Legal compliance is an important part of certifying the correct behaviour of a business process. To be compliant, organizations might hard-wire regulations into processes, limiting the discretion that workers have when choosing what activities should be executed in a case. Worse, hard-wired compliant processes are difficult to change when laws change, and this occurs very often. This paper proposes a model-driven approach to process compliance and combines a) reference models from laws, and b) business process models. Both reference and process models are expressed in a declarative process language, The Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) graphs. They are subject to testing and verification, allowing law practitioners to check consistency against the intent of the law. Compliance checking is a combination of alignments between events in laws and events in a process model. In this way, a reference model can be used to check different process variants. Moreover, changes in the reference model due to law changes do not necessarily invalidate existing processes, allowing their reuse and adaptation. We exemplify the framework via the alignment of laws and business rules and a real contract change management process, Finally, we show how compliance checking for declarative processes is decidable, and provide a polynomial time approximation that contrasts NP complexity algorithms used in compliance checking for imperative business processes. All-together, this paper presents technical and methodological steps that are being used by legal practitioners in municipal governments in their efforts towards digitalization of work practices in the public sector.
Legal compliance is an important part of certifying the correct behaviour of a business process. To be compliant, organizations might hard-wire regulations into processes, limiting the discretion that workers have when choosing what activities should be executed in a case. Worse, hard-wired compliant processes are difficult to change when laws change, and this occurs very often. This paper proposes a model-driven approach to process compliance and combines a) reference models from laws, and b) business process models. Both reference and process models are expressed in a declarative process language, The Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) graphs. They are subject to testing and verification, allowing law practitioners to check consistency against the intent of the law. Compliance checking is a combination of alignments between events in laws and events in a process model. In this way, a reference model can be used to check different process variants. Moreover, changes in the reference model due to law changes do not necessarily invalidate existing processes, allowing their reuse and adaptation. We exemplify the framework via the alignment of laws and business rules and a real contract change management process, Finally, we show how compliance checking for declarative processes is decidable, and provide a polynomial time approximation that contrasts NP complexity algorithms used in compliance checking for imperative business processes. All-together, this paper presents technical and methodological steps that are being used by legal practitioners in municipal governments in their efforts towards digitalization of work practices in the public sector.
Intended to serve as a readily-accessible reference tool for Indiana judges confronted with issues of public health law. Outlines state public health statutes and regulations and analyzes relevant state and federal caselaw in several topical areas. ; Jurisdiction of public health issues -- Health agencies and boards -- Searches, seizures and other government actions to ensure public health -- Proceedings regarding limitations on individual liberties -- Operation of the courts amid public health threats -- State of emergency -- Model orders -- Appendices -- Index. ; Mark A. Rothstein, Meghan K. Talbott, Amy R. Schofield, Linda L. Chezem. ; Includes index. ; ".A collaborating center of the Public Health Law Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."--pdf cover page. ; "This publication was supported by Cooperative Agreement Number U50/CCU423386 from the Public Health Law Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of CDC." - p. ii ; Mode of access: World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (1.28 MB, 197 p.). ; Text ( pdf format: , 937 KB, 198 p.).
The European Union has struggled for decades to establish a streamlined method of uniform patent protection. Its current solution involves both a European Patent of Unitary Effect and the implementation of the Unified Patent Court to adjudicate patent claims. The current proposal, however, does not eliminate the two other routes to patent protection that currently exist: national patent grants and classical European patents. The existence of three possible routes to patent protection could lead to increased fragmentation in the way patents are interpreted across the European Union. Creating a more unified system entails both ensuring that the substantive patent law contained in the Unified Patent Court Agreement is binding on member states, and giving the newly formed Unified Patent Court a preliminary reference power to interpret the substantive provisions of the Unified Patent Court Agreement.
The proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL, COM (2011) 635 final) expressly includes an "autonomous" interpretation standard. The interpretation method is included in three places in the instrument: in the Preamble, Recital 29, the Regulation itself, Article 11, and in the actual sales law, Annex I, Article 4. The term autonomous is used in the Preamble and the Annex I. An autonomous interpretation standard is considered desirable in legal scholarship for the application of international instruments, both in private and public international law. The introduction of this standard in CESL could therefore be an important advancement for the theory and practice of international law. In the following, it will be analysed how this interpretation standard can be defined, how it has evolved in the context of existing international law instruments and what the standard is that CESL legislates.
The proposed Common European Sales Law (CESL, COM (2011) 635 final) expressly includes an "autonomous" interpretation standard. The interpretation method is included in three places in the instrument: in the Preamble, Recital 29, the Regulation itself, Article 11, and in the actual sales law, Annex I, Article 4. The term autonomous is used in the Preamble and the Annex I. An autonomous interpretation standard is considered desirable in legal scholarship for the application of international instruments, both in private and public international law. The introduction of this standard in CESL could therefore be an important advancement for the theory and practice of international law. In the following, it will be analysed how this interpretation standard can be defined, how it has evolved in the context of existing international law instruments and what the standard is that CESL legislates.
Leaf bearing corrections inserted at p. 63. ; The appendix: Suggested forms for military passes, etc., as well as for certain military agreements such as armistices, etc. .(27 p.) is also published separately. ; Based on notes of lectures by M. Louis Renault of the Institut de France. ; Mode of access: Internet.
This paper tends to examine the nature of rape crime under Islamic law in order to take sterner action against this crime in line with Islamic law. As the Holy Quran does not directly deal with rape crime, for this reason, there is a wide range of disagreement among jurists regarding the issue of rape crime. Rape is not a single dimension issue, therefore, this paper is meant to shed light on issues related to rape such as whether or not rape is a separate crime? When does sexual intercourse amount to rape? What does Islam prescribe punishment for a person who is coerced to commit rape? Does Islam permit abortion for raped women? Why marital rape does not exist in Islam? Whether rapists may be awarded the punishment of lashes, Imprisonment or death as t'azir or syasah? This paper finds out what Zina (fornication) is under Islamic law because in Islamic jurisprudence only coerced Zina is regarded as rape. Thus, this paper is classifying rape in the same category as Zina. By classifying rape as a subset of Zina can only sort out the juridical issues that are emanating from coerced Zina. However, Some modern scholars put rape in a category of Hirabbah crime in order to circumvent the strict evidentiary procedure of Zina(fornication) crime. This paper depicts that there is no need to put rape in the domain of Hirabah because Islamic law permits the ruler or legislation to award punishment of lashes or death as Tazir or Syasah without waiting for the four pious Muslim male eye witness and inflicting Hadd of Qadaf(slander) to the complainant. Finally, this paper is exploring the options that may be taken in order to nip this crime in the bud.
There is no legislation to regulate international contract commercial in Indonesia. The law that has been regulating such activity still refers to the Indonesian Civil Code ( book III) which it's an inheritance of the Dutch colonial government (the Dutch 1838 Civil Code). Many people said that the law is out of date and it will be a problem and an obstacle to perform international commercial contract in Indonesia (especially contract that involve foreign entities). In accordance with that, there is an opinion that it is urgent for Indonesia to make a new legislation as soon as possible to replace or reform the old code. Even though on the other side, people said that an old code ( book III Civil Code) is still appropriate to regulate performing contracts including international commercial contracts in Indonesia. The research resume that to modernize the Indonesian contract law, it is better to refer to the international contract profiles and rules. The UNIDROIT principles on international commercial contract are maybe the best source for modern Civil Code ( Book III) and UNIDROIT Principles have fundamental principles value like "Freedom of Contract, Consesualism", and so on. It means that some fundamental values in the UNIDROIT Principles are not strange to Indonesian law. ; peer-reviewed
Для Республики Таджикистан вопрос о реформе в сфере землепользования является одной из актуальных и злободневных проблем требующих, как законодательного, так и практического осмысления на государственном уровне. В виду этого, в Республике Таджикистан были приняты ряд нормативно-правовых и государственных программ по улучшению состояния дел в этой сфере. Осуществление реорганизации сельскохозяйственных предприятый привело к тому, что дехкане приобрели земельный пай и самостоятельно стали образовывать дехканские хозяйства, осуществляющие производство сельскохозяйственной продукции исходя из собственных интересов и возможностей. ; The issue on the reform in the sphere of land utilization is one of the actual and burning problems in Tajikistan requiring both legislative and practical comprehension on a state level. In view of it a number of normative-legal state programmes on improvement of matters were adopted in Tajikistan Republic. Reorganization of agricultural enterprises eventuated in the fact that dekhans acquired land shares and formed independent dekhan households which produce agricultural production proceeding from their own interests and possibilities.
Die staatenzentrierte internationale Ordnung ist im Wandel begriffen und die Bedeutung von Individuen als völkerrechtliche Akteure nimmt beständig zu. Doch in den meisten Völkerrechtsregimes tritt der Staat zwischen Völkerrecht und Individuen und mediatisiert diese. Im Licht der Humanisierung, wie sie durch aktuelle Resouveränisierungstendenzen qualifiziert wird, liegt mit dieser Arbeit eine grundlegende Neubewertung der Zwischenschaltung des Staates zwischen Individuum und Völkerrecht vor. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, unter Rückgriff auf Lehren, die aus der hohen Effektivität und Legitimität des, die Mediatisierung großteils überwundenen Internet Governance-Regimes gezogen werden können, das optimale völkerrechtliche Regimedesign für die Zukunft herauszuarbeiten. Die Arbeit untersucht zu diesem Zweck, wie mithilfe der funktionalen Analyse die Mediatisierung von Staaten als Standardlösung in völkerrechtlichen Regimes überwunden werden kann. Am Beispiel von Internet Governance werden die Charakteristika eines ?Post-Interposition? Regimes (multistakeholderbasierte Regulierung, nichttraditionelle normative Instrumente und Durchbrechung der Mediatisierung) aufgezeigt und generalisierbare Einsichten für andere Völkerrechtsregimes gewonnen.Die Arbeit schließt mit der Feststellung, dass eine Völkerrechtsordnung, die Mediatisierung als Standard-Setup für völkerrechtliche Akteurszuweisungen überwindet (dabei aber stets dem funktionalen Test genügt, der kontrolliert, dass das Regime in seiner Gesamtheit das Individuum schützt) zu effektiveren und legitimeren normativen Ergebnissen führen kann. ; The state-centric international order is in flux and the role of the individual as an actor in international law is growing. Yet in most international law regimes, states continue to interposition themselves between individuals and international law and mediate between international law and their citizens. Against the background of the regime-transcending paradigm of humanization as qualified by resovereignization, this thesis revisits the interposition of states between individuals and international law. From the normative success, as measured by legitimacy and effectivity, of the most innovative post-interposition regime, Internet Governance Law, this thesis draws lessons for the optimal design ? with a focus on the position of individuals ? of (existing and emerging) international law regimes. Innovatively, this thesis describes how functional analysis of the interposition of states, can have a transformative effect on the international order. In the case study of International Internet Law, an emerging legal regime without ?entrenchment bias? towards mediation of individuals by states, this thesis elaborates all characteristics of a post-interposition regime, including a commitment to multistakeholderism, non-traditional normative instruments and system-wide disintermediation. The case study of International Internet Law validates transcending interposition in international law because the regime?s normative results are both largely legitimate and broadly effective.A post-interposition international law, as qualified by functionalism, is best able to respond to the regulatory challenges of an international order shaped by humanization as qualified by resovereignization by institutionalizing organically an allocation of roles, rights and responsibilities to states and individuals that is likely to lead to more effective and legitimate normative outcomes. ; von Matthias Kettemann ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Diss., 2012 ; OeBB ; (VLID)222894
Scholars and politicians have always fiercely debated on the role of government in the economy. This has shaped the legal frameworks governing the relationship between markets and governments. A key element of these legal frameworks is the antitrust legislation and the focus of this paper is the most remarkable difference between US and EU: State Aid. It is virtually non existent in the former while explicit policy in the latter. While in Europe it became an important issue in the light of the building of a single European market, it has not been a key issue for US antitrust basically because of historical reasons. More specifically, this discussion paper analyzes the impact on regulation of network industries played by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) with its Altmark decision (July 24th 2003), which defined the conditions so that a compensation for public services is not considered state aid. The analysis address specifically on the fourth condition which applies whenever the undertaking is not chosen in a public procurement: compensation needs to be determined by benchmarking the operations of the public service provider against market determined standards. In the last part of this paper we briefly present a case study on the postal sector, where risks for State Aid legislation infringement are likely to arise if universal service cost burdens are to be compensated through public subsidies. We also present a possible way forward that needs to researched to address this issue.
Summary1. Premise: an approach to the notion of security from a semantic, historical and legal perspective. 2. The notion of security in the European Court of Human Rights case law and its threefold nature. 2.1 The human right to security in the ECHR. 2.2 Security as a limit to the exercise of certain ECHR human rights. 2.3 Security as a limit to certain guarantees related to the right to a fair trial (Arts. 6.1 and 6.3.c ECHR). Conclusions: "human security" vs. security as a limit to rights.Abstract.The concept of security entails a series of questions that relate, first and foremost, to the scope of its meaning. Some of these dilemmas derive from a mere observation: the current social, political, economic and cultural reality shows that few notions, such as security, are so present in all the fields in which human beings develop. In a certain sense, security surrounds everything and everything can be lead back to that basic and primordial human need. This was understood by thinkers of the importance of Macchiavelli, Hobbes or Locke who, among others, placed security at the origin of the modern State. All of these reasons and circumstances allow us to understand why security is today a legally relevant good, recognized from different perspectives in our constitutional texts and international treaties of particular significance, such as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).Thus, on the one hand, the Spanish Constitutional Court (TC) and, on the other, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) have been responsible to delimit the legal meaning of this notion, each within their respective spheres of competence. In this sense, the TC has interpreted the notion of security contained in the Spanish Constitution of 1978 (EC), giving it a triple meaning: basic principle of the legal system ("legal security"), fundamental right (Art. 17.1 EC), and "citizen security" (Arts. 104 and 149.1.29 EC). Furthermore, the ECtHR recognises that security, within the framework of the ECHR, stands out for its threefold nature: once again, fundamental right (Art. 5 ECHR); security as a clearly established boundary as regards to the exercise of certain rights enshrined in the Convention (Arts. 6, 8-11, Art. 2.3 Prot. Ad. nº 4 y Art. 1.2 Prot. Ad. nº 7 ECHR); and security as an implicit limit to the effectiveness of a certain procedural guarantee: the right to legal assistance (Art. 6.3.c ECHR). In relation to the latter case, the ECtHR (STEDH of 13 September 2016, Ibrahim and others v. the United Kingdom) has been concerned to point out that the existence of "compelling reasons" related to the need to protect national security, would justify the temporary suspension of the right to legal assistance, notwithstanding the letter of Art. 6 ECHR does not protect this interpretation.The study focuses on these aspects and concludes with some considerations on the inability (or unwillingness) of the TC and the ECtHR to adopt the notion of "human security" as an interpretative paradigm in the practice of defending human rights, and on the dangers involved in rewarding utilitarian logics in the development of that same practice. ; El concepto de seguridad entraña una serie de interrogantes que guardan relación, en primer lugar, con el alcance de su propio significado. Algunos de esos dilemas derivan de una mera constatación: la realidad social, política, económica y cultural actual demuestra que pocas nociones, como la de seguridad, resultan ser tan presentes en todos los ámbitos en los que se desarrolla el ser humano. En un cierto sentido, la seguridad lo abarca todo y todo puede ser reconducido a esa necesidad humana, básica y primordial. Así lo entendieron pensadores de la importancia de Macchiavelli, Hobbes o Locke que, entre otros, colocaron la seguridad al origen del Estado moderno. Todas esas razones y circunstancias nos permiten entender por qué la seguridad constituye hoy un bien jurídicamente relevante, reconocido, desde perspectivas distintas, en nuestros textos constitucionales y en tratados internacionales de particular trascendencia, como el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos (CEDH).Así, por una parte el Tribunal Constitucional español (TC) y por otra el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) se han preocupado de delimitar el significado jurídico de esa noción, cada uno desde sus respectivos ámbitos de competencia. En este sentido, el TC ha interpretado la noción de seguridad contenida en la Constitución española de 1978 (CE), otorgándole un triple significado: el de principio básico del ordenamiento jurídico ("seguridad jurídica"), el de derecho fundamental (Art. 17.1 CE), y el de "seguridad ciudadana" (Arts. 104 y 149.1.29 CE). Asimismo, el TEDH reconoce que la seguridad, en el marco del CEDH, destaca por su naturaleza triple: nuevamente la de derecho fundamental (Art. 5 CEDH); la de límite claramente establecido en lo que atañe al ejercicio de determinados derechos consagrados en el Convenio (Arts. 6, 8-11, Art. 2.3 Prot. Ad. nº 4 y Art. 1.2 Prot. Ad. nº 7 CEDH) y la de límite implícito a la eficacia de una determinada garantía de naturaleza procesal: el derecho a la asistencia letrada (Art. 6.3.c CEDH). En relación a este último caso, el TEDH (STEDH de 13 de septiembre de 2016, asunto Ibrahim and others vs. the United Kingdom) se ha preocupado de señalar que la existencia de "causas imperativas" ("compelling reasons" en el texto de la sentencia) relacionadas con la necesidad de proteger la seguridad nacional, justificarían la suspensión temporal del derecho a la asistencia letrada, no obstante la letra del Art. 6 CEDH no ampare dicha interpretación.El estudio se articula en torno a estos aspectos y concluye con algunas reflexiones sobre la incapacidad (o la falta de voluntad) del TC y del TEDH de adoptar la noción de "seguridad humana" como criterio interpretativo en la labor de defensa de los derechos humanos, y sobre los peligros que entraña premiar lógicas utilitaristas en el desarrollo de esa misma labor.
The authors of the penal code of 1932 modelled their reaction measures on the best contemporary standards. The system of criminal response was based on a double-track model, in German called zwei Spuren, in Italian – doppio binario, in which, along with penalties, there were also preventive measures. This system grew out of certain political and criminal assumptions of the sociological school, expressed most fully in the works of Franz von Liszt. Return in contemporary law, to the wide use of preventive measures, post and pre-penal, forces us to return to the sources and to critically examine the assumptions of the indicated approach, including the idea of an incorrigible criminal who should be isolated, not in relation to what he did, but because of who he is. Tracing the history of regulations, in particular their practical application should be a lesson for modern lawmakers.
The authors of the penal code of 1932 modelled their reaction measures on the best contemporary standards. The system of criminal response was based on a double-track model, in German called zwei Spuren, in Italian – doppio binario, in which, along with penalties, there were also preventive measures. This system grew out of certain political and criminal assumptions of the sociological school, expressed most fully in the works of Franz von Liszt. Return in contemporary law, to the wide use of preventive measures, post and pre-penal, forces us to return to the sources and to critically examine the assumptions of the indicated approach, including the idea of an incorrigible criminal who should be isolated, not in relation to what he did, but because of who he is. Tracing the history of regulations, in particular their practical application should be a lesson for modern lawmakers.
