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69States — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Decision by Netherlands Government to withdraw support from 1980 Paraplegic Olympic Games if team from South Africa participated — Challenge to decision as unlawful boycott of South Africa — Whether justiciable before municipal courtsInternational organizations — United Nations — Powers — Legal effect of Charter and General Assembly Resolutions — Article 2(7) of Charter — Resolution 2625 (XXV) of General Assembly — Whether directly applicable in Member States — The law of the Netherlands

The concept of a system has been identified in a large number of disciplines; biology, management science, economics, sociology, political science, theology, law, etc., have profited by the apparatus associated with general systems. Various authors [2,10,11,12], recognizing a common thread in the logic of various fields, have identified that core and christened it "General Systems Theory." It is hoped that by investigating properties common to all (appropriately designed) systems, applicationscan be made in the diverse disciplines.

The international conventions to control the use of opium and narcotic drugs have been of interest to the United States (1) primarily from the standpoint of their efficiency in combating an acknowledged evil. They also have a more general interest in that they illustrate methods (2) of sumptuary regulation, (3) of economic planning, and (4) of international administration, perhaps capable of application in other fields. Finally, (5) the application of these conventions has raised some problems of general international law.

The legal and institutional framework -- The environment and international society: issues, concepts and definitions -- History -- Governance: states, international organisations and non-state actors -- International law-making and regulation -- Compliance: implementation, enforcement, dispute settlement -- Principles and rules establishing standards -- General principles and rules -- Atmospheric protection -- Climate change -- Freshwater resources -- Biological diversity -- Oceans, seas and marine living resources -- Hazardous substances and activities, and waste -- The polar regions: antarctica and the arctic -- Environmental impact assessment -- Environmental information and technology transfer -- Liability for environmental damage -- Human rights and international humanitarian law -- International economic law: trade, investment and intellectual property -- Future developments

General introduction /Christian J Tams and James Sloan --The International Court of Justice as an 'agent' of legal development /Sir Franklin Berman --The role of the International Court of Justice in the development of the contemporary law of treaties /Vera Gowlland-Debbas --The International Court of Justice and state succession to treaties : avoiding principled answers to questions of principle /Andreas Zimmermann --The International Court of Justice and the law of state responsibility /James Crawford --Diplomatic protection and the International Court of Justice /Kate Parlett --Jurisdictional immunities /Roger O'Keefe --The International Court of Justice and the law of territory /Malcolm N Shaw.

AbstractAssessing damages in follow-on actions against cartels that have infringed EU or domestic antitrust law is still in its infancy in Europe. This Article highlights the reasons why this issue has only recently started reaching the courts and analyses the pitfalls and problems courts face when calculating or estimating the amount of loss caused by a cartel to individual plaintiffs. As this endeavour raises complex economic questions, the Article outlines the basic economic approaches to measure antitrust harm and derives general principles from EU law on how courts should deal with economic evidence in follow-on actions to ensure an effective enforcement of competition law.

The article attempts to show the place and role of administrative regulations in the general system of administrative and administrative procedural legislation of Russia, their legal support in the law enforcement practice of the Russian executive authorities at all levels, as well as the legal consequences of their application. The study focuses on the analysis of administrative regulations of the executive authorities of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug ‒ Ugra. According to the study, it is necessary to adopt the law of administrative procedures at the regional level, particularly in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug ‒ Ugra, as there is no such federal law.

This work provides a succinct historical overview of the history of the Spanish education system from 1812, date of the first Spanish Constitution, until 1970 at the end of the Francoist era in Spain, highlighting the legislative milestones and contextualising them within the larger political landscape in which they took place. The paper will go on to describe the basic legislation which has regulated the Spanish education system since 1970 describing some of their most significant aspects, from the General Education Law (LGE) of 1970 to the Organic Law Modifying the Organic Law for Education (LOMLOE) which came into force in 2020.

Doctor of Law Degree in the Interwar Period in Poland – Legal Regulations and Postulates of the Faculties of Law
Several periods can be distinguished in the creation of legal regulations regarding the doctoral degree, including the doctor of laws. The first one, until 1924, was of a transitional nature, the years 1924-1933 were used to develop general, procedural guidelines, and the period after 1933 was to adapt the existing regulations to the new Act on Academic Schools. It should be noted that all legal acts relating to the doctoral degree were consulted with law faculties, and their opinions had a direct impact on the introduced changes.

AbstractThis Centenary Issue presents a selection of the articles on labour law that were published in the International Labour Review (ILR) during its first 100 years. The articles were chosen for their contribution to two tracks of debate and discourse. The first concerns a progression of ideas over time with respect to the scope and substance of labour law in general. The second charts the evolution of international labour law more specifically. This introduction provides a narrative weaving together the landmarks that were selected in each of these tracks and pointing out recurring themes, questions and challenges as well as changing points of view.

Civil Society Organizations and General Data Protection Regulation Compliance: Challenges, Opportunities and Best Practices, a new report from the Open Society Information Program, looks specifically at the ways that the world's most comprehensive data privacy law impacts nongovernmental organizations.It examines, in practical terms, what these kind of organizations have done to comply with the law. It also presents research showing ways that governments, businesses, and some powerful individuals have tried—so far unsuccessfully—to use the law to prevent these organizations from pursuing public interest research and reporting.Finally, the report provides a best practices guide that can be used to ensure compliance and limit risk.

Services of general interest are provided across Europe in different legal and institutional forms. They vary from private law to the commissioning of third parties through administrative cooperation. Even though these services and their forms of provision are subject to special regulations in European primary law, they are not always sufficiently included in legislative initiatives of the European Commission. The paper shows that this is contrary to the subsidiary spirit of the European Treaties, which protect this diversity as an important value under European law. Based on competition initiatives of the European Commission, the article analyzes the discrepancy between contractual claim and European political practice.

The purpose of the state law (rule of law) is to protect the rights and freedoms of human citizens to realize the general welfare, of the actions that an arbitrary ruler. It required strict regulation in order to protect citizens from becoming victims of arbitrariness state officials or authorities. A mechanism to protect the citizen right from abuse of power by government is through citizen lawsuit. However currently literature of citizen lawsuit is a weak in Indonesia, hence there should have been writing that discussion issues of citizen lawsuit from theory side. Keywords: Rule of law, Human Rights, Government

AbstractThe German Federal Constitutional Court's 2009 decision on the Lisbon Treaty immediately provoked passionate criticisms and revived the Court's image of the Eurosceptic par excellence. However, if one uses the Court's general case law on the interaction between European law and German constitutional law—in particular the Mangold follow-up (Re Honeywell) and the EURO bailout decision—as a background for analysis, a high level of practical support becomes apparent, that is quite the opposite to the all-out war some commentators predicted. It also illustrates how the Lisbon principles can be used to exert a positive influence on the European integration process.

The regulation of medical work in the UK has been shaped by the post-war settlement, which lead to the creation of the National Health Service in 1948. The removal of clinical care from the market was supported over the following decades by prohibitions of the sale of human organs and gametes. That settlement is now being dismantled, with the increasing privatisation of NHS facilities. The recommodification of medicine in Britain is achieved as part of broader patterns of neoliberal globalisation. Cross-border markets in health services are realized in law through international (e.g. the General Agreement on Trade in Services) and regional trade law (e.g. European Community law).