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This paper seeks to establish a framework for studying real estate futures. In doing so, it explores the general climate of change within which property decisions will have to be made, and examines the specific real estate opportunities that might emerge as a result of that change. For the purpose of appraisal, the forces of change are grouped into six sectors - cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, governmental and technological. Property perspectives are then portrayed for each of these sectors, and some conclusions drawn regarding the likely directions of change in the fields of real estate investment, development and management. Above all, the paper aims to provoke thought and provide a means for identifying and evaluating the forces of change as they affect decision making in the real estate industry.

German law and order policies have been described as exceptional compared to other Western industrialized countries in that they seem to have been immune to a general trend toward increased toughness. However, recent studies have cast some doubt on this finding. The present article addresses this divergence and contributes to the literature in two respects. First, drawing on a new dataset on German federal legislation on law and order (1994‐2013), we show that a slight trend toward tougher legislation is visible although talking about a "punitive turn" would be largely exaggerated. Second, we find that the explanation of this pattern is to be found in the peculiarities of the German political system which seems to have constrained any attempts to implement tougher policies: strong institutional veto points have hindered far‐reaching proposals from being adopted and have pushed German law and order policies toward a middle way.Related Articles

Butz, Adam,
Michael P. Fix, and
Joshua L. Mitchell. 2015. "." Politics & Policy 43 (): 347‐377. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12116/abstract


David, Charles‐Philippe. 2015. "." Politics & Policy 43 (): 163‐195. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12106/abstract


Jenkins‐Smith, Hank C., and
Kerry G. Herron 2009. "." Politics & Policy 37 (): 1095‐1129. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00215.x/abstract
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