ciddi tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Teorinin içerisindeki sorunlara rağmen veya belki de bu sayede, Locke'un kişisel özdeşlik öğretisi kendinden sonraki İngiliz felsefesinin temel tartışma konularından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma Locke'un kişisel özdeşlik öğretisindeki problemleri üç ana başlık altında ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.
Tourism has links with many fields such as politics, history, geography, economy, sports and culture. One of the fields it has links with is literature. Increasing competition gives rise to an expanding demand for alternative tourism destinations for tourists as destination managers incline to promote alternative tourism sites. One of these tourism types is literary tourism, which includes visits to destinations related to literature, that has recently become a popular attraction in Turkey for example there are Literature Museum Libraries which are supported by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Turkey. This research aims to evaluate civil structures, mainly Ankara Mehmet Akif Ersoy Literature Museum Library which was built in the name of Mehmet Akif Ersoy who is a national poet, in relation to literature tourism. The activities for tourism carried out within the scope of literary tourism contribute positively to the region economically and helps to promote the area. Visiting the areas where Mehmet Akif Ersoy, the writer of the National Anthem, spent his life, being able to see his belongings, his handwriting, first edition books and photographs of that period, helps to establish an emotional bond between the tourists and the poet, and to inform the tourists about the conditions and the feelings with which these works were written and can be concluded that it is very valuable in terms of forming ideas.
The subject matter of research in this paper is theoretical controversy related to the definition of right-wing extremism. Given the fact that extremism is a variable, amorphous and insufficiently researched phenomenon, largely conditioned by time, space, political and cultural differences, there is a great confusion in the field of political science when defining right-wing extremism. The problem of researching right-wing extremism is additionally complicated by various terms that are being used in the contemporary literature as its synonyms, such as right-wing radicalism, neo-Fascism, ultra-radicalism, etc. In order to provide the most valid theoretical determination of right-wing extremism, the author provides a detailed analysis of all the components constituting this phenomenon and examines their causality. In the political praxis, the term extremism is extensively abused, which additionally complicates its determination. Videlicet, politicians often use term 'extremist' in order to discredit their political opponents. While during the French revolution aristocracy saw the bourgeoisie as extremists, the members of the working class later stated that the bourgeoisie were extremists. The problem lies in the fact that, in politics, extremists are not only the ones who use violence as modus operandi; indeed, it is also used by political opponents who do not belong to the extreme political option. Another aggravating factor in defining right-wing extremism is that many administrative and academic definitions do not make a clear distinction between extremism and related phenomena, such as terrorism, radicalism and populism. Extremism is most often equaled with terrorism, which gives rise to another problem in defining this phenomenon. The relation between extremism and terrorism is the relation of general and specific. Namely, every act of terrorism is concurrently considered to be an act of extremism, but not vice versa, given the fact that every act of extremism does not lead towards a higher level of political violence (i.e. towards terrorism). Even in the terms of legal sanctioning, it is much easier to incriminate terrorism in comparison to extremism. The Serbian criminal legislation envisages relevant punishment for committing an act of terrorism, without even mentioning extremism, which implies that there is no penalty prescribed for committing an act of extremism. Despite numerous academic and administrative definitions on the concept of extremism, there is still a lack of a balanced approach to defining right-wing extremism, which is also largely conditioned by political definitions. The most prominent problem in addressing the social phenomena such as right-wing extremism lies in the fact that these social phenomena are dynamic and, in order to be analysed in a scientifically objective manner, they must be examined in the specific temporal, spatial and socio-political context.
