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Sovereignty is one of the basic values defining the state, especially in international relations. Any political entity aspiring to the position of an independent state attaches great importance to recognizing and respecting its sovereignty. This is characteristic especially for young countries. This article attempts to present the issue of sovereignty with respect to the Polish state reborn in 1918. The contemporary Polish leaders were very sensitive to any attempt to limit sovereignty. On the other hand, the established custom of the great powers was to impose solutions on the smaller or weaker countries that often limited their sovereignty. One of the issues during the peace conference in Versailles in 1919 was the problem of national minorities. This problem occurred in many European countries after the end of World War I and could have been the origin of a new conflict. They tried to solve it by imposing smaller states signing additional treaties regulating the status of national minorities in individual countries. It was often connected with the establishment of instruments enabling interference in internal affairs causing limitation of sovereignty. Poland was also forced to sign such a treaty.

Sovereignty is one of the basic values defining the state, especially in international relations. Any political entity aspiring to the position of an independent state attaches great importance to recognizing and respecting its sovereignty. This is characteristic especially for young countries. This article attempts to present the issue of sovereignty with respect to the Polish state reborn in 1918. The contemporary Polish leaders were very sensitive to any attempt to limit sovereignty. On the other hand, the established custom of the great powers was to impose solutions on the smaller or weaker countries that often limited their sovereignty. One of the issues during the peace conference in Versailles in 1919 was the problem of national minorities. This problem occurred in many European countries after the end of World War I and could have been the origin of a new conflict. They tried to solve it by imposing smaller states signing additional treaties regulating the status of national minorities in individual countries. It was often connected with the establishment of instruments enabling interference in internal affairs causing limitation of sovereignty. Poland was also forced to sign such a treaty.

Sovereignty is one of the basic values defining the state, especially in international relations. Any political entity aspiring to the position of an independent state attaches great importance to recognizing and respecting its sovereignty. This is characteristic especially for young countries. This article attempts to present the issue of sovereignty with respect to the Polish state reborn in 1918. The contemporary Polish leaders were very sensitive to any attempt to limit sovereignty. On the other hand, the established custom of the great powers was to impose solutions on the smaller or weaker countries that often limited their sovereignty. One of the issues during the peace conference in Versailles in 1919 was the problem of national minorities. This problem occurred in many European countries after the end of World War I and could have been the origin of a new conflict. They tried to solve it by imposing smaller states signing additional treaties regulating the status of national minorities in individual countries. It was often connected with the establishment of instruments enabling interference in internal affairs causing limitation of sovereignty. Poland was also forced to sign such a treaty.

The career mechanisms at the women's courts in Versailles in the second half of the 18th century

The purpose of the article is to examine the career mechanisms at the royal court in Versailles mainly in the 60s and 70s of the 18th century in reference to the households (maisons) of Queen Marie Leszczyńska (d. 1768) and Dauphine Marie Josephe of Saxony (d. 1767). The structures and sustainability of these households went beyond the usual patterns as a result of accidental circumstances and ad hoc decisions taken by King Louis XV. The accumulation of problems and surprising circumstances forced him to take non-stereotypical actions. Reforms – even the smallest ones – revealed additionally the signs of crisis, which was systematically increasing at the entire court in Versailles. As a result, in the second half of the 18th century, the modernization of the court was also a sign of its serious crisis, and the careers of maisons' officials were directed by new mechanisms that had previously not existed.