This issue brief will focus on voting behavior within the Gay and Lesbian community. The data provided will prove that members of the LGBT community usually vote strongly Democratic and typically perceive their ideological preferences as more aligned with the Democratic Party and progressive candidates. In addition, there is a discussion what LGBT voters may use as their criteria for choosing candidates, and what that criteria may show about the evolution of Gay and Lesbian voting in the U.S.
Lesbietes, geji, biseksuāli cilvēki un transpersonas gadu gaitā ir kļuvušas par diskriminācijas upuriem visā pasaulē. Slikta vai nepietiekama likumdošanas un politikas īstenošana ir izraisījusi šo iedzīvotāju neapskaužamo stāvokli sabiedrībā. Lai arī situācija dažās Eiropas daļās ir mainījusies, daudzviet ir nepieciešami ievērojami uzlabojumi. Šī darba mērķis ir novērot, salīdzināt un analizēt likumus un cilvēktiesības LGBT cilvēku jomā. Uzmanība tiek vērsta uz Eiropas Savienību kā unikālu ekonomisku un politisku partnerību starp 27 Eiropas Savienības dalībvalstīm un Montenegro kā kandidātvalsti. Kopš dibināšanas Eiropas Savienībā tiek skatīts cilvēktiesību jautājums, bet pēdējo 20 gadu laikā cilvēktiesības ir kļuvušas svarīgas kā nekad agrāk. Visā pasaulē dažādas institūcijas un organizācijas cenšas uzlabot un aizsargāt vispārējās cilvēktiesības, kā arī minoritāšu tiesības. Tas, cik valstij un tās sabiedrībai ir svarīgi uzlabot LGBT cilvēku stāvokli, tiks skatīts piemērā no Montenegro, valstī, kas cenšas pārvarēt tradicionālās un morāles normas, lai veidotu labāku nākotni. 2009. gads bija pirmā reize, kad nacionālajā līmenī tika izveidota plaša koalīcija, lai cīnītos par seksuālo minoritāšu tiesību īstenošanu. Seksuālo minoritāšu tiesību aizstāvēšanu atbalstīja valsts iestādes, nevalstiskās organizācijas un starptautiskās institūcijas. Laika posmā no 2010. līdz 2011. gadam kāda nevalstiska organizācijas no Montenegro izvērtēja situāciju, kurā atrodas LGBT cilvēki, veicot pētījumus šīs minoritāšu grupas vidū un pārējo iedzīvotāju starpā, izlases kopai sastādot 1000 respondentu. Starptautiskā un Eiropas likumdošana un standarti sekoja ar to īstenošanu Montenegro, un iepriekšminētie pētījumi ir šī darba saturs. Darba 3 nodaļas sniegs secinājumus un priekšlikumus, kā uzlabot LGBT cilvēku stāvokli Montenegro. Atslēgas vārdi: LGBT cilvēki, tiesību akti, Eiropas Savienības, Montenegro ; Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender people over the years are victims of discrimination in all parts of the world. Lack or bad implementation of legislation and policies resulted with their bad position in societies. While situation in some parts of Europe is improved, on the other side, in some parts still a lot of needs to be done. The aim of this paper work is to observe, compare and analyse laws of human right focusing on LGBT people. Focus is on European Union as unique economic and political partnership between 27 European countries and Montenegro as Candidate country. Since founded, European Union is dealing for human rights but in last 20 years human rights begun to be more important than ever. All over the world different institutions and organizations are trying to protect and improve human rights in general and rights of minorities. How important is for one country and its society to improve position of LGBT people will be seen trough example of Montenegro which is trying to overcome traditional and moral norms for tomorrow`s better future. For the first time, in 2009 was formed a broad coalition at the national level to promote realization of the rights of sexual minorities. Promotion and support of human rights of sexual minorities in Montenegro was supported by governmental institutions, NGO`s and international institutions. During 2010 and 2011 one Non- governmental institution from Montenegro examined situation in which are LGBT people, based on survey with representatives of this group and survey among the citizens with a sample of 1000 respondents. International and European legislation and standards followed with their implementation in Montenegro and mentioned surveys are content of this paper work which trough three chapters will give conclusions and recommendations regarding improvement situation of LGBT people in Montenegro. Key words: LGBT people, legislation, European Union, Montenegro
The majority of sociological research on social movement tactics and strategies has focused on how theories of resource mobilization and dynamic political opportunities affect the innovation of tactics and types of tactics used. Relatively few studies have explored the roles of institutional, cultural, and political contexts in determining why social movement leaders choose certain tactics. This research study examines lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) social movement organizations (SMO) that are pursuing institutional advocacy. Specifically, it is a comparative case study of how tactics of LGBT organizations in Minnesota and Utah are affected by contested and conservative political landscapes, respectively. The concept of political landscapes was developed and includes three core components: the institutional structure of the political system, the sociocultural context, and dynamic political opportunities. Data was collected from 16 semi-structured interviews of LGBT SMO leaders. Secondary data was also collected by examining public records, newspapers, magazines, and organizational websites. The results from this study suggest that dynamic political opportunities are embedded in the larger institutional and sociocultural contexts. In Minnesota, the combination of a more open and competitive political system and a more diverse Christian presence and ethnically diverse urban areas have resulted in the use of tactics that are much more open and direct. Specifically, LGBT SMOs in Minnesota use tactics such as only endorsing candidates publicly, focusing on building a broad bipartisan base of sponsors for LGBT legislation, working with other SMOs to create large coalitions, using a frame that is all-encompassing of movement goals, and building a large, grassroots movement. By contrast, the closed and conservative political system and a dominant religion in Utah have resulted in more private, compromising, and behind-the-scenes tactics. LGBT SMOs in Utah tactics include using both public and private political endorsements, good-cop bad-cop organizations, delegate trainings, and frame alignment with the conservative culture.
