Suchergebnisse

While a large literature argues negative climate shocks can trigger conflicts, recent findings suggest moderate climatic conditions lead to war. This article proposes a conditional theory by incorporating political institution as a moderating variable. I argue that, under the impact of negative climate shocks, centralized societies can mobilize more resources for war, compared to decentralized societies. Thus, the former is more likely to resort to well-organized plundering to address the scarcity problem caused by detrimental climate shocks. Besides, centralized societies have little incentive to plunder when the climatic conditions are moderate, as they can collect taxes regularly through centralized institutions. A comparison between the more centralized Manchurian and the less centralized Mongols on their conflictual behavior serves as an empirical test. I find that temperature was negatively associated with the probability of Manchurian invasion after they embraced centralization but had a positive effect on the likelihood of Mongol invasion.

Der Beitrag zeigt an Rechtsfällen aus dem Landkreis Stade, wie Denunziationsverhalten auch unter den rechtsstaatlichen und demokratischen Bedingungen der Nachkriegszeit der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als Konfliktlösungsstrategie wirkte. Die analysierten Akten der Amtsgerichte und Dokumente unterer Polizeibehörden sowie die sogenannte 'Flüchtlingskartei' geben Hinweise darauf, dass die Ursachen für die zahlreichen Anzeigen und Denunziationen in den großen sozialen Spannungen zwischen Flüchtlingen und Einheimischen unter den besonderen Bedingungen unmittelbar nach dem Ende der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft zu suchen sind. Mit der langsamen Konsolidierung der wirtschaftlichen Lage und der einsetzenden Entspannung der Wohnverhältnisse ist auch ein sukzessiver Rückgang der gegenseitigen Anzeigen zu beobachten. Dennoch bleibt der generelle Tatbestand, dass Bevölkerungen in politischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Belastungssituationen mit erhöhter Denunziationsbereitschaft reagieren. ; Although numerous historical articles on denunciation in various societies exist in the meantime, the German post-war period has not been examined with regard to this aspect yet. This ultimately gives the impression that, with the end of the national-socialist reign, the phenomenon of denunciation had also vanished from German society. However, evidence from various sources of the period from 1945 to 1949 relating to the rural farming region of Stade indicates that there had obviously never been a new beginning. The preparedness to denunciate seems to have been revived again particularly as a result of the great social tension between the old-established population and the numerous air raid victims, exiles and refugees billeted in the countryside. In the context of an economically desolate situation, denunciations appear here predominantly as a distillation of complex conflicts within society and as a social and communicative everyday practice endeavouring to reconstruct order and to exclude undesirable persons and groups.

1. Introducing Nonviolence 1 . - 2. Non-Violence in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism 11 . - 3. Christianity and Nonviolence 27. - 4. Islam and Nonviolence 41. - 5. Philosophical Foundations of Nonviolence 56 . - 6. Gandhi and Nonviolence 77 . - 7. Pragmatic Nonviolence 88. - 8. Critiques of Nonviolence 112. - 9. Nonviolence in the Twentieth Century 134 . - 10. Nonviolence in the Twenty-First Century 155 . - Conclusion: Democracy and Nonviolence 177