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Gives an overview of the various contributions of judicial context in Il Politico, including subtopics of legal themes & the various countries from which writings came & discusses the contributors & writings for subtopics such as philosophy of law & public & constitutional legal studies. 108 References. E. Miller

This paper sketches a historical & analytical framework for the interpretation of the process of European integration. The chosen approach tries to relate the European regional integration to the processes of the formation & consolidation of nation-states. The latter completed the process of European territorial differentiation of the Middle Ages common heritage based on Christian cultural identity, Latin high-language & culture, & Roman public law, Germanic common law, & Church Canon law. European integration is interpreted as a new phase of development of the European system of nation-states characterized by an uneven process of territorial de-differentiation, which generates tensions due to the decoupling of the formerly territorially overlapping principles of identity, solidarity, & legitimized decision rules within the nation-state. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 29 References. Adapted from the source document.

In 1948, during the first war of Italian national independence, Antonio Rosmini had strongly claimed that, in the case of Italy, a good constitution had to be approved before the unification of the Peninsula could be accomplished. In his view, only after establishing an adequate "constitutional statute", could "substance" be given to society. As it is well known, things went in a very different way. National Unity was achieved without any preliminary reference to the order of constitutional institutions. The Statute (written constitution), which had been granted by Carl Albert to the Kingdom of Sardinia, was extended to the Kindom of Italy, with several "tacit" modifications due to habits. But the life of the representative government turned out shaky, until it fell due to the rising of fascism. The subsequent fascist regime also fell, however, because of the defeat in World War Two. The so-called "First Republic" followed, and it also finished, at the end of the cold war. Today, the results of the events of the recent past seem uncertain. The common trait of the three constitutional experiences of united Italy seems to be the will to establish an order informed by positive law, and hence grounded on the will of completely independent men. This is the result of abandoning any reference to the superiority of a transcendent natural law. Adapted from the source document.

A review essay on books by (1) Carol L Bacchi, Women, Policy and Politics (London: Sage, 1999); (2) Lee Ann Banaszak, Karen Beckwith, Dieter Rucht [Eds], Women's Movements Facing the Reconfigured State (Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 2003); (3) Catherine Hoskyins, Integrating Gender: Women, Law and Politics in the European Union (London: Verso, 1996); (4) Amy G. Mazur, Theorizing Feminist Policy (Oxford: Oxford U Press, 2002); (5) Joyce Outshoorn & Johanna Kantola [Eds], Changing State Feminism (London: Palgrave, 2007); & (6) Dorothy McBride Stetson & Amy G. Mazur [Eds], Comparative State Feminism (Oxford, Oxford U Press, 1995). Tables, References.

On December 16, 2004, a debate on "Law & Political Science. Reality & Perspectives", followed the closing of the Day of "Il Politico" on the future of Europe. The initiative was prompted by the recent publications of writings by Bruno Leone, Raffaele De Mucci, Lorenzo Infantino, Antonio Masala & Angelo Panebianco. The day started out with the introduction by Pasquale Scaramozzino, director of "Il Politico", followed by a round table joined by Raimondo Cubeddu, Mauro Barberis, Carlo Lottieri, Antonio Masala, Giorgio Fedel & Angelo Panebianco. This article is a synthesis of their participation. References. M. Schroeder

The victory of Western liberal states that ended the Cold War generated the hope that international relations could be inspired by the ideals of democracy & the rule of law. Cosmopolitan democracy is a collective project of normative political theory originally developed by a group of European thinkers in the early 1990s with the aim to provide intellectual arguments in favor of an extension of democracy within states & at the global level. While some significant successes have been achieved in terms of democratization within states, much less has been attained in democratizing the global system. The aim of this review article is twofold: on the one hand, it reaffirms the basic concepts of cosmopolitan democracy. On the other hand, it discusses the critical remarks made by a variety of perspectives including the Realist, the Marxist, the Communitarian & the Multiculturalist. References. Adapted from the source document.

In November 2003, at the end of a ten-year process, the EU passed legislation (Regulation (EC) No 20044/2003) on the granting of public subsidies to European political parties, thus laying down the conditions governing both their funding & their implicit recognition. The article explores in detail this normative framework & the political implications of the European party finance law. It is argued that the case for granting political parties EU public subsidies has been based on the same arguments as national party-funding legislation & that the European legislation contains provisions that resemble those applicable within member states, despite the fact that political parties perform substantially different functions at European & national levels owing to the special features of the EU's institutional & political architecture. It is also argued that the granting of EU subsidies to political parties has very largely been cast within the debate on the "democratic deficit," but it is unlikely to contribute substantially to remedying that deficit & to fostering the development of a party system at the EU level that can help to kick-start momentum towards integration. The article analyzes the European party finance law by comparison with the national legislation of several member states, & presents a preliminary assessment of the impact of the new Regulation on the European political landscape during the first two years of application. References. Adapted from the source document.

This is the text of the opening lecture given by the author at the 2004 Conference of Italian Society of Political Science in Padua. In the first section the main definitions of democracy & democratic qualities, as rule of law, vertical accountability, horizontal accountability, responsiveness, freedom & equality/solidarity are discussed to set up the main notions that are necessary to address the key question in the second section: If we would like to explain the qualities of a democracy how much are the previous political traditions of the country relevant? The main other explanatory factors are suggested & complemented by the role of authoritarian legacy & a few key hypotheses are suggested. In the last section the essay does not provide any ultimate general reply, but the analysis of the impact of authoritarian legacy in a few countries of Southern Europe (Portugal, Spain, Italy, but not Greece where it is not relevant) & of the Southern Cone of Latin America (Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil) with regard to the quality of contemporary democracies in those countries is suggested. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

The only case of a Prime Minister directly elected by the voters can be found in the recent Israeli political experience. The system has not worked satisfactorily & after three elections has been abandoned. Even the most powerful of the Prime Ministers, ie, the British Prime Minister, derives his/her powers not from a direct popular election, but from his/her being the leader of the political party that has won an absolute majority of parliamentary seats. For this reason, he/she may be replaced by his/her parliamentary party, as has been the case, in the postwar period, for Anthony Eden, Harold MacMillan, Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, & Margaret Thatcher. In this article, the author criticizes the recent Italian proposals for an elective Prime Minister as a solution to the problems of the weak & noncohesive political coalitions & of the difficult relationship between government & Parliament. The major contention of this article it that most of the problems derive not from the lack of formal institutional powers in the hand of the Prime Minister, but from the imperfect electoral law that does not reduce the number of parties & gives much leverage to small parties. 3 References. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyses government popularity in Italy during the post-1992 period. In earlier times public opinion approval of the government had little political & electoral relevance. With the enactment of a new electoral law & the change of the party system, the ensuing alternation in government of different political coalitions makes meaningful a study of what drives government approval. The analysis is grounded in the "reasoning voter/valence politics" paradigm, according to which government performance can reinforce or discount voters' party preference profiles. Two analyses are carried out, one at the aggregate level & one at the individual level. Regarding the former, a time-series model of monthly government ratings is fitted to both Centre-Left (1996-2001) & Centre-Right (2001-2006) governments, with findings showing that economic (consumers') expectations & international events mainly explain government popularity. Such conclusion is confirmed also from the individual level analysis: voters' approval of the government depends on the perception of economic conditions which, in turns, influences the assessment of government competence. Both outgoing Centre-Left (2001) & Centre-Right (2006) political coalitions were then defeated because of the low standing in the popular approval. Finally, the article discusses the importance of government leadership in contemporary Italian politics. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

The article deals with Jenny Griziotti Kretschmann, born in Wishni-Wolostchok (Russia) on 22 June 1884 in a middleclass family of German origin & died on 4 December 1980 in Pavia (Italy). In October 1905 she moved from Moscow to Lausanne in order to enroll at the Faculty of Social Sciences where she attended Vilfredo Pareto's courses in Economics. Here she met Benvenuto Griziotti, also in Lausanne for a postgraduate specializing course; in Pavia he would become one of the major Italian scholars in Finance. In 1908 she followed him to Rome where she enrolled at the Faculty of Law, & attended courses held by Antonio De Viti De Marco, Rodolfo Benini & Maffeo Pantaloni, who was carrying out innovative analysis on system dynamics factors. Under Pantaleoni's supervision, she got her full degree in December 1912. From 1930 until her retirement in 1954 she taught as a Lecturer in Economics at the University of Pavia (1930-1933), was assigned the course of Financial Law & Finance at the University of Parma (1935-1940) & of History of Economic Doctrines at the University of Pavia (1940-1954); since 1948 she was also assigned the course of Finance & Economic Policy. She never had the possibility to hold any academic chair; those who knew her acknowledged that her political creed & her status as an academic's wife did not favor her career at all. Some prevailing paths of interest can be discerned in her numerous articles, essays & monographs on issues in Economy & Economic Theory. Initially (1915-1929) she carried out pioneer systematic analysis of the peculiar features of Russian economy. Another area of interest of hers was the analysis of long-term price movements. A third research area she addressed included issues in economic & financial policies, & a fourth area of interest was the history of economic thought, in which regard her handbook is of primary importance; it is based on an interdisciplinary approach, as systems can be fully understood only if analyzed in the context of the social & ideological milieus in which they constitute & evolve in time. Part of her fecund activity is reflected in textbooks on economic policy & finance (1950-1954) & her commitment, also to the diffusion of economic thought, is testified by her transla-tions into Italian of works by Wagemann (1932), Wicks ell, von Mises & Hayek (1935) & the fifth Italian edition of Economics by P. Samuelson (1964). Partly inventoried biographical material & the collection of her writings are available in the Griziotti Family Archive in Pavia (Italy). The most significant recognition of her status has only recently been awarded by those few -- not Italian -- authors who came in contact with her scientific work. References. Adapted from the source document.