Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Formation of foreign policy of each country is a difficult process with impact of different factors. The article touches upon key processes forming foreign policy of the Republic of Armenia. Interests of regional and global actors in Armenia and foreign policy priorities are analyzed. Concluding it is mentioned that though further enhancement of military, political and economic relations with Russia Armenia will look for new opportunities with the West especially in the humanitarian and economic spheres. ; Формирование внешней политика каждый страны сложный процесс на который влияют многочисленные факторы. В статье представлены ключевые процессы, обуславливающие внеюнюю политику РА. Анализируется интересы региональных и глобальных игроков в Армении и внешнеполитические приоритеты РА. Делается вывод, что несмотря на дальнейшее углубление военно-политических и экономических связей с Россией, Армения продолжит искать форматы взаимодействия с Западом, в первую очередь в гуманитарной и экономической сфере.

The reality of Russia confirms the relevance of studying the specifics of the historical form of policy prevalent in the country. In order to analyze the nature of the existing order of power in post-Soviet Russia, different analytical categories are required compared to democracy or authoritarianism. This warrants using approaches and methods which lie at the border between political science and sociology. Such approaches allow for examining politics as a process and a result of not only the elites' doings, but also a group of actors, which is not only not outlined, but, on the contrary, isn't really limited. The author of this article offers an authentic policy typology, starting with its ideal variety, being institutionalized, based on universal trust rather than force and on competition between projects and decisions aimed at common benefit, conducted within an indefinite circle of free citizens. Compared to true policy, the main distinctions of other phenomena is a lack of institutionalization in the case of "under-policy", lacking principles of unrestricted participation and alignment towards common good in the case of "pre-policy", and the use of unlawful violence in the case of "anti-policy". These phenomena can be described using the collective term "quasi-policy". "Under-policy" and "pre-policy" are inherent to people's "natural state", and can be used as a means to adjust public life and the circulation of resources, while "anti-policy" is a perverse form of social order which arises from not knowing any non-violent solutions to various problems. Based on the empirical data, the author shows that "pre-policy", which is becoming ever less effective, is prevalent in Russia, while also considering possible trends for its subsequent transformation. "Pre-policy" is characterized by syncretism of the governmental, economic and legislative domains of public life, being an archaic phenomenon by default. However, the degree of "pre-policy's" archaism varies. In Russia's case it is quite high. In Russia we see a high degree of integration on the social level within situational informal groups (cliques), combined with a low degree of trust on the societal level, which leads to there not being ideologically manifested political differentiation. The tendencies when it comes to the transformation of Russia's "pre-politics" are multidirectional and conflicting: together with amplified "pre-policy" by means of increasing archaism, we can also observe pre-political actors occasionally resorting to certain principles of "under-policy" and "anti-policy", when "pre-policy" is unable to help said actors solve the problems that they face.

Formation of foreign policy of each country is a difficult process with impact of different factors. The article touches upon key processes forming foreign policy of the Republic of Armenia. Interests of regional and global players in Armenia and foreign policy priorities are analyzed. Concluding it is mentioned that though further enhancement of military, political and economic relations with Russia Armenia will look for new cooperation opportunities with the West especially in the humanitarian and economic spheres. ; Формирование внешней политики каждой страны сложный процесс на который влияют многочисленные факторы. В статье представлены ключевые процессы, обуславливающие внешнюю политику РА. Анализируются интересы региональных и глобальных игроков в Армении и внешнеполитические приоритеты РА. Делается вывод, что несмотря на дальнейшее углубление военно-политических и экономических связей с Россией, Армения продолжит искать форматы взаимодействия с Западом, в первую очередь в гуманитарной и экономической сфере.

Blockchain is a new information technology that can be used in many areas of human activity. The fi rst and most famous example of the use of blockchain technology is the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. Today, cryptocurrency has transformed into a publicly recognized means of payment, a virtual currency that is accepted by large and small enterprises, corporations and services. Today, they conduct research and implement a number of projects using Blockchain technology in such areas as healthcare, media, electronic voting, fi le storage, smart contracts, insurance, the public sector (issuing passports, collecting taxes, registering land plots), etc. The IBM Corporation is researching Blockchain technology and is working on the creation of software, with the help of which partners will be able to conclude digital contracts that will be recorded in the global network. IBM is also implementing a project called Adept, which aims to track network-connected devices using Blockchain technology. The purpose of this article is to study the directions of using Blockchain in public policy.

The article studies the basic and complicated evolution of different approaches for investigating Russian post-Soviet Islamic transformation. The authors describe the logic and dynamic of scrutinizing such kind of problems as Islamic consciousness and Muslim institutes, relationships between Islam and ethnic political develoments, forms and manifestations of Islamic fundamentalism. In an effort to identify and assess the signs of post-Soviet Islamic revival, the Russian academic community has obviously been driven to despair. Especially since the tragedy of 9/11/2001 as a source of studying Islam as an evasive object. The main goal of this paper is the methodological innovation which consists in multilayered approach. The authors argue that changes of parameters and structure of post-Soviet policy is reflected in the change of format and unities of analysis. The paper examines the character of academic discussion about different understanding of such political phenomena as politization of Islam as well as bordering Islam in terms of multi-level methodology. This methodology could be able to clarify very complicated Islamic features: socio-territorial organization, communication, and the reproduction channels. It alone will help us explain changing Islam as a social and political enigma. In this paper the authors have correctly identified the phenomenon of Muslim regionalization as a situation under which the Islamic leaders concentrate on religious development at the local level. It is not the authors' aim to discuss the forms of Islamic existence and its religious-teaching component. The authors favor the wider approach typical of political science in which there is a component of Islamic studies. This analysis has demonstrated that the multi-layered approach to Islam, which identifies its viable segments, has a considerable heuristic potential. This approach helps to understand the inner dynamics of the Islamic development as a complex social and political phenomenon. This reconfirms the old truth that the deeper the analysis goes into the past the more integral an image of reality it acquires. (author's abstract)

Introduction. As part of French foreign policy, arms trade is currently considered to be a specific way to promote national influence in the world and support defense industry at home. This approach has been already exercised for several decades, but the last presidency was an entirely new and interesting point in this respect because in 2015 and 2016 French arms trade attained the highest income rates.

Methods. The key notion of this article is French 'strategic autonomy' which remains a pivotal point of any diplomatic activity of France since Charles de Gaulle's presidency. Arms export perfectly corresponds to this point because it helps to maintain French autonomy in economic and political ways. To prove it, several methods were provided such as functional method, comparative analysis and SWOT-analysis.

Analysis. This article aims to identify the specifics of contemporary French arms export policy. In this regard, the text is divided in three parts. The first one defines military export as a part of 'strategic autonomy' concept. To explain the recent growth, the second part explores a new governmental approach to arms trade. The third part brings together the issues and prospects of French military export expected for Emmanuel Macron's term.

Results. The main conclusion is that the new president seems to conduct the same policy as his predecessor. The government has reaffirmed its main principles in the field and renewed a political support for arms contracts. Military cooperation with foreign countries still officially depends on the idea of 'strategic autonomy' of France and its defense industry.

In the present article the author tried to analyze the processes underway in the world political arena, give his assessments concerning some new global challenges and threats in the post-COVID period. He made an attempt to give a brief review of the current role and place of Uzbekistan in the regional and international politics.

The third and final article of the three-part series of articles «Artificial intelligence in the economy and politics of our time» (the first and second articles of the series were published in the fourth and fifth issues of the journal for this year, respectively) presents the results of a study of the goals, motivations and specifics of the adoption of national strategies to support the development of artificial intelligence in different countries. It is shown that such a strategy in Russia is based on the idea of the most important role of using artificial intelligence in solving the most complex economic, social, and military-political problems of the country. Differences in conceptual approaches to the development of research and practical use of artificial intelligence developments in the national strategies of the largest countries of the world — the United States, China and India.

In the article the mechanisms of legal regulation of French language are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to politicians in France, as initiators and developers of regulations in support of national language. Speech portraits of representatives of French political elite are considered,politiciansviolations of standardliterary French are identified. ; В статье анализируются механизмы законодательного регулирования французского языка. Особое внимание уделяется политическим деятелям Франции, выступающим инициаторами и разработчиками нормативных актов в поддержку национального языка. Рассматривается речевой портрет представителей французской политической элиты, выявляются случаи нарушения политиками литературной нормы французского языка.

On the basis of the conducted research on the directions of the criminal and penal–executive policy with regard to minors, the author of the article draws the following conclusions. The processes of humanization of criminal and penal enforcement laws affect under–age criminals, adjusting the procedure for appointing and executing criminal punishment, including deprivation of liberty. Despite these trends in recent years, the problem of juvenile delinquency is a fairly massive social and legal phenomenon. Thus, the analysis of statistical data has shown that juvenile delinquency grows 7 times faster than the total number of the population of this age group changes, and in some regions, minors determine the crime situation as a whole. The reason for repeated crimes committed by former juvenile convicts is that returning part of this category of people to the society is predisposed to spreading and propagating criminal "prison" traditions and customs among their peers, as well as among younger people, which contributes to the support and growth of criminogenic the potential of society. One of the directions of the criminal and penitentiary policy of Russia is the penitentiary and post-penitentiary resocialization of persons serving sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty, in particular minors. Thus, the process of training juveniles sentenced to release and creating conditions for their full integration into society is the most important task not only of educational colonies, but also of government bodies and civil society institutions. The absence of a federal law on the social adaptation of persons released from places of deprivation of liberty creates difficulties for minors in the process of resocialization. Adoption of this law is an important component and the main content of the law should be the establishment of strict control over the behavior of these individuals, and mainly the guarantee of state aid to them in the process of returning to normal life in society.

The phenomenon of exceptional (to the extent of chaos) conceptual and terminological diversity is currently observed in the research of S&T development and in the practice of public administration of science and technology in the Russian Federation. It has the most strong and negative impact at the federal level as it appears in the strategic planning documents, which sum up and put into action the governmental science and technology policy (in terms of goal setting, forecasting, planning and programming the socio-economic development and national security). The article seeks to comprehend and explain the root cause of this conceptual and terminological diversity, that lie, in the author's opinion, in the excessive decentralization and weak public administration of the S&T development in the country. In the face of new global challenges and threats the leading role of the state in S&T development should be drastically increased. The article outlines juridical principles of the Russian S&T modernization at the current stage of development.

The article discusses securitization of memory politics and identity politics as a part of academic tools and some kind of political tools. The author characterizes the process of securitization analyzing both academic and political discourse of the last decade. The securitization of the politics of memory and identity, as well as the politicization of history are reflected in academic publications and political declarations, pouring out into hot discussions, debates, wars of memory, struggle of identities. Research findings can create basis for a political turn or a new foreign policy course. Securitization puts the category of identity in the context of international security while identity politics could be used as a soft power element or foreign policy tool. There has been a turn towards defining identity politics as a concrete ideological weapon that can be used against opponents in the ideological and political struggle. This significantly changes meaning of identity politics. The author considers that in scientific analysis it is advisable to avoid extreme politization of identity. ; Рассматривается секьюритизация политики памяти и идентичности как приема научного анализа и элемента политического инструментария. Автор характеризует этот процесс на основе изучения научного и политического дискурса последних лет. Секьюритизация политики памяти и идентичности, а также политизация истории находят отражение в научных публикациях и выступлениях политических лидеров, проявляясь в виде острых дискуссий, дебатов, войн памяти, борьбы идентичностей. Результаты исследовательских трудов могут создавать интеллектуальную основу для политического поворота или нового внешнеполитического курса. Секьюритизация переводит категорию политики идентичности в контекст международной безопасности, когда политика идентичности может быть использована как элемент мягкой силы или внешнеполитический инструмент. Наметился поворот к тому, чтобы определять политику идентичности как конкретное идеологическое оружие, которое может быть использовано против оппонентов в идеологической и политической борьбе. Это существенно меняет смыслы политики идентичности. Автор считает, что в научном анализе желательно избегать экстремальной политизации использования идентичности.

Education and science becomethe key realms of innovational reforms in theeconomic, legal and political arenas. Thekey to success in formulating national policyin the sphere of education and science liesin the professional combination of the generallaws and the country's own specificity inthe modernization of the traditional knowledgegaining methods, its reproduction anddevelopment in the educational and researchprocesses. Technological and social innovationsare connected, social innovations determinethe ways of formulating the policiesin the technological, innovational and scientificpolicy areas. The article concludesthat there is a need for developing competitivemechanisms of support for social innovations,which give way to technological innovationand their diffusion, which leads tothe decrease of differentiation. The diffusionof social and technological innovations becomesthe task of the ripe foreign policy. ; В настоящее время в России образование и наука становятся ключевыми сферами в инновационном преобразовании экономической, правовой, политической и духовной сфер. Формула успеха в формировании национальной политики в области науки и образования заключается в умелом сочетании общих закономерностей и своей собственной специфики в ходе модернизации традиционных методов получения знания, его воспроизводства и развития в образовательном и исследовательском процессе. Технологические и социальные инновации неразрывно связаны, социальные инновации определяют пути и способы формулирования научной, технологической и инновационной политики государства. Автор заключает, что необходимо вырабатывать конкурентные механизмы поддержки социальных инноваций, которые создают основу инноваций технологических и их диффузии, уменьшающей дифференциацию в мире. Диффузия социальных и технологических инноваций — задача зрелой внешней политики государств.

В данной статье представлена глава из книги "Политический язык: успех слова и провал политики", в которой описаны различные аспекты и приемы политического дискурса.