The huge amount of work accidents in Peru has not produced the implementation of policies aimed at reducing occupational accidents rates. Not only that, there is a certain passivity with informal business and persons who break the law, even when it creates risks to workers' lives. Criminal Law is the best example, because criminal rules do not apply in fact. We have a symbolic norm; that means a situation that counteracts the preventive effect of Criminal Law. In other words, the legislator has weakened non-criminal instances excluding punishment even for the most serious behaviors in which workers' lives are endangered. In this context, compliance programs play a big role in labor risk prevention and, therefore, in the reduction of criminal rates.
First, this work proposes a study of the origin, elements and application of the Compliance Program or, also named, Regulatory Compliance Program. The aforementioned program is understood as an internal device that corporations use not only to comply with the current legislation but also to prevent and detect legal violations they could be found in or as part of the activities they carry out.Second, it tries to explain and develop the connection between, on one hand, the new risks in the financial and technological development and, on the other hand, Criminal Law as a protective body of important legal assets for society. The aim is to analyze Criminal Compliance to get the corporationto manage its activities under current legislation, especially Criminal Law.In this regard, it enlarges the sectoral developments based on the Peruvian Government's implementation of the the Compliance Program in the legal framework.Finally, it analyzes the impact of Criminal Compliance in the criminal legal framework. For that end, it refers to the criminal liability system in Peru and in what way it impacts on the application of Criminal Compliance. ; El trabajo propone, en primer lugar, un estudio del origen, los elementos y la aplicación del Compliance Program o, también llamado, Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo, entendido como un dispositivo interno que las empresas implementan para cumplir con la normatividad vigente, así como para prevenir y detectar las infracciones legales que se produzcan dentro de las mismas o como parte de las actividades que estas realizan. Asimismo, se intenta explicar y desarrollar la relación entre los nuevos riesgos, debido al desarrollo económico y tecnológico, y el derecho penal como ente protector de bienes jurídicos de importancia para la sociedad. Esto último tiene como finalidad analizar el Criminal Compliance, destinado a que la empresa ordene su actividad conforme a la normativa aplicable, en especial la ley penal. En tal sentido, se desarrolla la aplicación que el Estado peruano ha realizado del referido Programa de Cumplimiento Normativo en el ordenamiento jurídico, en concreto los avances sectoriales. Finalmente, se analiza el impacto del Criminal Compliance en el ordenamiento jurídico penal. Para ello, se hace una referencia al sistema de responsabilidad penal adoptado en el Perú y de qué manera esto impacta en la aplicación del Criminal Compliance.
The different criminal schools considered Criminal Dogmatics as the hard core of Criminal Sciences and the other disciplines mentioned here, as "auxiliaries" to Criminal Law. In truth it should be so, because they are "different sciences or disciplines in their nature and methodology to address criminal studies or knowledge and therefore autonomous. But in what is called the "Encyclopedia of Criminal Sciences", they can never be independent, nor do they have a character that is not effectively complementary. Time and new horizons of study, such as emerging specializations, were inevitably interrelating or intertwining concepts and terminology of all of them, to the point that in some issues this link cannot be dispensed with to interpret the Penal Law, the Penal Systems and its application. ; Las diferentes escuelas penales consideraban a la Dogmática Penal como el núcleo duro de las Ciencias Penales y a las otras disciplinas aquí mencionadas, como "auxiliares" del Derecho Penal. En verdad debiera ser así, porque son "ciencias o disciplinas diferentes en su naturaleza y metodología para abordar los estudios o conocimientos penales y por ende autónomas. Pero en lo que se da en llamar la "Enciclopedia de las Ciencias Penales", no pueden nunca ser independientes, ni tienen un carácter que no sea efectivamente complementario. El tiempo y los nuevos horizontes de estudio, como las especializaciones emergentes, fueron interrelacionando o entrelazando conceptos y terminología de todas ellas en forma inevitable, al punto que en algunas cuestiones no se puede prescindir de dicha vinculación para interpretar la Ley Penal, los Sistemas Penales y su aplicación. ; As diferentes escolas criminais consideraram a Dogmática Criminal como o núcleo duro das Ciências Criminais e as demais disciplinas aqui citadas, como "auxiliares" do Direito Penal. Realmente deveria ser assim, porque são "ciências ou disciplinas diferentes em sua natureza e metodologia para abordar os estudos ou conhecimentos criminais e, portanto, autônomas. Mas ...
This article deals with the figure of forfeiture of assets related to crime. The point of reference is Peruvian criminal legislation. Although the analysis focuses on the substantive norms, some procedural considerations are also made.
In today's world the relationship between criminal law and human rights remains complex, both in doctrine and in practice, as evidenced by the various realities and theories around this matter, so it is convenient to reflect on the most viable ways and methods to humanize criminal law and criminal procedure to preserve human dignity. The purpose of the text lies in presenting the editorial of the special edition of Vol. 39, No, 70 of Political Issues. The arguments outlined allow us to conclude that, it would be illusory to suppose, as some jurists think, that the law by itself is sufficient to build a wall of contention in the face of the actions of the arbitrary powers that constitute an obstacle to fundamental rights, it is also necessary the political will of the actors of power to comply with and enforce the law in a human and rational way and, especially, the organized action of a citizenry willing to fight for the exercise of their human rights within the framework of any punitive action.
The article discusses the definition and correlation of the concepts of "conflict" and "competence" and provides various expert opinions on this. In the methodology it is an analytical research based on documentary. In modern scientific literature, the clash of the rules of criminal law is called conflict of laws, using the definitions indicated as identical concepts. However, the authors point to the controversial nature of such an interpretation of those concepts. The causes of conflicts in the rules of Russian law are analyzed. Thereis also a detailed analysis of conflicts in the rules of domestic criminal law and criminal executive law. In the context of the topic studied, the authors refer to the categories of criminal law and criminal executive law as the principles of criminal law. It emphasizes by way of conclusion that the conflicts identified are not an exhaustive list, simply the authors of this work managed to consider only some aspects of the subject, therefore the conclusions and suggestions are not indisputable. In any case, the discussion of these issues is important to achieve coherence in the rules of criminal law and criminal executive law.
Un'immagine dell'abuso del diritto è quella del fuoco sotto la cenere perché esprime il pericolo al quale espone legalità e colpevolezza. Sebbene l'ermeneutica penalistica sia vincolata, la materia tributaria rappresenta l'ultimo caso in cui forza normativa dei principi ed interpretazione teleologica hanno consentito incriminazioni in malam partem. Nemmeno la rilevanza costituzionale del bene consente di incriminare l'elusione oltre la riserva di legge: al giudice è vietato "creare un regime legale penale, in luogo di quello realizzato dalla legge". Il tema delle infrazioni di origine giurisprudenziale introduce una seconda accezione di legalità come concepita dall'art. 7 CEDU: la norma incriminatrice è valida allorquando - prescindendo dalla fonte - sia accessibile e prevedibile. Di fronte alla sentenza "Dolce e Gabbana" può affermarsi che incriminare l'elusione non è conforme alla legalità costituzionale, perché la commistione tra evasione ed elusione fiscale modifica il tipo in via interpretativa, né convenzionale perché le conseguenze non erano prevedibili quando furono realizzate le operazioni elusive. L'antagonismo delle concezioni di legalità trova soluzione avuto riguardo ai fini di garanzia. Se è contrario alla Costituzione accogliere un'idea di legalità-prevedibilità che prescinda dalla riserva di legge, la finalità di maggior garanzia possibile, esplicitata all'art. 53 della CEDU, non consente alternative alla sinergia: la legalità convenzionale sarà più garantista se integra quella costituzionale. La trasposizione sul piano interno della prevedibilità rileva sul distinto piano della colpevolezza, trova aggancio all'art. 5 c.p. e sposta la questione sulla conoscibilità dell'illecito. Alla rilevanza penale dell'abuso del diritto in materia tributaria ostava anche il principio di colpevolezza non potendosi muovere un rimprovero a fronte di un'ignoranza scusabile. L'affermata irrilevanza penale avrebbe dovuto spegnere definitivamente il fuoco dell'abuso del diritto, se non che alcune posizioni favorevoli al recupero in chiave di artificio espongono ancora il principio di legalità al pericolo di un fuoco sotto la cenere. ; Metaphorically speaking, the relationship between criminal liability and abuse of law may be described as a flame beneath ashes. In summary, a punishment based on the abuse of law is not consistent with the principle of legality recognized by the Italian Constitution: according to the Article 25, paragraph 2, in fact, no one may be punished except on the basis of a law enacted by the Parliament. Nevertheless, an infringement of the constitutional principle of legality occurred in the Dolce & Gabbana case where a criminal conviction for tax avoidance was pronounced by the Criminal Courts. In the lack of an express provision punishing tax avoidance, only tax evasion may be punished under Italian criminal law. Moreover, the punishment for tax avoidance was not foreseeable according to the principle of legality enshrined in Article 7 of the ECHR due to the fact that prior to the "Dolce & Gabbana" case tax avoidance was not qualified as an offence in the Italian case-law.
In this work the current state of institute of partnership in crime based on the analysis of statistical data which demonstrates to existence of problematic issues in definition of the concepts "criminal group", "group way of commission of crime", "partnership" that affects law-enforcement practice is considered.It is necessary to recognize the increased public danger of the crimes committed by several persons as in such cases the criminal result is a consequence of the combined efforts of two and more persons. At the same time, at qualification of the crimes committed with use of a group way there are problems of their legal treatment at their commission, both within partnership, and beyond its limits.Carrying out short historical digression in development of institute of partnership in the existing criminal legislation, analyzing opinions of scientists concerning differentiation of the concepts "criminal group", "group way of commission of crime", "partnership", the author of article proves need of development of the concept "group way of commission of crime" - by legislative fixing of this concept of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. For the purpose of improvement of institute of partnership, entering of corresponding changes into the Russian criminal legislation is offered.
The existence of any state is connected with socio-economic and political-legal processes in the world. During the period of global social transformations and major economic and political re-forms, Russia finds itself in a socio-political situation of necessity to protect its interests, includ-ing economic ones. Therefore, the legislator solves the most important task of legal provision of economic security by criminal legal means. This text aims to examine the theoretical foundations of economic security, analyze the current state of the Russian economy with its level of functional security and identify ways to improve security and criminal law provisions. The methodology of this research is a set of methods, techniques and tools of cognition used in research, both theoreti-cal, empirical and applied. The authors concluded that the main threat to the economic security of the country is economic crimes, the fight against which is impossible without criminal legislation. Therefore, the modernization of criminal policy should be carried out by improving legislation and introducing a well-thought-out system of law enforcement, which includes a similar valuation of all subjects of economic relations.
The objective of the study was to determine the legality of the application of coercive medical measures and to develop recommendations to improve the legislative regulation of their use. The study included data on the number of offenders with mental disorders; the empirical background was the decision of the European Court of Human Rights on the application of coercive medical measures; provisions of the legislation of 31 countries. Methods of system approach, comparison, descriptive analysis, pragmatic approach, prognosis were used. The national criminal law of most states regulates the application of coercive medical measures to persons who have committed a crime in a state of limited sanity or insanity or have acquired it before sentencing or during the execution of the sentence, but its practical application causes several complications. It is concluded that the legislative definition of coercive medical measures corresponds to human rights legislation. But there are problems with its practical application. Proposals were made to amend national and international legislation: to broaden the range of grounds for the application of coercive medical measures; regulate the possibility of early termination of a coercive medical measure; oblige the courts to determine the appropriate terms.
The purpose of the research was to consider the essence of the principles of criminal, administrative law and the peculiarities of their application in conditions of war, considering the case of Ukraine invaded by the Russian Federation. It has been substantiated that the main idea of the existence of the principles of administrative criminal law consists in their systematic, balanced and comprehensive implementation in relation to the subjects of criminal and administrative legal relations. The mentioned principles are used as a support for the elaboration and application of the law, both in peacetime and in wartime. The methodological basis of the research was presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. A conclusion has been reached on the necessity of observing human rights norms in the criminal prosecution of persons who have committed crimes against humanity and have been involved in such crimes. Consequently, the civilized world must comply with international standards and ensure security through legal and legitimate means.
Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto dei mercati europei e globali. Crisi, diritti, regolazione ; Il presente lavoro affronta il tema delle trasformazioni del diritto penale economico indotte dalla recente crisi economico-finanziaria, con l'intento di evidenziare come e in quale misura il contesto di crisi abbia influito sulle decisioni (legislative e giudiziarie, politiche e tecniche) di gestione, tramite pena, dei conflitti sociali. Passando per lo studio dei rapporti che storicamente intercorrono tra crisi e diritto, l'analisi si è sviluppata attraverso una sistematizzazione per tipologia dei fenomeni criminali associati alla crisi economico-finanziaria. Lo studio della risposta punitiva ai vari comportamenti criminali legati alla crisi, ossia i comportamenti crisis-related (le frodi finanziarie che s'inseriscono nella spiegazione multifattoriale della crisi), i comportamenti compulsati dalla crisi (in particolare, i reati d'obbligo in materia fiscale) e, infine, quelli incentivati (criminalità organizzata e criminalità del profitto in senso ampio) dalla crisi stessa, ha fatto emergere una caratterizzazione altamente congiunturale dell'intervento penalistico, segnato da un generale riorientamento dal fatto al fenomeno. Il lavoro ha altresì preso in esame, per operare un confronto e saggiarli nel contesto d'interesse, alcuni paradigmi penalistici di "crisi" già reperibili in dottrina (segnatamente, il diritto penale di transizione, d'eccezione e di lotta), anch'essi caratterizzati da congiunturalità e orientamento al fenomeno, finendo tuttavia col constatarne l'incapacità di spiegare compiutamente le torsioni subite dal diritto penale economico in relazione al fenomeno della crisi attuale. ; The aim of the present work is to analyse the impact of the latest global financial crisis of 2007-09 on the economic criminal law. In particular, I investigate whether and how the context of crisis has affected the various (legislative and judicial, political and technical) justifications behind the use of penalty as a tool to manage social conflicts. To this end, the analysis suggests a classification of the unlawful phenomena associated with the economic-financial crisis by making use of a criminological systematization. The use of penalty is thus observed as responding to criminal behaviours which are either crisis-related (financial frauds included in the multifactorial explanation of the crisis), crisis-compelled (in particular tax crimes) or, finally, crisis-incentivized (organized crime and "profit" crime in the broad sense). From this standpoint, criminal intervention shows a highly conjunctural characterization and appears to be much more phenomenon-oriented than fact-oriented. In the final part of the thesis, some classical criminal law paradigms of crisis were tested within the framework of the economic crisis (namely, the "transitional justice", the "criminal law of exception" and the "criminal law of fight" paradigms), also characterized by conjuncturality and orientation to the phenomenon. However, none of them seems able to fully explain the torsions undergone by economic criminal law in relation to the experience of the crisis.
The objective of the research was to identify threats to individual rights in criminal proceedings during martial law. The research involved system methods, descriptive analysis, systematic sampling, doctrinal approach and forecasting. Martial law introduced as a result of armed conflict carries important implications for criminal justice. Ensuring the observance of individual rights in criminal proceedings during this period applies to several crimes, the common feature of which is the time of their commission. The classification of subjects of prevention of infringement of such rights is presented. The prospects for improving the protection of individual rights in criminal proceedings require international assistance in the detection of crimes related to the armed conflict. It is concluded that ensuring the observance of individual rights in criminal proceedings during martial law requires combining the efforts of national and international specialists. Prospects for improving this process envisage international assistance with increased use of its results as evidence in national and international courts. It is appropriate to develop international recommendations for national law enforcement agencies and judicial bodies.
The article analyses legislation and scientific work on combating cybercrime based on the use of a set of general and special methods, methodological principles and approaches of legal science. It is concluded that with the introduction of the term "cybercrime" in the criminal law of Ukraine, the use of the term "cybercrime" becomes relevant, which should be understood as a socially dangerous crime in cyberspace, a responsibility that is provided for by the Ukrainian law on criminal responsibility and that is also recognized as a criminal offense by international treaties that regulate the matter. Emphasis is placed on the desirability of making appropriate terminological changes in the Law of Ukraine "On the Basic Principles of Cyber Security" and other regulations, as well as taking other systemic measures at the conceptual and organizational level, to identify the main cybersecurity threats and formulate measures to prevent and investigate them, determine a single body for the operational management of all entities whose task is to ensure the cybersecurity, create a system of technological means of the national cybersecurity system and establish closer international cooperation.
