Suchergebnisse

The subject of the research is the problems of constitutional law enforcement of administrative offences legislation, taking into account the prospects for its new codification.The purpose of the article is confirmation or confutation of the hypothesis that the effectiveness of the new Code of administrative offences depends on whether the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the principles of administrative responsibility will be taken into account when drafting it.The authors use methods of complex analysis, synthesis, as well as formal-legal method of interpretation of Constitution, legislation on administrative offences and judicial decisions of Russian Constitutional Court.The main results and scope of their application. The administrative torts law in Russia is expected to pass through the total review up to the grounds of its codification in close future. The article presents initial positions of that changes within basic frames produced by Russian Constitutional Court. Its case-law has already invaded into many spheres and details in respective sphere of legal rules and also prescribed a lot for their future. This case-law yet is necessarily made within its inherent range for it is ever constrained procedurally by content of actions and cases to be settled. However Russian administrative torts law is destined for reformation in new code-making in view of constitutional case-law and in order to do better with neighbor spheres of legal responsibility. Disputable matters of administrative liability, the company's responsibility with psychical fiction on its fault (corporative thinking, wishing, desire, diligence), substantial and procedural equity etc. are described and discussed in the article as to the administrative law of torts on in its constitutional dimension.Conclusions. The Code of administrative offences of the Russian Federation does not fully meet the legal needs of society. Work on real improvement of this code will continue, therefore, legal science should be more strongly and persistently to implement in legislative practice constitutional ideas about improvement of codification and ensuring unity of legal space of the country. In particular, it is necessary to settle the debatable aspects of tort liability, the guilt of legal entities when it is addressed by fiction to the phenomena of the psyche (thinking, goals, will, caution), the constitutional and legal foundations of justice in the field of administrative penalties, procedural enforcement of rights and freedoms, etc. ; С учетом ожидаемого системного пересмотра законодательства об административных правонарушениях описывается исходная к этому обстановка, главным образом с правовых позиций Конституционного Суда Российской Федерации, которые изложены по предмету как небольшой свод правоположений с их юрисдикционными обоснованиями. Фиксируется, что эти позиции привели к заметным конституционно-правовым вмешательствам в административно-деликтное право и многое опреде-лили в нем на будущее в прескриптивных обращениях к законодательным властям. Исходя из ретроспективы и текущего состояния, предполагаются объем и структура предстоящей административно-деликтной кодификации, затрагиваются дискуссионные стороны деликтоспособности, вины юридических лиц, когда она обращена по фикции к явлениям психики (мышлению, целям, воле, осторожности), конституционно-правовые основы справедливости в области административных наказаний, процессуального обеспечения прав и свобод и другое по заявленной теме.

Modern society is a very complex system. Its management is carried out with the help of political and legal system, the center of which is state power. The state power in its activity rests on the existing legislation, the core of which is the constitutional legislation. The basis of the constitutional legislation of Russia is the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This means that the most important changes in the legal reality of the country, one way or another, concern its Basic Law, or the Constitution. Since most of the current changes in the legal reality and its conceptual core– the constitutional legislation– are of a complex systemic nature, an adequate complex methodology is needed to study these phenomena. It can be successfully implemented in the philosophy of law, the theory of state and law, in the study of constitutional legislation. This methodology is based on the priority of the whole with respect to the part and includes several interrelated approaches: dialectical, systemic, structural-functional, global (systemecological), comparative, structural-organizational. It is based on the theoretical basis of synthetic dualism. Legal education requires the training of specialists of the appropriate profile. ; Современное общество – это очень сложно организованная система. Ее управление осуществляется с помощью политико-правовой системы, центром которой является государственная власть. Государственная власть в своей деятельности опирается на существующее законодательство, ядром которого является конституционное законодательство. Основу конституционного законодательства России составляет Конституция РФ. Это значит, что самые важные изменения в правовой реальности страны так или иначе касаются ее основного закона, или Конституции. Поскольку большинство современных изменений правовой реальности и ее концептуального ядра– конституционного законодательства– носят сложный системный характер, то для исследования данных феноменов необходима адекватная комплексная методология. Она может успешно реализоваться в философии права, теории государства и права, при исследовании конституционного законодательства. Такая методология исходит из приоритета целого по отношению к части и включает несколько взаимосвязанных подходов: диалектический, системный, структурно-функциональный, глобальный (системно-экологический), компаративистский, структурно-организационный. Опирается на теоретическую основу синтетического дуализма. В правовом образовании необходима подготовка специалистов соответствующего профиля.

Se exponen en estas notas, fruto de la intervención en el Congreso anual de la Asociación de Constitucionalistas de España (celebrado en Santiago de Compostela en abril de 2019), algunas de las iniciativas de innovación docente desarrolladas desde el Departamento de Derecho Político de la UNED para las asignaturas de la disciplina de Derecho constitucional. Se aborda la dinámica de trabajo del equipo docente de la asignatura, los materiales elaborados y la forma de interactuar con los alumnos en las plataformas virtuales. De forma particular, se analiza la necesidad de progresar en el uso y aprovechamiento de los instrumentos que nos ofrecen las nuevas tecnologías en nuestra labor docente. ; These notes are the result of the intervention in the annual Congress of the Association of Spanish Constitutionalists (Santiago de Compostela, April 2019) and show some of the teaching innovation initiatives developed by the Department of Political Law of the UNED, within the Constitutional Law area. Teaching strategies, resources used and the way to interact with students through virtual platforms are analysed. More specifically, the text focuses on the need of further progress in the use of technological tools so as to improve our teaching practice.

The current economic crisis, caused by a series of active subjects with the aim of occupying certain public spaces, is one of the consequences of the «globalization of poverty». It is putting into question the democratic model of Western democracies, causing a constitutional crisis even worse than the economic crisis itself. This leads to the imperative to provide appropriate policy responses, requiring the use of new categories dogmatic. In this regard, constitutional law, and common law legal system and as principial law, is prevalent in a position to carry out, in collaboration with other legal disciplines, all that dogmatic reconstruction process that must lead necessarily, a constitution for the private. ; La actual crisis económica, originada por una serie de sujetos activos con la pretensión de ocupar determinados espacios públicos, es una de las consecuencias de la llamada «globalización de la miseria». La misma esta poniendo en tela de juicio el modelo democrático de las democracias occidentales, produciendo una crisis institucional más grave aún que la propia crisis económica. Ello conduce a la necesidad imperiosa de proporcionar respuestas normativas adecuadas, que requieren la utilización de nuevas categorías dogmáticas. A este respecto, el Derecho constitucional, como Derecho común del ordenamiento jurídico y como Derecho principial, se encuentra en una posición prevalente para llevar a cabo, en colaboración con las demás disciplinas jurídicas, todo ese proceso de reconstrucción dogmática que ha de conducir, necesariamente, a una constitucionalización de lo privado.The current economic crisis, caused by a series of active subjects with the aim of occupying certain public spaces, is one of the consequences of the «globalization of poverty». It is putting into question the democratic model of Western democracies, causing a constitutional crisis even worse than the economic crisis itself. This leads to the imperative to provide appropriate policy responses, requiring the use of new categories dogmatic. In this regard, constitutional law, and common law legal system and as principial law, is prevalent in a position to carry out, in collaboration with other legal disciplines, all that dogmatic reconstruction process that must lead necessarily, a constitution for the private.

The subject. The article is devoted to different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil, their analyzing, depending on main goal of coercion.The purpose of the paper is to extend constitutional knowledge about measures of constitutional legal enforcement and to demonstrate generic character of constitutional legal enforcement theory for different countries.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and legal methods.The main results and scope of their application. The author describes different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil. Constitutions of foreign countries contain various measures of constitutional coercion as the main way to resolve constitutional conflicts.Among the measures of constitutional and legal coercion enshrined in the Brazilian Constitution are: holding the President accountable for abuse of power; temporary termination of the powers of the President of the Republic during the process of bringing him to justice; prohibition of the President and Vice-President of the Republic to leave the territory of the country for a certain period without the approval of the Parliament; recognition by the National Congress of the positions of the President and Vice-President as vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days of taking office;holding new elections when the positions of the President and Vice-President are declared vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days from the date of taking office.Conclusions. Depending on the constitutional system, the history of the state, measures of constitutional coercion may be different in content, but it remains possible to classify such measures depending on the main purpose of their application. The system of measures of constitutional legal enforcement, including measures of prevention, suppression, restoration, responsibility and security is applicable not only for the Russian constitutional law, but also for constitutional law of foreign countries, in particular, Brazil. ; Рассматриваются различные меры конституционно-правового принуждения, существующие в конституционном праве Бразилии. Утверждается, что действующая Конституция Бразилии представляет собой подробный и самобытный акт конституционного права, содержащий в себе различные меры по разрешению конституционно-правовых конфликтов, изучение которых расширит научные представления о системе мер конституционно-правового принуждения в целом.

Abstract: In this paper we examine the appropriateness and significance of the law of exception in the Spanish constitutional order. For this, we have examined the models of Comparative Law that Spain has followed to restore its disturbed constitutional order. Basically, historically, concern arose at the time of North American and French Revolutions of how to incorporate into the Constitution the institutions related to their protection. British singularity was also manifested in the way of understanding and including specific protection for the defence of the Constitution and the law of exception, with institutions such as martial law or habeas corpus. The suspension of habeas corpus as an extraordinary instrument of protection of the state organization was considered in the American Constitution of 1787, and is thought of as a precedent of Article 55.1 of the current Spanish Constitution of 1978. During the period between 1812 and 1869, the law of exception contemplated in Spanish Historical Constitutions covers only the suspension of guarantees. The republican Constitution of 1931 conserved the outline of the Constitution of 1869, with certain relevant alterations. The most significant normative instruments of this legislation were the Law of Defence of the Republic and the Law of Public Order of 1933. After the publication of this last Law, it became the extraordinary norm that has most deeply and habitually been put into practice, since Spain has experienced practically a permanent situation of "constitutional abnormality". This highlights the fact that a Law of Public Order for the defence of the constitutional regime established by the Second Republic could be transferred in many of its precepts, with very similar contents to the Francoist Law of Public Order that was able to remain in force until much later, being finally repealed by the Organic Law of LO 1/1992, of Protection of Citizen Safety. ; Resumen: En este trabajo examinamos el encaje y significación que alcanza el derecho de excepción en nuestro ordenamiento constitucional. Para ello hemos examinado los modelos de Derecho Comparado que ha seguido España para restaurar el ordenamiento constitucional perturbado. Históricamente, será, básicamente, con las Revoluciones norteamericana y francesa cuando surge la preocupación por incorporar a la Constitución las instituciones relativas a su protección. La singularidad británica, también se manifiesta en el modo de entender y concretar la defensa de la Constitución y el derecho de excepción, con instituciones como la martial law o el habeas corpus. La suspensión del habeas corpus como instrumento extraordinario de protección de la organización estatal se contemplará en la Constitución norteamericana de 1.787, pudiéndose considerar como precedente del actual artículo 55.1 de nuestra vigente Constitución de 1978. Durante el período comprendido entre 1812 y 1869, el derecho de excepción contemplado en las Constituciones históricas españolas abarca únicamente la suspensión de garantías. La Constitución republicana de 1931, conservó el bosquejo de la Constitución de 1869, con determinadas alteraciones relevantes. Los instrumentos normativos más significativos de esta legislación son la Ley de Defensa de la República y la Ley de Orden Público de 1933. Tras la publicación de esta última Ley, la norma extraordinaria que más profunda y habitualmente se ha puesto en práctica, nuestro país experimentó prácticamente una permanente situación de "anormalidad constitucional". Destacar el hecho de que una Ley de Orden Público aprobada para la defensa del régimen constitucional instaurado por la II República pudo ser trasladada en muchos de sus preceptos, con contenidos muy similares, a la Ley de Orden Público franquista, consiguiendo mantenerse vigente mucho después, hasta ser finalmente derogada por la L.O. 1/1992, de Protección de la Seguridad Ciudadana.

Western legal tradition gave the birth to the concept of the rule of law. Legal theory and constitutional justice significantly contributed to the crystallisation of its standards and to moving into the direction of the common concept of the rule of law. The European Court of Human Rights uses this concept as an interpretative tool, the extension of which is the quality of the law doctrine, which encompasses concrete requirements for the law under examination in this Court, such as prospectivity of law, its foreseeability, clarity etc. The author of the article, former judge of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court and currently the judge of the European Court of Human Rights, examines how the latter court has gradually intensified (not always consistently) its reliance on the rule of law as a general principle, inherent in all the Articles of the European Convention on Human Rights, to the extent that in some of its judgments it concentrates not anymore on the factual situation of an individual applicant, but, first and foremost, on the examination of the quality of the law. The trend is that, having found the quality of the applicable law to be insufficient, the Court considers that the mere existence of contested legislation amounts to an unjustifiable interference into a respective right and finds a violation of respective provisions of the Convention. This is an indication of the Court's progressing self-approximation to constitutional courts, which are called to exercise abstract norm-control.La tradición occidental alumbró la noción del Estado de Derecho. La teoría del Derecho y la Justicia Constitucional han contribuido decisivamente a la cristalización de sus estándares, ayudando a conformar un acervo común en torno al mismo. El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos emplea la noción de Estado de Derecho como una herramienta interpretativa, fundamentalmente centrada en la doctrina de la calidad de la ley, que implica requisitos concretos que exige el Tribunal tales como la claridad, la previsibilidad, y la certeza en la redacción y aplicación de la norma. El autor, en la actualidad Juez del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y anterior Magistrado del Tribunal Constitucional de Lituania, examina cómo el primero ha intensificado gradualmente (no siempre de forma igual de consistente) su confianza en el Estado de Derecho como principio general, inherente a todos los preceptos que forman el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos, hasta el punto de que en algunas de sus resoluciones se concentra no tanto en la situación de hecho del demandante individual sino, sobre todo y ante todo, en el examen de esa calidad de la ley. La tendencia del Tribunal es a considerar que, si observa que la ley no goza de calidad suficiente, la mera existencia de la legislación discutida supone una interferencia injustificable dentro del derecho en cuestión y declara la violación del precepto correspondiente del Convenio. Esto implica el acercamiento progresivo del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos a los Tribunales Constitucionales, quienes tienen encargado el control en abstracto de la norma legal.

From the process of globalization of law, the comparative constitutional law has gained a leading role for a better understanding and solving old and newconstitutional national and international challenges. Therefore, some assumptions andconsiderations to take into account are presented for the development of the nationalconstitutional order within the framework of the comparative constitutional law, such asuniversality and relativism of human rights; the concept of power and constitutional democracy;standards of free elections and judicial independence; freedom of expression, media pluralism andaccess to public information; the economic,social and cultural rights; the new fundamental rights. ; A partir del proceso de globalización del derecho, el derecho constitucional comparado ha ido adquiriendo un rol protagónico para una mejor comprensión ysolución de los viejos y nuevos desafíos constitucionales, tanto nacionales como internacionales.Por ello, se presentan algunos presupuestos y consideraciones temáticas a tomar en cuenta para eldesarrollo del ordenamiento constitucional nacional en el marco del derecho constitucionalcomparado, tales como la universalidad y el relativismo de los derechos humanos; el concepto depoder y democracia constitucional; los estándares de elecciones libres e independencia judicial; lalibertad de expresión, la pluralidad informativa y el acceso a la información pública; los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, y; los nuevos derechos fundamentales.

The Spanish institutional system has worrying weaknesses. Although the roots are older, the deterioration has been particularly intense since 2015. In this work, different institutions of constitutional law ara analyzed as a reflection of this situation. Extraordinary circumstances as the crisis in Catalonia or the health crisis have aggravated this situation. The conclusión is a significant weakness of the rule of law. ; El sistema institucional español tiene debilidades preocupantes. Aunque las raíces son anteriores, el deterioro ha sido particularmente intenso desde 2015. En este trabajo se analizan distintas instituciones del derecho constitucional como reflejo de esta situación. Circunstancias extraordinarias como la crisis de Cataluña o la sanitaria han agravado esta situación.The Spanish institutional system has worrying weaknesses. Although the roots are older, the deterioration has been particularly intense since 2015. In this work, different institutions of constitutional law ara analyzed as a reflection of this situation. Extraordinary circumstances as the crisis in Catalonia or the health crisis have aggravated this situation. The conclusión is a significant weakness of the rule of law.

El artículo analiza los obstáculos que, en la actualidad, existen para construir un derecho constitucional común latinoamericano, no obstante existir importantes y numerosas características comunes. No todos los Estados latinoamericanos han adoptado el régimen democrático representativo que exige la Carta de la Organización de Estados Americanos, ni respetan los derechos humanos establecidos en la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos y en la Carta Democrática Interamericana, como Cuba y Venezuela. Los Estados de América del Sur que han adoptado el régimen democrático representativo de gobierno y protegen el derecho de propiedad individual y la libertad económica, no integran el «nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano». Las Constituciones de Bolivia y Ecuador establecen que el Estado dirigirá y planificará la economía, fomentando la economía comunitaria, lo que impide ejercer la libertad económica y, por consiguiente, un derecho constitucional común latinoamericano. ; The article analyses the obstacles which currently exist to build a common constitutional law in Latin America, in spite of the existence of numerous important common characteristics. Not all Latin American states have adopted a democratic regime, representative of that of which is required by the Charter of the Organization of the American States nor do they respect human rights as established by the American Convention on Human Rights and by the Inter-America Democratic Charter, like Cuba and Venezuela. The South American states which have adopted a democratic regime, are government represented, protect personal property rights and economic freedom are not included in the «new Latin American Constitution.» The Constitutions of Bolivia and Ecuador establish that the State will govern and plan the economy, promoting community economy, which in turn prevents the practise of economic freedom and, as a result, a common Latin American constitutional right.