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Chapter 1: Application of Life Cycle Costing in Building Energy Performance -- Chapter 2: Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Nearly-Zero Energy Buildings: An Introduction to the Methodologies -- Chapter 3:Analysis of Life Cycle Cost, Barriers and Strategies towards Enhancing its Application: Case Study of Commercial Buildings -- Chapter 4: Applications of Life Cycle Costing in Waste-to-Energy Projects -- Chapter 5: Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Various Wave Energy Converters (Based on Energy & Carbon Intensity) -- Chapter 6: Towards Optimising Life Cycle Costs of High-Rise Residential Apartments: A Case of Sri Lanka.

The book contains the latest developments in the field of life cycle assessment (LCA) and its application. It contains numerous research articles from leading German research institutes working towards the further development of the methodology. The book provides important insights for professionals working in the field of sustainability assessment, for researchers interested in the current state of the research of the methodology and its application as well as for advanced university students in different science and engineering fields.

This book offers a detailed presentation of the principles and practice of life cycle impact assessment. As a volume of the LCA compendium, the book is structured according to the LCIA framework developed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)passing through the phases of definition or selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterisation models (Classification): calculation of category indicator results (Characterisation); calculating the magnitude of category indicator results relative to reference information (Normalisation); and converting indicator results of different impact categories by using numerical factors based on value-choices (Weighting). Chapter one offers a historical overview of the development of life cycle impact assessment and presents the boundary conditions and the general principles and constraints of characterisation modelling in LCA. The second chapter outlines the considerations underlying the selection of impact categories and the classification or assignment of inventory flows into these categories. Chapters three through thirteen exploreall the impact categories that are commonly included in LCIA, discussing the characteristics of each followed by a review of midpoint and endpoint characterisation methods, metrics, uncertainties and new developments, and a discussion of research needs. Chapter-length treatment is accorded to Climate Change; Stratospheric Ozone Depletion; Human Toxicity; Particulate Matter Formation; Photochemical Ozone Formation; Ecotoxicity; Acidification; Eutrophication; Land Use; Water Use; and Abiotic Resource Use. The final two chapters map out the optional LCIA steps of Normalisation and Weighting.

Front cover; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; About the Editors; Contributors; Preface: About This Book; A Dialog, over Coffee, about Life Cycle Costing; Executive Summary; Chapter 1. Introduction: History of Life Cycle Costing, Its Categorization, and Its Basic Framework; Chapter 2. Modeling for Life Cycle Costing; Chapter 3. Environmental Life Cycle Costing; Chapter 4. Integrating External Effects into Life Cycle Costing; Chapter 5. Life Cycle Costing in Life Cycle Management; Chapter 6. A Survey of Current Life Cycle Costing Studies; Chapter 7. Life Cycle Costing Case Studies