Suchergebnisse

I. Voice Communication -- 1.1. The Advent of Telephony -- 1.2. Efficient Transmission of Speech -- 1.3. Capacity of the Human Channel -- 1.4. Analysis-Synthesis Telephony: An Approach to Improved Efficiency -- II. The Mechanism of Speech Production -- 2.1. Physiology of the Vocal Apparatus -- 2.2. The Sounds of Speech -- 2.3. Quantitative Description of Speech -- III. Acoustical Properties of the Vocal System -- 3.1. The Vocal Tract as an Acoustic System -- 3.2. Equivalent Circuit for the Lossy Cylindrical Pipe -- 3.3. The Radiation Load at the Mouth and Nostrils -- 3.4. Spreading of Sound About the Head -- 3.5. The Source for Voiced Sounds -- 3.6. The Source for Noise and Transient Excitation of the Tract -- 3.7. Some Characteristics of Vocal Tract Transmission -- 3.8. Fundamentals of Speech and Hearing in Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- IV. The Ear and Hearing -- 4.1. Mechanism of the Ear -- 4.2. Computational Models for Ear Function -- 4.3. Illustrative Relations between Subjective and Physiological Behavior -- V. Techniques for Speech Analysis -- 5.1. Spectral Analysis of Speech -- 5.2. Formant Analysis of Speech -- 5.3. Analysis of Voice Pitch -- 5.4. Articulatory Analysis of the Vocal Mechanism -- 5.5. Automatic Recognition of Speech -- 5.6. Automatic Recognition and Verification of Speakers -- VI. Speech Synthesis -- 6.1. Mechanical Speaking Machines; Historical Efforts -- 6.2. Electrical Methods for Speech Synthesis -- VII. Perception of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds -- 7.1, Differential vs. Absolute Discrimination -- 7.2. Differential Discriminations Along Signal Dimensions Related to Speech -- 7.3. Absolute Discrimination of Speech and Speech-Like Sounds -- 7.4. Effects of Context and Vocabulary upon Speech Perception -- 7.5. The Perceptual Units of Speech -- 7.6. Subjective Evaluation of Transmission Systems -- 7.7. Calculating Intelligibility Scores from System Response and Noise Level: The Articulation Index -- 7.8. Supplementary Sensory Channels for Speech Perception -- VIII. Systems for Analysis-Synthesis Telephony -- 8.1. Channel Vocoders -- 8.2. Reduced Redundancy Channel Vocoders -- 8.3. Voice-Excited Vocoders -- 8.4. Correlation Vocoders -- 8.5. Formant Vocoders -- 8.6. Orthogonal Function Vocoders -- 8.7. Homomorphic Vocoders -- 8.8. Maximum Likelihood Vocoders -- 8.9. Linear Prediction Vocoders -- 8.10. Articulatory Vocoders -- 8.11. Frequency-Dividing Vocoders -- 8.12. Time-Assignment Transmission of Speech -- 8.13. Predictive Coding of Speech -- 8.14. Delta Modulation -- References -- Author Index.

1. Introduction -- 1.1. Historical sketch -- 1.2. Language as a mass phenomenon — 'Quantity Survey' of language -- 1.3. Chance as a factor of linguistic expression and language structure -- 1.4. Structuralism and statistical linguistics -- 1.5. Language as choice and chance -- 1.6. De Saussure's 'Principe Linéaire' and geometrical duality -- 1.7. Literary statistics, a new branch of applied statistics -- 1.8. Plan of the book -- I. Language as Chance I — Statistical Linguistics -- 2. Stability of Linguistic Distributions -- 3. Explanation of Stability of Linguistic Distributions -- 4. Application of the Theory of Stability of Alphabetic Distributions to a Problem of Language Mixture -- II. Language as Choice I — Stylostatistics -- 5. Style as a Statistical Concept -- 6. Word Count Mathematics -- 7. Style Relationships — Bi-Variate Stylostatistics -- 8. A Guide to Stylo-statistical Investigations -- III. Language as Chance II — Optimal Systems of Language Structure -- III.(A) Combinatorics on the Phonemic (Alphabetic) Level -- 9. The Combinatorial Structure of Words -- 10. Optimality of the Word-Length Distribution -- 11. Combinatorics applied to Problems of Classical Poetry -- III.(B) Combinatorics on the Lexicon Level -- 12. Random Partitioning of Vocabulary — Vocabulary Connectivity -- 13. The Generalised Random Partitioning Function and Stylostatistics -- 14. The "New Statistics" on the Vocabulary Level -- III.(C) Information Theory -- 15. Principles of Information Theory -- 16. Information-Theoretical Analysis as a Tool of Linguistic Research -- 17. Language Translations as Bi-Variate Distributions of Coding Symbols -- IV. Language as Choice II — Linguistic Duality -- 18. The Four-fold Root of Linguistic Duality -- 19. Duality as Correcting Factor — Inadequacy of Truly SeiologicCodes -- 20. Duality and Language Translation -- V. Statistics for the Language Seminary -- V.(A) Statistics of Language in the Mass -- 21. Descriptive Statistics -- 22. Statistical Inference — The Binomial Case -- 23. Statistical Inference in the Case of Multiple Classification of Events -- 24. Theory of Correlation -- V. (B) Statistics of Language in the Line -- 25. The Dimension of Time in Language Statistics -- 26. Linguistic Duality and 'Parity' -- Appendix — A Survey of Past and Present-day Statistical Linguistics -- Author Index.