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This paper aims to determine the levels of job satisfaction of teachers. The paper also aims to identify the differences between the levels of job satisfaction of teachers according to gender, level of education, type of school, work experience, and the level at which teachers teach. A descriptive-research method was selected for the realization of the work from the quantitative approach. The questionnaire was completed by 217 teachers who teach in public and private schools. The findings of this paper show us that the teachers have a mean on the border of the mean level of satisfaction and a high level of job satisfaction. Female teachers have higher levels of job satisfaction compared to male teachers, also teachers who teach in private schools have been found to be more satisfied at work than public school teachers. In addition, teachers who have up to ten years of work experience have higher levels of satisfaction in their work compared to teachers who have more years of experience. On the other hand, teachers who teach at the preschool and primary levels are more satisfied with their work than the teachers who teach at the higher levels. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in the level of job satisfaction between teachers who have completed the bachelor's level of education, and those who have completed the master's level of education

The sector of the creative economy brings benefits to the economy, more exactly, through the cultural sector, due to the unlimited resources needed to develop – the human resources represented by their mind or talent. The industrial development and innovation lead towards many changes in the cultural industries mostly due to the digitization effect, an irreversible change in the creation of various cultural goods and services, resulting even new cultural domains and also new regulation in the cultural field. The goods and services produced by the new cultural sector "encompass artistic, aesthetic, symbolic and spiritual values (...) their system of valorisation, which includes a characteristic irreproducible, is linked to its appreciation or pleasure" makes them different from other goods and services as Throsby mentioned (UNESCO, 2009:22). This paper aims to show some positive impacts of the creative economy, highlighting social and economic aspects, such as cultural diversity, tolerance, freedom of expression of the cultural identity and by the other hand, new jobs for artists, earnings' increases, creative clusters, cultural employment etc. We will also show more clearly the activities and the occupations which concern the cultural employment and figures regarding cultural employment in Europe.

PurposeEducation system stimulates the development of human capital and provides informative signaling allowing to differentiate productivity of individuals. If education system is efficient then higher levels of education usually associated with greater returns on labor market. To evaluate the efficiency of Russian education system we aim to estimate the effect of vocational education and different levels of higher education on wages.Design/methodology/approachWe use data on 8,764 individuals in the years 2019–2021. Our statistical approach addresses two critical issues: nonrandom selection into employment and the endogeneity of education choice. To tackle these problems, we employed Heckman's method and its extension that is a structural model which addresses the issue of self-selection into different levels of education.FindingsThe results of the analysis suggest that there is a significant heterogeneity in the returns to different levels of education. First, higher education, in general, offers substantial wage premiums when compared to vocational education. Specifically, individuals with specialist's and bachelor's degrees enjoy higher wage premiums of approximately 23.59–24.04% and 16.43–16.49%, respectively, compared to those with vocational education. Furthermore, we observe a significant dis-parity in returns among the various levels of higher education. Master's degree provides a substantial wage premium in comparison to both bachelor's (19.79–20.96%) and specialist's (12.64–13.41%) degrees. Moreover, specialist degree offers a 7.16–7.55% higher wage premium than bachelor's degree.Practical implicationsWe identify a hierarchical pattern in the returns associated with different levels of higher education in Russia, specifically "bachelor-specialist-master." These findings indicate that each level of education in Russia serves as a distinct signal in the labor market, facilitating employers' ability to differentiate between workers. From a policy perspective, our results suggest the potential benefits of offering opportunities to transition from specialist's to master's degrees on a tuition-free basis. Such a policy may enhance access to advanced education and potentially lead to higher returns for individuals in the labor market.Originality/valueThere are many studies on returns to higher education in Russia. However, just few of them estimate the returns to different levels of higher education. Also, these studies usually do not address the issue of the endogeneity arising because of self-selection into different levels of education. Our structural econometric model allows addressing for this issue and provides consistent estimates of returns to different levels of education under the assumption that individuals with higher propensity to education obtain higher levels of education.