Il contributo analizza, anche con particolare riferimento al caso delle Università, il nuovo istituto della sorveglianza sanitaria eccezionale, introdotto dal d.l. n. 34/2020, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla l. n. 77/2020, evidenziandone natura, ratio e criticità e interrogandosi sulle conseguenze di tipo sistematico che, in una prospettiva de iure condendo, potrebbero derivare dal diritto della salute e della sicurezza sul lavoro dell'emergenza. With particular reference to the case of universities, the essay analyzes the new institute of exceptional health surveillance, introduced by legislative decree No. 34/2020, converted, with modifications, by l. n. 77/2020. The paper points out the nature, the ratio and the critical issues of this institute, considering the systematic consequences which, from a proactive perspective, could arise from the health and safety law of the emergency.
In its judgment n. 269 of 14th December 2017 the Italian Constitutional Court (ICC) redefined its relationship with Italian judges in cases of incompatibility between national legislation and constitutional provisions that are equivalent to those contained in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU). According to the previous ICC case law, Italian judges have to set aside national legislation conflicting with EU law (after a reference for a preliminary ruling to the European Court of Justice, where necessary). The ICC has now established that when the national provision infringes both Constitutional and the CFREU provisions, any Italian Court has first to ask the ICC to declare the unconstitutionality of the Italian norm. It is clear that if the previous solution was maintained, the setting aside of a national norm conflicting with a provision of the CFREU equivalent to a constitutional provision would entail, de facto, a check of constitutionality of Italian statute by Italian judges, a check which is an exclusive competence of the ICC in the Italian legal order. This revirement of the ICC raises a number of questions; in particular this paper discusses the issue of the order of precedence between preliminary rulings and the consequences of different evaluations of the ICC and of the ECJ concerning provisions of the CFREU corresponding to Constitutional provisions.
La tesi si propone di esaminare il ruolo e i limiti dell'integrazione del contratto nell'odierno panorama giuridico nazionale ed europeo. Lo studio prende avvio dall'esame delle fonti di eterointegrazione previste dal codice civile, al fine di inquadrarne i limiti e di definire i confini dei poteri attribuiti al giudice, volgendo lo sguardo anche verso altri ordinamenti di Civil law, come quello francese, e di Common Law, come quello inglese, oltre che ai progetti volti all'armonizzazione della legislazione europea. Successivamente ampio spazio è dedicato al meccanismo di riduzione equitativa della clausola penale e al dibattito, sviluppatosi in dottrina e in giurisprudenza, intorno all'art. 1384 c.c., disposizione che, a seguito di una interpretazione evolutiva, può oggi considerarsi ordinaria e non più eccezionale. In seguito si prende in considerazione l'integrazione nel "nuovo diritto dei contratti", che si è affiancato, anche sotto l'impulso della normativa europea, alla disciplina contenuta nel codice civile, consentendone inedite letture. In particolare vengono studiati i contratti dei consumatori e la disciplina della nullità delle clausole vessatorie, nonché alcuni profili dei contratti tra professionisti, con l'obiettivo di valutare se e in quale misura si possa parlare di evoluzione dell'art. 1374 c.c., con speciale riferimento all'equità. ; This thesis aims to examine the role and limits of the integration of the contract in today's National and European juridical scenery. The study starts with the examination of the sources of integration disciplined in the Civil Code, in order to define its boundaries and the confines of the powers attributed to the judge, taking into consideration the Civil law and Common law systems (such as the French and the English ones), as well as the projects aimed at the harmonization of European legislation. Subsequently ample space is devoted to the mechanism of equitable reduction of the penalty clause and to the debate, developed in doctrine and jurisprudence, around the art. 1384 of the Civil Code, which can now be regarded as an ordinary -and no more exceptional- rule, as a result of an evolutionary interpretation. The research continues with a study about the integration of the "New Contract Law", which generated with the model and influence of the European law and is nowadays working alongside the discipline contained in the Civil Code, allowing its new interpretations. In particular, this section of the thesis involves the Consumer Contracts and the rules about the invalidity of unfair clauses, as well as some profiles of Professional Contracts, to assess the evolution of art. 1374 cc, with special reference to equity.
Among the aristotelian works which have been passed on to posterity there isn't one specifically dedicated to the description of the man of politics : little can be said of the lost dialogue Politikós. In this choice Aristotle is very evidently in contrast with Plato who, in his political and philosophical theory, considered of great importance the doctrine of the man of politics. This research sets out to indicate a solution to this problem by analysing the Protrepticus and the passages of the two Ethics which refer to the man of politics and to the legislator. The analysis demonstrates that Aristotle, already in his early dialogue, favours the legislative function over the political function :this preference for the role of the nomothétês can be explained with reference to the importance Aristotle gives to law with a view to the education to virtue. However, the absence of a clear collocation of the man of politics in the more general field of political science leaves open the question of the addressee of the "architectural politics": this problem can only be solved by drawing on implicit references. The discussion on phrónêsis offers some explanation , even if in a doxographical form, of how Aristotle conceived the different levels of the political activity and the corresponding different types of politicians. Nonetheless these passages are always asides to the more general discussion on virtue.
The victory of Western liberal states that ended the Cold War generated the hope that international relations could be inspired by the ideals of democracy & the rule of law. Cosmopolitan democracy is a collective project of normative political theory originally developed by a group of European thinkers in the early 1990s with the aim to provide intellectual arguments in favor of an extension of democracy within states & at the global level. While some significant successes have been achieved in terms of democratization within states, much less has been attained in democratizing the global system. The aim of this review article is twofold: on the one hand, it reaffirms the basic concepts of cosmopolitan democracy. On the other hand, it discusses the critical remarks made by a variety of perspectives including the Realist, the Marxist, the Communitarian & the Multiculturalist. References. Adapted from the source document.
L'attività delle Autorità indipendenti presenta significative criticità per il pieno svolgimento delle libertà economiche sui mercati nei quali esse intervengono e per la democraticità dei processi decisionali che le medesime elaborano e attuano: si tratta di problemi che nascono proprio alla luce del principio di legalità, posto dall'ordinamento fondamentalmente a protezione delle libertà. Col presente lavoro s'intende in particolare verificare come tale principio "reagisca" all'uso della regolazione indipendente – intesa primariamente quale funzione di law making del settore o mercato di riferimento – e delle potestà implicite che su di essa si innestano, per poi stabilire sino a che livello l'ordinamento generale tolleri questo significativo cedimento della legalità. The activity of the independent Authorities presents significant criticalities for the full development of economic freedoms on the markets in which they intervene and for the democratic nature of the decision-making processes that they elaborate and implement: these are problems that arise precisely in light of the principle of legality, placed by the order basically to protect freedoms. The purpose of this paper is to verify how this principle "reacts" to the use of independent regulation - primarily intended as the law making function of the sector or reference market - and of the implicit powers that are grafted onto it, to then establish to what extent the general system tolerates this significant yielding of legality.
L'attività delle Autorità indipendenti presenta significative criticità per il pieno svolgimento delle libertà economiche sui mercati nei quali esse intervengono e per la democraticità dei processi decisionali che le medesime elaborano e attuano: si tratta di problemi che nascono proprio alla luce del principio di legalità, posto dall'ordinamento fondamentalmente a protezione delle libertà. Col presente lavoro s'intende in particolare verificare come tale principio "reagisca" all'uso della regolazione indipendente – intesa primariamente quale funzione di law making del settore o mercato di riferimento – e delle potestà implicite che su di essa si innestano, per poi stabilire sino a che livello l'ordinamento genera- le tolleri questo significativo cedimento della legalità. ; The activity of the independent Authorities presents significant criticalities for the full development of economic freedoms on the markets in which they intervene and for the democratic nature of the decision-making processes that they elaborate and implement: these are problems that arise precisely in light of the principle of legality, placed by the order basically to protect freedoms. The purpose of this paper is to verify how this principle "reacts" to the use of independent regulation - primarily intended as the law making function of the sector or reference market - and of the implicit powers that are grafted onto it, to then establish to what extent the general system tolerates this significant yielding of legality.
In November 2003, at the end of a ten-year process, the EU passed legislation (Regulation (EC) No 20044/2003) on the granting of public subsidies to European political parties, thus laying down the conditions governing both their funding & their implicit recognition. The article explores in detail this normative framework & the political implications of the European party finance law. It is argued that the case for granting political parties EU public subsidies has been based on the same arguments as national party-funding legislation & that the European legislation contains provisions that resemble those applicable within member states, despite the fact that political parties perform substantially different functions at European & national levels owing to the special features of the EU's institutional & political architecture. It is also argued that the granting of EU subsidies to political parties has very largely been cast within the debate on the "democratic deficit," but it is unlikely to contribute substantially to remedying that deficit & to fostering the development of a party system at the EU level that can help to kick-start momentum towards integration. The article analyzes the European party finance law by comparison with the national legislation of several member states, & presents a preliminary assessment of the impact of the new Regulation on the European political landscape during the first two years of application. References. Adapted from the source document.
How much the myth of Rome and Greek classicism influenced the French revolutionaries has long been discussed and studied by generations of scholars, each of whom has reconstructed the revolutionary experience projecting it on the needs and conflicts of their time. However, the reflection of men (and, in limited cases, of women) appears to be less studied on the role of ancient legislators and more generally on the idea of law that moved from the level of myth to that of political planning, in a context which, par excellence, was that of building a new world. The nascent political and legal architecture was built on the exaltation and at the same time on the distancing from the world of the past: Athens, Sparta and Rome were considered by some as an infinite archive from which to draw from to think about the future, by others as experiences unable to offer a rule or to serve as a model. Revolutionaries and counter-revolutionaries mirror the myth of the ancient legislator as a political weapon to be opposed to their opponents, in an alternation of signifiers of the revolutionary public discourse on the ancients: aristocrats, demagogues and tyrannical ones, in some cases, courageous, bold and far-sighted in others. From a first investigation it appears therefore that not only the French legislator, or rather the constituent, was inspired by Spartan and Athenian myths and legislations, or by the refinement (no less mythological) of Roman law, but it emerges, something less known and above all more stimulating, how much the texts of the moderns overlapped, in a constant conversation made up of references and "inventions", to those of the classics to the point of not distinguishing the former from the latter, and how the "legislation of the ancients" represented, in extreme synthesis, the inclined plane on which the "law of the moderns" was maturing.
This paper covers on the "end of life" with particular attention on DAT.I have analysed case-law of major interest on the relevant principles of constitutional law.I have also focused on the civil aspects of private law and notary law regarding the receipt of the DAT.The Welby, Englaro and Antoniani cases confirm the presence of a deep legislative gap of Italian legislation on the subject of end of life.The Antoniani case is a leading case that elicited the attention of the Constitutional Court with the judgement n. 242 of the 22nd of November 2019 with reference to the crime of instigation to suicide.The topic of the DAT concerns civil aspects related to the will to regulate a condition of future incapacity of subjects struck by accidents which gravely compromise their functional abilities.I have also analysed the aspects regarding the legitimacy of the receipt of the documents in question and their content. ; Il presente lavoro è sul tema del fine vita con particolare attenzione alle DAT.Si sono analizzati i casi giurisprudenziali di maggiore interesse sui principi di diritto costituzionale in oggetto con attenzione anche ad aspetti civilistici di diritto privato e della legge notarile riguardo il ricevimento delle DAT.I casi giurisprudenziali Welby, Englaro ed Antoniani hanno confermato la presenza di una profonda lacuna legislativa del legislatore italiano sul tema del fine vita.Il caso Antoniani è un leading case che ha suscitato l'attenzione della Corte Costituzionale con la sentenza 22 Novembre 2019, n. 242 con riferimento al reato dell'istigazione al suicidio. Il tema delle DAT riguarda aspetti civilistici sulla volontà di regolare una condizione di futura incapacità di un soggetto colpito da incidente che pregiudichi gravemente le proprie capacità funzionali.Sono stati analizzati gli aspetti riguardo la legittimità di ricevimento degli atti in oggetto ed il loro contenuto.
Traduzione di 'The Visible Hand of European Private Law', in Yearbook of European Law 2009, (28) 2010, 3-60. Tengo a ringraziare Norbert Reich, Fabrizio Cafaggi, Pierre-Marie Dupuy, Karlo Tuori, Neil Walker, Thomas Wilhelmsson, Wojciech Sadurski e Bruno de Witte per i loro validi commenti sulle versioni precedenti. Resta comunque valida la limitazione di responsabilità. ; Il titolo "La mano visibile del diritto privato europeo in materia normativa" è un'espressione che dovrebbe chiarire quella che io identifico come la più grande lacuna esistente non soltanto nel discorso politico ma anche nella dottrina e nella teoria del diritto privato europeo, alla quale mi auguro di apportare nuovi contributi e competenze sinora mancati. La mia ipotesi è che la "modernizzazione" o (in termini più cauti i cambiamenti) del diritto privato derivino da quelle discipline che si collocano ai confini del diritto privato tradizionale. Tenterò pertanto di avanzare una sorta di contro-proposta ai "Principi Acquis" e al "Draft Common Frame of Reference" ("Progetto di quadro comune di riferimento" o DCFR inteso come un corpo organico di norme del diritto privato europeo) proponendo un modello che lasci spazio al diritto privato degli ordinamenti giuridici nazionali pur tenendo conto del processo di europeizzazione che viene portato avanti da gruppi di esperti accademici quali il "Gruppo di studio per un Codice civile europeo" e il "Gruppo Acquis", nonché da parte del legislatore europeo, o ancora mediante la produzione di norme giuridiche di natura non vincolante e non impositiva (il cosiddetto "soft law"). Vista la struttura multi-livello della Comunità europea, occorre un modello che consenta di determinare quali norme devono essere elaborate e applicate, a quale livello e da parte di chi. Quello che ho in mente è un nuovo orientamento strutturale del diritto privato (europeo) che tenga conto della trasformazione del diritto privato europeo dall'autonomia al funzionalismo nella concorrenza e nella regolamentazione
This paper analyses the recent judgment no. 914 of 3 June 2021, rendered by the Court of Justice of the European Union in the case C-914/19, Ministry of Justice v. G.N., following the preliminary referral raised by the Council of State, Section IV, with ordinance no. 8154 of 19 September 2019, in relation to the age limit for admission to the italian competition for appointment of notaries. The work takes place through the analysis of the principle of non-discrimination in the European Union and international legal system and of the EU legislation on age discrimination, too. In particular, the main provisions of Directive 2000/78/EC are analyzed, as well as the evolution of the relevant case-law, especially with reference to the legitimate options of age discriminatory treatment, as provided by Articles 2.2, 2.5, 4.1 and 6.1 of Directive 2000/78 / EC. After providing a general framework of the discipline and jurisprudence in the field of discriminatory treatment based on age, the author analyzes, on the basis of the judgment of the CJEU no. 914/2021, the age limit provided for by italian law on access to the notary profession and its compatibility with European Union law, illustrating the main legal issues inherent in the Court's reasoning. By analyzing the decision no. 914/2021, the paper underlines the contribution of the EU Court in confirming the margin of appreciation, allowed to States, in the definition of the causes which could justify age discrimination. The final section of the paper proposes some reflections upon the standard of the European regulatory framework and the indications provided by the jurisprudence of the CJEU, with respect to the issue of assessment indices that should allow national judges to verify the legitimacy of discriminate age-based treatment. In particular, also in the light of two recent preliminary referrals raised by the Italia's Council of State to the Court of Justice of the European Union, the author questions the future scenarios, in which disputes about age ...
Ritengo utile spiegare le motivazioni della intitolazione della mia contribuzione: "Le relazioni Chiesa-Mondo dal Concilio di Trento al Concilio Vaticano II". Una prima motivazione deriva dalla recente pubblicazione di un mio volume sull'evoluzione storico-giuridica delle relazioni fra la Chiesa e le Comunità politiche dal punto di vista della scienza giuspubblicistica. Una seconda motivazione, intimamente collegata alla prima, deriva dalla precisa consapevolezza, maturata in questi anni di ricerche sulle tematiche del Diritto pubblico ecclesiastico, che tale scienza giuridica ha un profondo valore culturale e che è doveroso, come storico del diritto, scavare a fondo per comprendere bene le radici di questa disciplina e la sua importanza nella società, non solo ecclesiastica, odierna. Nella odierna conferenza cercherò di evidenziare in che modo le relazioni Chiesa-Mondo si sono delineate nel periodo storico indicato nel titolo dell'intervento, accennando agli effetti che il Concilio Vaticano II ha provocato nelle suddette relazioni. ; I consider it is useful to explain the motivations of the title that I chose for my contribution: "The relations Church-World from the Council of Trent to the Second Vatican Council". The first motivation derives from the recent publication of a volume that I wrote about the historical and juridical development of the relations between the Church and the political Communities from the perspective of the public law science. The second motivation, which is strictly linked to the first one, derives from the precise awareness, that I reached during these years of researches about the themes of Public Ecclesiastical Law, that this juridical science has a deep cultural value; this value should be analysed in-depth, as an historian of Law, for a better understanding of the roots of this discipline and its importance in the current, and not only ecclesiastical, society. In today's conference, I'll try to highlight in which way the relations Church-World developed during the historical period mentioned in the title of the speech, by making some references to the effects that the Second Vatican Council caused in the above-mentioned relations. ; Ciencias Religiosas ; Derecho
La presente tesi ha come obiettivo principale un'analisi dei caratteri salienti dell'istituto della cittadinanza e gli effetti che questo potrebbe produrre alla luce del diritto internazionale e dei processi di integrazione regionale. Tenendo presente che la cittadinanza, in quanto istituto di diritto interno, irradia i suoi effetti e soffre altresì limitazioni anche dall'esterno, tale da renderla rilevante per l'ordinamento giuridico internazionale, osserveremo come e in quali misure i fenomeni di integrazione regionale, quale Unione europea e Mercosul, impattano sulla tematica della cittadinanza. In questo senso, l'istituzione di una cittadinanza comune, la quale presuppone la titolarità di quella nazionale, è stata alla base delle iniziative dell'Unione in questo campo. Più di recente, tale interesse ha coinvolto anche il Mercosul in ragione della crescente attenzione verso la disciplina delle aree sociali oltre che quelle economiche, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la circolazione e il soggiorno delle persone e l'approvazione di un piano di azione che prevede l'istituzione della Cittadinanza del Mercosul, ispirata dal modello europeo, entro il 2021. ; The primary purpose of this research is to conduct an analysis of the main features of citizenship and the effects that it might produce in the light of international law and of regional integration processes. Citizenship under national law radiates its effects and also suffers limitation from outside and for this reason it appears extremely relevant to international law. We will thus observe how and in which measures the regional integration phenomena, in particular the European Union and the Mercosur, have an impact on the issue of citizenship. In this sense, the establishment of a common citizenship, which presupposes nationality of a Member State, has been the basis for European Union initiatives in this field. More recently, these initiatives have also involved the Mercosur in light of an increasing attention towards the regulation of social as well as economic areas, especially with reference to the movement and residence of people and the approval of a plan of action for the establishment of the Mercosur Citizenship within 2021, that is inspired by the European model.
