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In this article the author examines the relationship between paternalism and childhood obesity. In particular he examines the risks of paternalistic intervention in order to prevent or curtail the occurrence of obesity among young children.

Personen urteilen oft über die Risikopräferenzen von anderen: Ärzte urteilen über ihre Patienten, Anwälte über ihre Klienten, Finanzmanager über ihre Investoren, Eltern über ihre Kinder und Helfer über die auf sie Angewiesenen. Wie kommen diese Urteile zustande? In welchem Verhältnis stehen die Urteile zu den eigenen Risikopräferenzen? Forschung in anderen Bereichen sozialen Urteilens hat gezeigt, dass Personen "egozentrisch" sind: Sie urteilen über andere in der selben Weise, wie sie über sich selbst urteilen. Für den Bereich finanziellen Risikohandelns fanden HSEE und WEBER (1997) diese Form von "Egozentrismus", wenn die Urteilenden glaubten, sich in den Anderen hineinversetzen zu können. War dies nicht der Fall, unterstellten sie, die anderen seien wenig risikofreudig bzw. risikovermeidend. Unsere Forschung zu den Bereichen Freizeit, Drogenkonsum, Öffentliche Verkehrsmittel und Beruf replizieren die Ergebnisse von HSEE und WEBER nur für Bereiche risikovermeidenden Verhaltens, nicht jedoch für risikofreundliches Verhalten. Wir diskutieren die Gründe für Risiko vermeidendes Handeln und identifizieren eine Reihe von Faktoren, die das Ausmaß von Unterschieden zwischen Selbst- und Fremdbeurteilungen der Risikoakzeptanz beeinflussen.

Summary The evaluation of the specific level of family risk is a central topic to better understand the diversity of families assisted by Child and Family Protection Services, and also to design and address effective social interventions. Professionals of these services tend to have a great amount of knowledge and experience that has been rarely taken into account in research about at-risk families. In this study the level of family risk, according to data reported both by practitioners and mothers receiving family preservation intervention, is analyzed in a sample of 106 mothers assisted by state Child and Family Protection Services in Huelva, Spain. Findings A frequent profile of poor and multi-assisted families was found, but there was also an important level of heterogeneity in the level of risk, suggesting that these families are not a homogeneous group. The global valuation of family risk informed by professionals was significantly related to data reported by mothers using a standardized tool of family risk factors. Analyses presented also show significant relations with both the family socio-demographic profile and data of the case history involving protection services: higher levels of family risk were mainly associated with higher levels of economic, educational, and labor precariousness, and with more complex and complicated case indicators. Applications Implications of these results concerning both the importance of incorporating systematic evaluations of family risk by means standardized tools to practice and considering practitioners as a relevant source of information in family research are discussed.

The present study aimed to identify the distinct levels of risk perception and preventive behaviors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak among people in Taiwan and to examine the roles of information sources in various levels of risk perception and preventive behavior. The online survey recruited 1984 participants through a Facebook advertisement. Their self-reported risk perception, adopted preventive behaviors and COVID-19-related information were collected. We analyzed individuals' risk perception and adopted preventive behaviors by using latent profile analysis and conducted multinomial logistic regression of latent class membership on COVID-19-related information sources. Four latent classes were identified, including the risk neutrals with high preventive behaviors, the risk exaggerators with high preventive behaviors, the risk deniers with moderate preventive behaviors, and the risk deniers with low preventive behaviors. Compared with the risk neutrals, the risk exaggerators with high preventive behaviors were more likely to obtain COVID-19 information from multiple sources, whereas the risk deniers with moderate preventive behaviors and risk deniers with low preventive behaviors were less likely to obtain COVID-19 information compared with the risk neutrals. Governments and health professions should take the variety of risk perception and adopted preventive behaviors into consideration when disseminating information on COVID-19 to the general public.

In this thesis we will question the perceptions of industrial risks in the occidental world at the beginning of the 21st century. For this purpose we will try to understand how concepts such as sustainable development, precautionary principle, liability, or even zero-risk bias have progressively developed around a thought model based on the scientific rationality. This model is now undermined by its incapacity to fully address the issues it raises and completely avoid the potential risks. However, despite consistent weaknesses, it remains a reference value moulded by past accidents which have led to the making of laws aiming mainly at defining liability and protecting those who are held liable. Thus, public information becomes a requirement for democracy and the protection of this thought model. In this context, the protagonists at stake are security-conscious, economical and political lobbies that constantly redefine the limits of risk acceptance. We come to the realization that our lifestyle and value system remain unchallenged even though undergoing a crisis. The specificity of this research lies into the importance we give to the local approach, dealing with registered Seveso sites and nuclear plants located in Indre et Loire. We have polled five categories of respondents through interviews or questionnaires in order to understand their opinion regarding situations involving technological risks. The result of this survey helps us understand and set the levels of risk acceptance that they define with regard to the industrial risks and show the complexity of a situation involving political stakes, environmental pressures, a profit-driven economy and security constraints, in a vague and complex context. This work gives us a contrasted picture of today's perceptions of risks. ; Dans ce travail de thèse, nous interrogeons les perceptions des risques industriels dans les pays occidentaux en ce début de XXIème siècle. Nous cherchons à comprendre comment des concepts de développement durable, de principe de ...

In this thesis we will question the perceptions of industrial risks in the occidental world at the beginning of the 21st century. For this purpose we will try to understand how concepts such as sustainable development, precautionary principle, liability, or even zero-risk bias have progressively developed around a thought model based on the scientific rationality. This model is now undermined by its incapacity to fully address the issues it raises and completely avoid the potential risks. However, despite consistent weaknesses, it remains a reference value moulded by past accidents which have led to the making of laws aiming mainly at defining liability and protecting those who are held liable. Thus, public information becomes a requirement for democracy and the protection of this thought model. In this context, the protagonists at stake are security-conscious, economical and political lobbies that constantly redefine the limits of risk acceptance. We come to the realization that our lifestyle and value system remain unchallenged even though undergoing a crisis. The specificity of this research lies into the importance we give to the local approach, dealing with registered Seveso sites and nuclear plants located in Indre et Loire. We have polled five categories of respondents through interviews or questionnaires in order to understand their opinion regarding situations involving technological risks. The result of this survey helps us understand and set the levels of risk acceptance that they define with regard to the industrial risks and show the complexity of a situation involving political stakes, environmental pressures, a profit-driven economy and security constraints, in a vague and complex context. This work gives us a contrasted picture of today's perceptions of risks. ; Dans ce travail de thèse, nous interrogeons les perceptions des risques industriels dans les pays occidentaux en ce début de XXIème siècle. Nous cherchons à comprendre comment des concepts de développement durable, de principe de ...

An enterprise performs its activities within micro-, macro-and internal environment. The characters are subject of these environments and their consequences are many times in contradiction to defined enterprise objectives. The specific items are generally called risks. The risk is quantified as the multiplication of likelihood and the consequences of the specific event. There is optimal level of risk (generally) what is a compromise between the amount of risk and return/ invested capital. Intuitively this assumption is clear but the problem in practice is to answer/solve following questions: How to establish optimal level of risks? Is there only one level or is there a hierarchy of enterprise risks? How to evaluate/quantify risks and their consequences? Is there a set of relevant/irrelevant risks and under which criteria to define them? How to proceed to establish organizational structures responsible for/focused on risk management? Nowadays, an enterprise is facing to the following risks: globalization, loss of reputation, shortening of a product life cycle, new technologies, catastrophic events (natural catastrophes, catastrophes as the impact of man-made activities), different economic and non-economic risks active in interaction between an enterprise and its environment. Risks mentioned above are complex, while specific situation of an enterprise can be characterized by political, social, technological, technical and other features. All this says about "downsizing of entrepreneurial world" and "acceleration of the development", those threats existence and operation of an enterprise.

Analyzed two approaches to classification of foreign economic activity subjects by the level of risk. Approaches using as risk measures the probability of customs legislation violation and the expected financial loss are considered. Key words: classification, customs risk, k nearest neighbors.

The liberalization of the electricity market intensifies the competition for investors in the Russian energy market, for which the financial stability of energy companies is an important criterion. The paper presents the mathematical modelling of integrated assessment of the default risk level of Russian energy companies, taking into account their specific characteristics: type of the energy business, form of ownership, and regional specific. The research is based on the industry approach to the diagnostics of default risk level of energy companies. The approach includes the logit-model and assessment of the coefficients significance. The complexity of this model is conditioned by the study of external and internal financial and economic indicators, as well as qualitative criteria based on the introduction of dummy-variables. Four groups of default risk level of Russian energy companies are proposed. The use of mathematical modelling tools increases the accuracy of assessing the financial insolvency of energy companies in comparison with the traditional methods. Therefore, the proposed approach is novel, relevant, and practically significant. Research veracity is confirmed by the practical implementation. We recommend the use of the proposed methodology in assessment of the current state and development strategy of Russian energy companies, as well as by investors and analysts to make financial decisions. © 2019 South Ural State University. All rights reserved. ; Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 17-78-10039 ; Acknowledgements. The work was supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 17-78-10039) (Chapter 1 and 2) and by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract No. 02.A03.21.0011 (Chapter 2).

International audience ; This paper reports the development of methods for assessing the environmental risks of pesticide use in a farm-level evaluation tool. The basic risk indices that were used, and the criteria used to define different levels of risk, were designed to be consistent with national and EU regulatory risk assessment procedures. They took account of both toxicity and exposure and were responsive to the influence of local conditions and practices, such as pesticide application methods and habitat structure. They also took account of 'higher tier' risk assessments carried out for pesticide approvals. The outputs of the system were designed to provide clear and meaningful information for users at various levels of detail, from the individual pesticide application to an overall farm eco-rating. It is recommended that the principle of consistency with regulatory risk assessment should also be applied to the development of other policy instruments such as consumer labels and pesticide taxes. ; p-EMA : Évaluation des risques écologiques des pesticides pour un système d'évaluation du risque au niveau de l'exploitation agricole. Cet article rapporte le développement de méthodes d'évaluation des risques environnementaux liés à l'emploi des pesticides avec un outil d'évaluation à l'échelle de l'exploitation. Les indices de risque fondamentaux utilisés et les critères de définition des différents niveaux de risque, ont été mis au point pour être compatibles avec les procédures nationales et européennes. Ils tiennent compte de la toxicité et de l'exposition, et sont sensibles aux conditions et pratiques locales (méthodes d'application des pesticides, structure de l'habitat). Ils tiennent également compte des évaluations des risques " de haut niveau " conduites pour les agréments des pesticides. Les sorties du système fournissent des informations claires et significatives aux utilisateurs, à divers niveaux de détail, de l'application du pesticide à l'éco-évaluation globale au niveau de l'exploitation. Le ...