Suchergebnisse

This article analysis the international acts and standards of the foreign criminal legislation providing questions of counteraction to cyberterrorism.

Современная уголовная политика характеризуется отсутствием внятной оперативно-разыскной концепции «контролируемого преступления», причем в научном осмыслении нуждается не только оперативно-разыскная процедура, но и корреспондирующие оперативно-разыскному закону уголовно-правовые нормы. Авторы анализируют ситуации, когда, с одной стороны, под контролем правоохранительных органов совершаются тяжкие и особо тяжкие преступления, что может быть признано существенным нарушением интересов общества, с другой — оперативно-разыскное наблюдение за совершаемыми преступлениями осуществляется в целях их документирования и последующего процессуального обеспечения привлечения виновных к уголовной ответственности. Исследуется проблема обеспечения баланса между интересами оперативно-разыскного документирования, осуществляемого в целях процессуального доказывания, и подконтрольным, но все-таки допущенным государством преступлением. Анализируется опыт других стран по уголовно-правовому обеспечению оперативно-разыскной деятельности. Делается вывод, что контролируемое преступление — это объективное правовое явление, присутствующее в практике борьбы с преступностью. Поэтому в целях обеспечения законности деятельности российских правоохранительных органов необходимо вносить соответствующие изменения в уголовное, уголовно-процессуальное и оперативно-разыскное законодательство.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-30 ; Modern criminal policy is characterized by the absence of distinct operational-search concept of "controlled crime", and in scientific understanding needs not only operational-search procedure, but also criminal law standards corresponding to the operational-search law. The authors of the article analyze the situations when, on the one hand, serious and especially serious crimes are committed under the control of law enforcement agencies, which can be recognized as a significant violation of the interests of society, on the other — operational and investigative monitoring of the committed crimes is carried out in order to document them and ensure subsequent procedural prosecution of the perpetrators. The problem of ensuring a balance between the interests of operational search documentation carried out for the purpose of procedural proof and the crime controlled by the state is investigated. The article analyzes the experience of other countries in criminal law support of operational and investigative activities. It is concluded that the controlled crime is an objective legal phenomenon presented in the practice of combating crime. Therefore, in order to ensure the legality of the activities of Russian law enforcement agencies, it is necessary to make appropriate changes to the criminal, criminal procedure and operational investigative legislation.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-30

The article is devoted to analyzing the normative and victimological aspects of sexual crimes qualification. According to the author, the normative regulation of responsibility for sexual crimes shouldn't be excessively subdivided into parts and paragraphs; the basic task of law in this sphere is the unconditional condemnation of violence. As positive examples (in the comparative aspect) the paper analyzes the pre-revolutionary and Soviet criminal law. Identifying technical defects in the legislation, the author proposes to shift the focus from excessive lawmaking to the victimological prevention of sexual criminality

Still in Russia and abroad, questions about implementation of the right to life and right to death are controversial, and as a consequence, the threat of killing the person by the use of euthanasia does not cease to be relevant. Russian criminal law provides criminal responsibility for the murder, which is a variety of ways, however, standards meeting the requirements of the safe existence of terminally ill people, including those not able to be fully aware of the incurability of the disease, is not provided. The legislator attempted criminal prohibitions of the use of euthanasia, however, in the current criminal law of the Russian Federation the data of rules. In this connection, many questions of law enforcement practice in the sphere of criminal-law protection of the safety of life and human health remain uncertain. The given circumstances testify to the fact that the study of issues of qualification of crimes against life and health becomes more fundamental. The article analyzes the problematic issues of demarcation of euthanasia from murder and suicide, and the author's article, providing for the criminal-legal prohibition of the use of euthanasia that will contribute to the improvement of law enforcement practice.

The increasing migration of population in the world is one of the urgent international problems. States make efforts to counter the illegal migration and to help people seeking asylum. This problem is the most challenging to tackle in the sea. The article reveals the contents of international cooperation and the role of international law in this field. The specific features of tackling illegal migration are analyzed within the various marine spaces: in inland waters, in the territorial sea and in the open sea. The issues of international cooperation on suffering refugees and other migrants in danger on the sea have been studied as well. International legal and organizational issues facing the world community are introduced and their separate solutions are offered. In the authors' opinion, the activities of states regarding migrants should be carried out in compliance with their legal status and particular situation. In any case, the migrants' status must be defined not on the sea but on the shore. If some people are in danger, they must be helped notwithstanding the legal status of the persons being rescued. Measures of criminal liability and other measures according to the legislation of states and international commitments must be applied to illegal migration organizers. It is important that the rules of international law, international organizations and international bodies recommendations that deal with the problems of migration should be carried out at the national level by means of upgrading related laws. It is also important to work out and to upgrade the subordinate regulatory legal acts concerning the questions of illegal sea migration counteraction, measures taken towards refugees and other asylum seekers, being present on board of the ships in distress. Accordingly, the issue is to be solved as to the attitude of states towards the migrants on board of the watercraft that do not comply with the seafaring security requirements that means that they are potentially in danger.

Рассмотрены вопросы правового статуса криптовалюты открытого типа (аналог биткоин) в российском уголовном праве. При отсутствии определенности в части гражданско-правовой легализации и системного нормативного закрепления понятия виртуальной валюты и порядка оборота подобных цифровых активов, а также при отсутствии запрета на такой оборот в рамках регулятивного законодательства, с учетом колоссального увеличения числа операций с криптовалютами и, как следствие, повышенных криминогенных рисков возникает объективная потребность в установлении содержания этого явления при выполнении задач по охране общественных отношений от совершения уголовных преступлений. До разрешения «регулятивных» правовых вопросов уголовное право вынуждено выполнять не свойственную ему функцию и находить существующие подходящие правовые инструменты в целях эффективной борьбы с совершаемыми преступлениями, а также противодействия их совершению. Авторы на основе анализа действующих норм, разъяснений Верховного суда Российской Федерации, научных трудов, зарубежного опыта предложили понимание криптовалюты как иного имущества — цифрового актива, бестелесного имущества — при квалификации преступлений.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-08 ; The article deals with the legal status of an open type cryptocurrency (bitcoin analogue) in the Russian criminal law. In the absence of certainty in the part of civil law legalization and of systematic normative consolidation of the concept of virtual currency and the order of circulation of such digital assets, and in the absence of a ban on such turnover in the framework of regulatory legislation, taking into account the enormous increase in operations with cryptocurrencies, and as a result of increased criminogenic risks, there is an objective need to establish the content of this phenomenon in the performance of tasks to protect the public relations from criminal offence. To consider these "regulatory" legal issues, criminal law is forced to perform a different function and to find the existing suitable legal tools to prevent and combat crimes. The authors on the basis of the analysis of the existing norms, explanations of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, scientific works, foreign experience suggested understanding of cryptocurrency as a different property — a digital asset, disembodied property — in the qualification of crimes.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2018)3-08

В статье в систематизированном виде рассматриваются нарушения избирательного законодательства, в том числе преступления, которые могут быть признаны основаниями для отмены результатов выборов по одномандатному избирательному округу на выборах в представительные органы власти; излагаются причины правонарушений в сфере избирательных правоотношений, а также предлагаются конкретные меры воздействия на эти причины: по совершенствованию избирательного законодательства; по изменению ущербной судебной практики. ; In the article a systematic form of violations of electoral law, including crimes that could be considered as grounds for cancellation of election results in single-mandate constituency in elections to representative bodies are viewed, the reasons for offenses relating to electoral law relations are outlined, and specific actions on influence of these reasons are: to improve the electoral legislation, and to change the flawed judicial practice are proposed.

The article gives analysis of criminological measures of stock market crimes counteraction. Negative economic trends define criminal capacity development in society. This development as long as government long-term official neutral position led to wide-spread occurrence of new criminal behavior forms of economic subjects (including those on stock market). Recent changes introduced into criminal law couldn' t effectively counteract to crimes on stock market since they were only random and not based on scientific researches in economy and law. Significant difficulties rose in law enforcement process in terms of detection and legal evaluation of these crimes. Individual crimes are detected while organized groups' activity goes under the radar. Legal regulation and practical realization of national policy on stock market crimes and crimes against interests of investors counteraction are raised in the article. The authors reveal reasons of securities-related crimes, factors of general order and circumstances that lead to individual crimes. The article presents conditions that result in crimes against stockholder rights, securities register-related crimes and crimes related to securities transfer violations. The authors suggest complex of measures aimed at general and special prevention of crimes against interests of investors. © 2014, Criminology Journal of Baikal National University of Economics and Law. All rights Reserved.

В статье рассматривается уголовно-правовая характеристика изнасилования ; а также анализируется законодательство в изучаемой сфере и раскрывается уголовную ответственность за данные преступления. Автор исследует судебную практику относительно опасных преступлений против личности. ; In the article ; the author considers the criminal law characteristics of rape ; as well as analyzes the legislation in the field under study and reveals the criminal liability for these crimes. The author explores judicial practice regarding dangerous crimes against the individual.

Правовая система России в последние десятилетия очевидно столкнулась с вызовами глобальной электронной экономики. Связаны они прежде всего с тем, что многие группы правоотношений, традиционно существовавшие в «материальном» виде, перемещаются в киберпространство. Речь идет не только о масштабной цифровизации сферы купли-продажи, но и о тех областях права, в отношении которых их перемещение в Интернет ранее не предполагалось (сфера государственных услуг, электронное избирательное право ипр.). Если к этому добавить криминальные проявления новой цифровой реальности, то обозначенная проблема станет еще более очевидной. Отсутствие в этой области системного правового регулирования и даже минимального набора основных правовых терминов делает отечественное законодательство беззащитным перед стремительно развивающимся интернет-правом. В статье предлагается авторское осмысление основных проблемных вопросов современной цифровой экономики, а также намечаются меры по оперативному вмешательству государства в наиболее актуальные сферы цифрового права: блокчейн, криптовалюта, смарт-контракт, идентификация интернет-пользователей, разрешение внутрисетевых споров, кибербезопаность и предупреждение компьютерных преступлений. На этом пути современная Россия, очевидно, оказалась в числе отстающих от стран, движущихся в фарватере мировой экономики. Поставленная задача, однако, вовсе не подразумевает простого копирования и механического перенесения зарубежного правового опыта на национальную почву. Речь идет о необходимости выработки оригинальной модели правового регулирования отношений в цифровом пространстве с опорой на опыт других стран. Формулирование концепции «цифрового права» должно стать первым шагом к выработке такой модели. ; The legal system of Russia in recent decades has clearly faced the challenges of the global electronic economy. They are connected primarily with the fact that many groups of legal relations, which traditionally existed in the "material" form, are moving into cyberspace. It is not only about the large-scale digitalization of the sphere of sale and purchase, but also about those areas of law in respect of which their transfer to the Internet has never been assumed before (public services, electronic suffrage, etc.). If we add to this the criminal manifestations of the new digital reality, the problem stated will become even more obvious. The absence of any comprehensive legal regulation in this area or a minimal set of basic legal terms makes domestic legislation unprotected against the rapidly developing Internet law. The article proposes the authors' understanding of the main problematic issues of the modern digital economy, as well as outlines measures for the state's prompt interference in the most relevant areas of digital law: blockchain, cryptocurrency, smart contract, identification of Internet users and resolution of intranet disputes, cyber security and computer crime prevention. Modern Russia has obviously been among the countries lagging behind underway towards the world economy. The task, however, does not at all imply a simple copying of foreign legal experience or mechanical transference of it onto home grounds. It is necessary to come up with an original model of legal regulation of the problem. The formulation of the concept of "digital law" should be the first step towards creating such a model.

The article discusses the theoretical basis of implementation of one of the goals of punishment, namely the prevention of crime. It also examines the philosophical and historical assumptions of the definition of the purpose of punishment, and the effectiveness of the modern penal system and practices of their purpose from the point of view of achieving the goal of crime prevention. The attention is focused on the low efficiency of crime prevention on the part of the convicted person (special prevention) on the basis of the indicator of the level of recurrence of crimes. It is stated that the reason may be the imperfection of sanctions: their non-compliance with the gravity of the committed crime, as well as (quite often) the excessive alternativism of penalties provided for the Commission of a particular crime. The article may be of interest not only to representatives of the science of criminal law, but also to all who are interested in the current political and legal situation in the country.

В работе авторами всесторонне изучаются преступления коррупционной направленности, совершаемые на территории Российской Федерации, а также рассматривается вопрос об условиях, порождающих данный вид преступности, и методах борьбы с ними на уровне исполнительной и законодательной власти. ; In work authors comprehensively study the crimes of corruption orientation committed in the territory of the Russian Federation, and also the question of the conditions generating this type of crime and methods of fight against them at the level of Executive and legislative power is considered

The subject. The central element in combating corruption is punitive practice. The whole history of mankind testifies that corruption can be restrained only by effective application of criminal punishment.The purpose of the article is to show the practice of assigning criminal punishment for cor-ruption crimes of various kinds.The description of methodology. The authors use the conception criminally-legal response. The following characteristics of the criminal-legal response are distinguished: lack of response; very weak response – the number of convicts does not exceed 10; weak response – the num-ber of convicts is calculated within a few dozen people; adequate response – the number of convicts and penalties correspond to the criminological characteristics of a group of crimes; intensive reaction – the norm is realized in conditions of the possibility of ensuring the inevi-tability of punishment; punitive response – the norm is applied on the basis of the "letter, not the spirit" of the law; reflexive response – the appointment of punishment to privileged crim-inals in conditions of increased public attention; protest reaction – judicial practice comes into conflict with ill-conceived legislative novels.The main results and scope of their application. The practice of imposing punishment for corruption crimes in the following spheres is ana-lyzed: electoral; public service; commercial-service relations; of justice.Conclusions. Punitive practice in relation to persons convicted of corruption crimes in gen-eral is characterized by exceptional humanism. As the main penalties the penalty is leading (50.1%), in the second place – suspended imprisonment (24.1%). Real deprivation of liberty applies only to the seventh part of corrupt officials (14.7%). For comparison: according to art. 158 "Theft" in 2016 was sentenced to imprisonment twice as many criminals – 30,3%. This ratio indicates an underestimation of the public danger of corruption crime and actu-ally disavows the proclaimed thesis that corruption is a systemic threat to national security. ; Рассматривается наказуемость в ее практическом измерении как центральная часть борьбы с коррупцией. Для ее эффективного исследования предлагается использова-ние оригинальной концепции уголовно-правового реагирования. На основании ана-лиза судебной статистики делается вывод о неудовлетворительном состоянии уго-ловно-правового реагирования на коррупционные преступления по многим параметрам.

The place of criminal punishment in the system of crime combating measures and the problem of the overestimation of its significance are examined in the article using the formal-legal method. The authors make an effort to determine the actual area of an effective impact of punishment and its place in the system of crime combating measures. Punishment is suggested to be considered as the most severe measure of crime combating, which has the greatest potential in counteracting recidivism and should be deemed as secondary to non-criminal legal measures of crime prevention. In this context, the authors offer a different approach to the formulation of the objectives of criminal punishment which seem to be recognized in an overly declarative form in the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The article justifies the expediency of recognition in the criminal law of really achievable purposes of punishment, namely, restoration of public relations violated by a crime and prevention of recidivism of crimes, instead of the purposes of restoration of social justice, reformation of the convicted person and prevention of further crimes. The article highlights the essential elements of punishment that are not devoid of punitive features and, at the same time, are designed to assist achieving its goals and express the natural negative response of the state to the violation of the rules of behavior which are formalized in society. The critical analysis of the practice of the punishment system adjustment and regular sanction amendments in the articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for years of its action is made in the article. It is noted that, in general, this practice is confined to excessive and unreasonable stiffening of the relevant provisions of the criminal law, substantially substituting real crime combating and contradicting the line of the state policy on the retrenchment of penal repression. At the same time, it is suggested to pay attention to the necessity to update the system of punishments and certain types of punishments in order to increase their effectiveness. In addition, the importance of other measures of compulsory influence on the perpetrators is stressed, including measures which are not directly related to criminal legal ones, as well as other measures of non-legal nature. Crime combating is seen as a complex, composite activity of all institutions of modern society that should be reflected in the criminal policy of the state and the legislation. This emphasizes the essence of criminal punishment as an auxiliary measure aimed at compensation for harm and special prevention of crimes. ; Рассматриваются значение наказания в системе мер борьбы с преступностью и проблема переоцененности этого значения. Анализируются закрепленные в УК РФ цели наказания и предлагается их уточнение для установления соответствия с реальными возможностями наказания. Также рассматривается практика часто необоснованного изменения УК РФ посредством ужесточения наказаний за отдельные преступления, делается вывод о ее нецелесообразности в связи с отсутствием ощутимой пользы для борьбы с преступностью.

In this article there is a substantiation of necessity of revival of Institute the implications of the crime. Distinctive signs of crimes under article 175 and 316 of the criminal code of the Russian Federation, and put forward theses about the need to expand the objective side of these offences. The following are the arguments about the role of the criminal legal construction, similar to the complicity that requires special attention from Russian legislators, jurists and all of the domestic legal science in General. Discusses the need of the most responsible approach to the implementation process of the Institute the implications of the modern penal code, as well as his clear and consistent regulation as in the General part of the criminal code and the special part. An attempt is made to prove the necessity of criminalization implications for crime by introducing its main concepts in the General part of the criminal code and the resurgence of offences in the special part of the criminal code. ; В данной работе получено обоснование необходимости возрождения института прикосновенности к преступлению. Выявлены отличительные признаки составов преступления, предусмотренных статьями 175 и 316 Уголовоного кодекса (УК) РФ, а также выдвинуты тезисы о необходимости расширения объективной стороны данных составов преступления. Далее приводятся доводы о роли данной уголовно-правовой конструкции, схожей с соучастием, которая требует особого внимания со стороны российского законодателя, правоведов и всей отечественной юридической науки в целом. Аргументируется необходимость наиболее ответственного подхода к процессу имплементации института прикосновенности в современный Уголовный кодекс, а также чёткой и последовательной его регламентации, как в общей части УК РФ, так и в особенной части. Сделана попытка доказать необходимость криминализации прикосновенности к преступлению посредством введения её основного понятия в общую часть УК РФ и возрождение составов преступления в особенной части УК РФ.