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The Confederate Graves Survey Archive of the Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans consists of surveys of cemetaries throughout Texas, and portions of Oklahoma and New Mexico. The surveys document the interment of Confederate States of America military veterans. United States of America (Union) veterans, as well as able-bodied men at the time of the Civil War, are also documented. 13 boxes entitled "Grave Surveys" contain grave surveys listed county-by-county, 3 boxes of "Unit Files" list surveyed individuals by their military unit. Finally, 17 boxes contain "Veteran Files" that document each veteran by name in "last name, first name, middle initial" format. An index that cross-references each of the collection series (Grave Surveys, Unit Files, and Veteran Files) is included, as are institutions to surveyors on how and what to document while conducting surveys. ; Grave Survey Results: 0 Marked Confederate, 0 Marked Union, 1 Able Bodied Men, 0 I.D. Confederate, 0 I.D. Union, 0 Total Confederate, 0 Total Union, 1 Non-Veteran, 1 Total Graves Surveyed, 0 Total Veterans.

Paraguay ist geprägt von vielen Problemen. Dazu gehören etwa die endemische und überall grassierende Korruption, schwache staatliche Strukturen und große soziale Ungleichheiten. Unter diesen Bedingungen scheint ein unternehmerisches Handeln nach ethischen Grundsätzen zunächst – etwa aus dadurch entstehenden Wettbewerbsnachteilen – eher unrealistisch. Allerdings ist, wie dieses Buch zeigt, neuerdings bei einer kleinen Minderheit paraguayischer Unternehmen die Implementierung einer «Responsabilidad Social Empresarial» (RSE: Unternehmerisch Soziale Verantwortung) zu beobachten. Eine ganz wesentliche Rolle spielen dabei so genannte «Förderorganisationen». Die RSE versucht einerseits die Wettbewerbsposition der Firmen zu stärken und andererseits einen Beitrag zur Lösung gesellschaftlicher Probleme zu leisten.

The paper analyses the Europeanisation of election manifestos of major relevant political parties in the Slovak Republic between 1994 and 2010. The changes are examined by means of the two-dimensional concept distinguishing the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of Europeanization; and Europeanisation in manifestos is interpreted as a result of European integration. The authors conclude that the process of the Europeanisation of political parties began a little later in Slovakia in comparison to some of the countries which became democratized slightly earlier (e.g. the Czech Republic). A different pace of democratization, experience with Mečiar's hybrid regime, and the multi-dimensional party system seem to be the main reasons for the "backwardness" of Slovak political parties' manifestoes.

Der Konvergenzprozess zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland hat sich seit 1995 verlangsamt. Bei der Wirtschaftskraft besteht immer noch eine Anpassungslücke von etwa 40 Prozent. Allerdings hat sich mittlerweile in Ostdeutschland ein erhebliches Regionalgefälle geöffnet. Dies belegt der vom Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln neu entwickelte IW-Regionalindikator. Bei einigen bedeutsamen Standortindikatoren haben die fortgeschrittensten Regionen Ostdeutschlands inzwischen Anschluss an die Schlusslichter Westdeutschlands gefunden. Dieser Befund nach zehn Jahren "Aufbau Ost" zeigt einerseits, dass die neuen Länder weiter zu fördern sind. Andererseits verweist er aber auch darauf, dass das Förderkonzept zu reformieren ist. In dem Maß, wie der Anpassungsprozess fortgeschritten ist und damit das Motiv des Nachteilausgleichs an Bedeutung verliert, können die hierfür angesetzten Fördermittel reduziert werden. Außerdem wirken die Aufbauhilfen, je länger sie gewährt werden, allokativ verzerrend. Dies muss bei den spätestens 2004 anstehenden Reformen berücksichtigt werden. Schwerpunkte der Reform sind bei dem Finanzausgleich, der Regionalförderung und der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik zu setzen. Dabei muss dem Wettbewerb der Regionen mehr Entfaltungsmöglichkeiten gegeben werden. Gerade den neuen Ländern muss es möglich sein, neue Wege zu gehen und Experimente zu wagen. Dies würde die Effizienz der Transferleistungen erhöhen und den Anpassungsprozess beschleunigen.

Über die Notwendigkeit eines Bürokratieabbaus sind sich Bürger, Politiker und Wissenschaftler grundsätzlich einig. Doch über die Details einer Entbürokratisierung wird häufig gestritten. Wie sind Bürokratiekosten zu messen? Welche Formen von Bürokratieproblemen gibt es? Wie sollte eine exzessive Bürokratisierung bekämpft werden?

This study modelled residents' environmental sanitation behaviour in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. To examine the factors influencing environmental sanitation behaviour, residents were sampled across the residential areas of the metropolis. The identified factors were residents' socioeconomic background, residential characteristics, access to environmental sanitation facilities and services, and agreement with environmental sanitation exercise. Findings revealed that environmental sanitation exercise was a strong and statistically significant predictor (R2 = .971) of environmental sanitation behaviour in Ibadan metropolis while other factors were trailing behind with 2.9% contribution. These findings suggest that environmental sanitation in Ibadan metropolis was mainly an exercise rather than a practice. It was law-driven, and therefore mostly governmentinitiated and motivated. These findings have implications for practice and policy making by highlighting environmental sanitation reorientation and strengthening of other identified factors of environmental sanitation behaviour in the metropolis. ; W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano model środowiskowych zachowań sanitarnych wmetropolii Ibadan w Nigerii. Aby przeanalizować czynniki wpływające na badane zachowania,dokonano doboru próby mieszkańców w dzielnicach mieszkalnych miasta. Zidentyfikowanonastępujące czynniki: warunki społeczno-ekonomiczne, cechy mieszkańców, dostęp do usług iurządzeń higieny środowiskowej oraz porozumienie co do ćwiczeń na rzecz higienyśrodowiskowej. Wyniki badań ukazały, że ćwiczenia związane z higieną środowiskową byłyistotnym i statystycznie znaczącym czynnikiem ((R2 = 0,971) oddziałującym na środowiskowezachowania sanitarne w Ibadanie, natomiast pozostałe czynniki odgrywały znacznie mniejszą rolęz oddziaływaniem na poziomie 2,9%. Wyniki te sugerują, że higiena środowiskowa w Ibadanie toraczej rezultat ćwiczeń aniżeli systematycznej praktyki. Działania były wykonywane wskutekregulacji prawnych, a zatem inicjowane przez rząd. Implikacją badań dla sfery praktycznej ipolitycznej może być konieczność reorientacji higieny środowiskowej i wzmocnienia pozostałychczynników na nią oddziałujących.

Zunehmende Bürokratie ist eine der Ursachen für die derzeitige strukturelle Wachstumsschwäche in Deutschland. Regulierungen und langwierige Verfahren liegen wie Mehltau auf der Wirtschaft. Die Gesamtbelastung der Unternehmen durch Bürokratie wird auf 46 Milliarden Euro geschätzt; hiervon entfallen 84 Prozent auf kleine und mittlere Unternehmen. Auch der OECD-Bürokratieindex stellt Deutschland kein gutes Zeugnis aus. Mit einem 16. Rang unter 20 Ländern kann der Wirtschaftsstandort Deutschland nicht zufrieden sein. Natürlich ist dieses Problem nicht neu. Schon einige Entbürokratisierungskommissionen haben lange Listen mit sinnvollen Vorschlägen auf den Tisch gelegt, wie dem zu Leibe zu rücken ist. Neu ist aber nun, dass das Thema Bürokratieabbau offensichtlich zur Chefsache geworden ist. Der Problemdruck scheint mittlerweile so groß zu sein, dass realistische Umsetzungschancen bestehen. Die Studie liefert eine empirische Bestandsaufnahme des Bürokratieproblems in Deutschland. Sie untersucht die Ursachen von Bürokratie, vor allem im Hinblick auf staatliche Bürokratie und wertet umfassend die Vorschläge der Verbände zum Abbau von Bürokratie aus. Vergleiche mit erfolgreichen Lösungsansätzen in anderen Ländern und wichtige Orientierungsregeln für Bürokratievermeidung zeigen mögliche Wege zur Bürokratieverringerung. Notwendig ist ein systematischer Ansatz zur Entbürokratisierung. Bürokratieabbau darf sich nicht auf die Durchforstung des bestehenden Regelungsdickichts beschränken, sondern muss die Entstehung neuer überdimensionierter Regelungen verhindern. Die Bausteine einer mittelfristigen, ordnungspolitisch orientierten Strategie zum Bürokratieabbau lassen sich zu drei Grundprinzipien zusammenfassen: Effizientere Verfahren, Schaffung von Anreizen und Wettbewerb sowie Mut zur Generalisierung. ; Bureaucracy is a serious problem for the German economy. It is estimated that red tape costs German companies a total of €46 Billion, of which 84 per cent is incurred by small and medium-sized enterprises. A high degree of regulation and time-consuming official procedures are one of the reasons for weak growth. The annual publication for changes to Germany's federal legislation has expanded from around 1,000 pages in the 1950s to an average of over 3,700 pages in the years 1999 to 2002 is a graphic illustration of the bureaucratization process in our legal and administrative systems. The problem is regarded as particularly serious in the tax system and the laws regulating social insurance and employment. However, the collection of statistics, environmental legislation, official approval procedures and product standards also put an unnecessary burden on business. What is needed is a systematic medium-term strategy for de-bureaucratization based on three fundamental concepts: more efficient procedures, the creation of incentives and competition, and the courage to regulate in general terms rather than in detail.

Die schwerste Rezession der Nachkriegszeit hat in der deutschen Volkswirtschaft tiefe Spuren hinterlassen. Man muss schon bis zur Großen Depression der 1930er Jahre zurückblicken, um in Deutschland einen ähnlich starken Einbruch der Wirtschaftsleistung zu finden. Im Frühjahr 2009 stoppte der rasante Absturz, seither geht es wieder langsam aufwärts. Gleichwohl bleiben viele Fragen: Ist die Krise endgültig überwunden? Wie nachhaltig ist der Aufwärtstrend? Droht uns eine längere wirtschaftliche Stagnation wie im Japan der 1990er Jahre nach dem Platzen der dortigen Immobilienblase, oder gleitet Deutschland gar in eine Deflations-Depressions-Spirale ab? Hat das "Geschäftsmodell Deutschland", gekennzeichnet durch einen hohen Industrieanteil und eine ausgeprägte Weltmarktorientierung, ausgedient? Oder kann die deutsche Industrie problemlos an alte Erfolgsmuster anknüpfen? Die vorliegende Analyse versucht, darauf schlüssige Antworten zu geben. Ausgehend von einer Untersuchung der Großen Depression und des japanischen Deflationsjahrzehnts leitet sie Indikatoren für eine Deflations-Depressions-Checkliste ab, die anschließend für Deutschland überprüft werden. Darüber hinaus werden Megatrends identifiziert, die auch nach der Krise die Nachfrage nach deutschen Industrieprodukten begünstigen. Leitlinien für eine wachstumsorientierte Wirtschaftspolitik schließen diese Analyse ab. ; The most serious recession since the Second World War has left deep traces in Germany's economy. Not since the Great Depression in the 1930s has there been a similarly dramatic collapse in economic performance. In the spring of 2009 the German economy came out of its headlong dive and has since been gradually recovering. Nevertheless, many questions remain: Has the crisis been permanently mastered? How sustained will the current upward trend prove? Is Germany facing a period of economic stagnation similar to Japan's after its real estate bubble burst in the 1990s, or is Germany even drifting into a spiral of deflation and depression? Is Germany's "business model", characterised by a large role for manufacturing industry and a strong focus on exports, now obsolete? Or can German industry simply resume and develop its traditionally successful strategies? This analysis attempts to find answers to these questions. After an investigation of the factors leading to the Great Depression and the Japanese decade of deflation, indicators for a deflation/depression checklist are developed and then applied to Germany. The study also identifies megatrends which will continue to promote demand for German industrial goods after the crisis has passed. The analysis concludes with guidelines for a growth-oriented economic policy.

Legislation of the 1970's and 80's mandated parental involvement in the development of special education plans for children with disabilities. The literature has indicated that parents are often passive recipients of information (Goldstein, Strickland, Turnbull, & Curry, 1980) even though parent involvement in a child's education has been associated with academic success (Epstein, 1990). An observational analysis of eighteen IEP conferences for children with hearing impairments receiving services through the Eastern Illinois Area Special Education Cooperative was completed. Observers recorded the frequency of verbal participation by the parents, and parents and teachers completed questionnaires addressing satisfaction and perceptions of involvement following the meeting. Relationships among parent variables, levels of verbal participation, parent ratings of satisfaction, and teacher ratings of parent involvement were analyzed using Pearson correlational data. Results indicate that for the population observed, parent satisfaction levels were high regardless of verbal participation levels. The length and size of the meetings as well as the age of the child were associated with parent satisfaction ratings. Parent levels of verbal participation ranged from 31 to 81 percent, and appear to be higher than ratings reported in previous observational studies (Turnbull & Hughes, 1987). Levels of verbal participation were not significantly correlated with measures of parent satisfaction, nor with teacher perceptions of parental involvement. Three main trends were indicated by the results obtained: 1) The number of participants at meetings was associated with the length of the meeting; 2) longer meetings were associated with lower percentages of verbal participation from parents; and 3) reports of active parental preparation prior to the IEP meeting was associated with higher teacher ratings of parental involvement. Limitations of the study include a small sample size, a limited variety of subjects (mostly married white women with high school or higher education levels), and vague parental responses to open ended questions. Further research regarding parental participation for the hearing impaired as well as other populations is encouraged.

The Paper's goal is to assess the most important changes in the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for years 2014-2020 in the context of its potential influence on environmental pressure of agriculture. The final solutions of that policy reform were discussed in relation to main groups of instruments: these supporting farmers' incomes and rural development measures. They were analysed in the context of chances and threats for environmental sustainability. The general conclusion is the reform results are far from the initial European Commission's plans as well as far from proposals presented by the NGO's connected with environment protection and organic farming. The CAP financial instruments were not sufficiently directed to the support for sustainable agriculture development. ; Celem artykułu jest ocena najważniejszych zmian Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej (WPR) Unii Europejskiej na lata 2014-2020 w kontekście jej wpływu na środowiskową presję rolnictwa. Ostateczne rozwiązania reformy tej polityki zostały omówione w stosunku do głównych grup instrumentów: wspierania dochodów rolników i działań rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Były one analizowane w kontekście szans i zagrożeń dla zrównoważonego rozwoju w perspektywie średnio- i długoterminowej. Ogólny wniosek jest taki, że wyniki reformy są dalekie od początkowych planów Komisji Europejskiej i projektów przedstawionych przez NGO związanych z ochroną środowiska i rolnictwem ekologicznym. Instrumenty finansowe WPR nie były wystarczająco ukierunkowane na wsparcie zrównoważonego rozwoju rolnictwa.

Studie des Instituts der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln in Zusammenarbeit mit der IW Consult GmbH im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie

In 2004, the Child Welfare Reform (CWR) was introduced in Norway. One of the most important goals of the reform was to strengthen State level authority in public child welfare and establish equal child welfare services across the country. The aim of this article is to study how this new reform affected the work of municipal child welfare professionals and led to the development of a regional project called New Child Welfare (NCW). Based on qualitative interviews with central actors in NCW, regarding the interaction between state and local child welfare professionals, the article shows how professionals within local child welfare reacted on the CWR. The NCW was established as a consequence of the professionals' reaction on state governance and represent a new type of network. Inspired by Michel Foucaults' concepts of governmentality and self-work, the article focuses on the development of the NCW as a result of child welfare workers' confrontation with state governance and their fight for innovative solutions, knowing that the reform had direct impact on vulnerable children, youths, and their families. The local and collective self-work in NCW is an expression of a new form of productive power based on equality and cooperation, as well as a particular form of dependency between municipal and state levels of governance. The article highlights the importance of studying how reforms introduced by the state actually influence local child welfare work, policy, and professionalism within municipal child welfare. ; Published version

Ultraprocessed products (UPPs), associated with obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are becoming predominant on the global market and a target for market-driven fortification initiatives. The aim of this article is to describe the implications of adding micronutrients to UPPs with excessive amounts of critical nutrients associated with NCDs and provide recommendations for legislation and policies. UPPs with added micronutrients such as breakfast cereals, sugar-sweetened beverages, powder beverages, fruit juices, sauces, and bouillon cubes, among others, are commonly available and heavily promoted in Latin American countries. Misleading advertising of UPPs with added micronutrients and with excessive content of sugar, fat, and salt might increase the consumption of such products, giving them a "health halo effect" that leads consumers to overestimate their nutritional quality and healthfulness. Although international collections of standards such as the Codex Alimentarius provide some guidelines on this matter, countries need to implement national legislations, through a food systems approach, to regulate the marketing and labeling of UPPs. Lastly, there is still the need to foster research to close knowledge gaps and help countries to guide the process of food fortification strategies from a regulatory standpoint.

Ultraprocessed products (UPPs), associated with obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), are becoming predominant on the global market and a target for market-driven fortification initiatives. The aim of this article is to describe the implications of adding micronutrients to UPPs with excessive amounts of critical nutrients associated with NCDs and provide recommendations for legislation and policies. UPPs with added micronutrients such as breakfast cereals, sugar-sweetened beverages, powder beverages, fruit juices, sauces, and bouillon cubes, among others, are commonly available and heavily promoted in Latin American countries. Misleading advertising of UPPs with added micronutrients and with excessive content of sugar, fat, and salt might increase the consumption of such products, giving them a "health halo effect" that leads consumers to overestimate their nutritional quality and healthfulness. Although international collections of standards such as the Codex Alimentarius provide some guidelines on this matter, countries need to implement national legislations, through a food systems approach, to regulate the marketing and labeling of UPPs. Lastly, there is still the need to foster research to close knowledge gaps and help countries to guide the process of food fortification strategies from a regulatory standpoint.

Este artículo contiene 9 páginas, 1 tabla, 4 figuras. ; The effects of environmental change on biodiversity are still poorly understood. In particular, the consequences of shifts in species composition for marine ecosystem function are largely unknown. Here we assess the loss of functional diversity, i.e. the range of species biological traits, in benthic marine communities exposed to ocean acidification (OA) by using natural CO2 vent systems. We found that functional richness is greatly reduced with acidification, and that functional loss is more pronounced than the corresponding decrease in taxonomic diversity. In acidified conditions, most organisms accounted for a few functional entities (i.e. unique combination of functional traits), resulting in low functional redundancy. These results suggest that functional richness is not buffered by functional redundancy under OA, even in highly diverse assemblages, such as rocky benthic communities. ; This research was supported by the National Geographic Society (Window to the Future, Grant No. 9771-15) and the Total Foundation (High CO2 Seas project, Grant No. BIO- 2016-081-4). N.T. was supported by a Maire Curie-Cofund (FP7-PEOPLE-Marie Curie Bandiera-Cofund, GA No. 600407) and by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Global Fellowship under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (H2020- MSCA- IF- 2015, GA No. 702628). ; Peer reviewed