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Linguistic examination of texts with allegedly extremist content is carried out using special methods. The most popular today are lexical-semantic, semantic-syntactic methods, as well as the method of discourse anal-ysis, which allow an expert linguist to make an objective expert opinion on the issues raised. An expert linguist conduc ting an examination of texts with allegedly extremist content has to identify linguistic markers of extrem-ism that are implemented at all language levels. The linguistic examination of Islamist discourse texts involves taking into account genre features of a religious text, having an impact on linguistic markers. Islamist discourse is understood as texts related to political radical trends of Islamism. The article presents fundamental diff erenc-es between the terms "Islam" as a world religion and "Islamism" as a political trend. We propose an algorithm for the me thodology of analyzing texts of allegedly extremist content based on the material of an Islamist text of the "sermon" genre, the main function of which is to instruct believers. Linguistic markers of extremism in the sermon genre are identifi ed during the analysis and are classifi ed according to their main functions: motivation and appeal, negation, demonstration of the superiority of one person or group of persons over other people based on nationality, origin and attitude to religion. These linguistic markers are implemented using the following lin-guistic means: morphological (verbs of obligation, verbs of the 2nd person singular or plural in the imperative mood, the form of the imperative of the 1st person plural); syntactic (particles in imperative sentences, complex sentences with subordinate clauses, addresses in combination with verbs in the imperative mood of the 2nd per-son plural); rhetorical means (rhetorical questions, antithesis); lexical and semantic means (nouns, verbs and oth-er parts of speech with negative connotations); morphemic and word-formation means (comparative, superlative forms). The identifi ed linguistic markers realize the function of demonstrating superiority, appeal, negativity in relation to "strangers", "others".

The article describes the specific methods used in various areas of linguistic expertise. The question of how effective the methods can be in the process of linguistic examination is explained. In cases of extremism, authorization of anonymous letters, and levels of insults, forensic linguistic expertise has long grouped methods. The issue of developing a single scientific-methodological system and identifying universal methods in the activities of linguistic expertise centers in governmental and non-governmental organizations will be clarified.

The studies of extremist discourse in cyberspace use set scientific methods to protect traditional spiritual values, such as state sovereignty, human rights and freedoms, historical and cultural heritage. The experience of the member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) on the implementation of regional international agreements aimed at combating extremism should be applied in the organization of countering extremist crimes committed using digital technologies.Aim . To characterize approaches to combating extremism in cyberspace within the SCO and to determine the methodology for assessing the degree of public danger of manifestations of extremism.Methods. The study on extremism in SCO apply a comparative legal method when posing the problem of criminalization of extremist practices and use discourse analysis of the extremism in cyberspace problem for assessing the public danger of radical ideology.Results. Three groups of methods are used in the fight against extremism: methods of legal regulation, methods of studying and assessing the public danger of extremist materials and methods of scientific research of extremism. Prohibitive legal regulation in cyberspace is applied to media content that, according to the conclusion of linguistic expertise, contains signs of extremist materials. The doctrinal basis for the legal assessment of the linguistic expertise of extremist materials is the socio-legal research conducted in the SCO member states.Conclusions. The propaganda of extremism in cyberspace qualifies as an abuse of freedom of speech, since extremist ideology leads to terrorism. The SCO consensus on the need to combat extremism is based on a scientific methods system for radical ideology research, among which discourse analysis and narrative dialogue research will play an increasing role with the digital transformation.

According to the authors of the article, works of fiction that introduce shocking ideas into aesthetic reality fit into the general contemporary discourse of the extreme. Literary texts marked by the extreme are based on the principles of taboos violation which are expressed in the space of creativity as an invasion of forbidden topics, a rethinking of the concept of good and evil, a deviation from the norm of any type (from moral and ethical to linguistic). The material for the analysis is the modern Ural writers' works of various genre-generic forms: a book of poems "The Gospel of Lucifer" by A. Vavilov (2019), a novel "Department" by A. Salnikov (2018), a play "Claustrophobia" by K. Kostenko (2003). The paper shows how the category of the extreme manifests itself at all levels of the text: from problem-thematic (total alienation from traditional norms of life, identity crisis) to specific methods of world modeling associated with the image of the impaired consciousness of a modern person (zoomorphic code, dead-end space, obligatory motives of aggression) and linguistic extremism, based on prison and militaristic vocabulary, on taboo lexical units of the body bottom. Despite genre-generic difference of the works selected for the analysis, there is a similarity of the methods of depicting modern reality and the worldview of a person within the framework of everyday life combined not only by the extremely unusual (i. e., extreme) but also beyond the limits of the allowable and permissible. This poetics includes a lot of grotesque methods of amplification and redundancy with the help of which the recognizable features of modern reality are sharpened and depicted. © 2020 Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of RAS. All rights reserved.

Harmony with nature, pristine countryside, organic farming, a vegan diet, renewable energy, sustainable development. This imagery tends to be associated with 'green liberal' environmentalist movements and more broadly, left-wing political ideologies. However, concern for the environment and warnings about the imminent climate crisis are gaining traction within far-right and white supremacist movements. This article focuses on the revival of white supremacist environmentalism based on a qualitative text analysis of an English-language manifesto published by the violent extremist neo-Nazi Nordic Resistance Movement. Drawing on the concept of axiological cosmologies from Legitimation Code Theory and the Appraisal framework from Systemic Functional Linguistics, this paper shows how an ecofascist ideology is built up through clusters of meanings that reinforce neo-Nazi grievances such as 'global Zionism', 'mass immigration' and multiculturalism. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of what the promotion of eco-fascist 'solutions' to the climate crisis could mean for climate justice from a human rights perspective and preventing violent extremism from an educational perspective.

While violence is often targeted at and experienced by bodies with different identities or appearance, studies of violence in social sciences research often neglect the body as a data source and site of analysis. This article makes an original contribution to the literature on visual methods in general and arts-based approaches specifically, by focusing on the understudied and underutilised method of body mapping. It is novel in developing techniques for using body mapping as a tool for seeing violent extremism in international politics. The approach here enables researchers to engage with a potentially difficult topic and interrogate the nuances of how violent extremism is understood, experienced and resisted at a local community level. In so doing, it produces a rich, original data set of 20 body maps, interviews and focus group discussions with 10 men and 10 women from Muslim communities from around the coast in Kenya created during two 5-day intensive body mapping workshops held in Mombasa in November 2019. This embodied storytelling challenges dominant ideas about violent extremism and makes visible otherwise marginalised and obscured personal narratives and lived experiences of violence. This is of fundamental importance because everyday violence and exclusion not only go unaddressed in the efforts to tackle violent extremism but are also exacerbated by the excessive security measures used by the government in its effort to counter the threat of groups such as Al-Shabaab. The techniques we develop in this article have significant advocacy potential and societal impact: body mapping creates a platform and a tool for highlighting and challenging everyday practices such as female genital mutilation, violence against women, discrimination, racism, police brutality, tribalism and marginalisation. It can also transcend linguistic and educational barriers to enable access to a diverse audience and create bridges between divided communities.

While violence is often targeted at and experienced by bodies with different identities or appearance, studies of violence in social sciences research often neglect the body as a data source and site of analysis. This article makes an original contribution to the literature on visual methods in general and arts-based approaches specifically, by focusing on the understudied and underutilised method of body mapping. It is novel in developing techniques for using body mapping as a tool for seeing violent extremism in international politics. The approach here enables researchers to engage with a potentially difficult topic and interrogate the nuances of how violent extremism is understood, experienced and resisted at a local community level. In so doing, it produces a rich, original data set of 20 body maps, interviews and focus group discussions with 10 men and 10 women from Muslim communities from around the coast in Kenya created during two 5-day intensive body mapping workshops held in Mombasa in November 2019. This embodied storytelling challenges dominant ideas about violent extremism and makes visible otherwise marginalised and obscured personal narratives and lived experiences of violence. This is of fundamental importance because everyday violence and exclusion not only go unaddressed in the efforts to tackle violent extremism but are also exacerbated by the excessive security measures used by the government in its effort to counter the threat of groups such as Al-Shabaab. The techniques we develop in this article have significant advocacy potential and societal impact: body mapping creates a platform and a tool for highlighting and challenging everyday practices such as female genital mutilation, violence against women, discrimination, racism, police brutality, tribalism and marginalisation. It can also transcend linguistic and educational barriers to enable access to a diverse audience and create bridges between divided communities.

Society is modern is characterized by promptly increasing information streams. As a result of development of the Internet, increase of speed of transmission of messages traditional means and ways of the analysis of character, a context, an orientation of messages lose the importance. One of the negative phenomena in Russia is today an extremism who in modern conditions is integrated into an Internet environment. Effektvnoye counteraction to this phenomenon, in the near future, will consist in improvement of software of the Internet monitoring allowing in real time to carry out the computer content analysis, the linguistic analysis of text streams containing various materials of a global network, including the extremist.

The subject of the article is the problem of the ontological boundary of religious extremism as a socio-cultural phenomenon. The methodological basis of the research is the non-classical linguistic semantics of Frege – Russell. Within its framework, meaning, concept and sign are distinguished for the subject of thought. This methodology complements the predominance of the activity approach in the research of religious extremism. Such methodological unilateralism creates the illusion of the scholastic nature of the investigated problem, when the scientific result is expected to comment, clarify and systematize the known knowledge about religious extremism. As a result, religious extremism is considered metaphysically as an unchanging phenomenon that has no spatial and temporal boundaries. This research was conducted in two stages. The first one highlights the essential signs of religious extremism. The traditional triad of signs "subjects, sphere of activity, implementation methods" is supplemented by the fourth: "the purpose of activity". Based on the analysis, religious extremism is defined as extreme actions of religious elements in the political life of society, aimed against the structural elements and ideology of secular society. The article rejects the provisions on uncritical identification with religious extremism of the following social phenomena: violation of national legislation on freedom of conscience and religious associations; religious fanaticism; religious sectarianism; nationalism. At the second stage of the research, the spatial and temporal boundaries of religious extremism are comprehended. Spatially religious extremism is typical for both post-industrial and traditional societies of the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The article puts forward historical-religious arguments and an argument against the thesis of the timeless nature of the existence of religious extremism. Based on the formation of a secular society on the economic basis of an industrial society since the second half of the XIX century, four factors of the emergence of religious extremism have been identified: secularization of public consciousness; desacralization of power; inversion of violence; limited support. As a result of the conducted research, the metaphysical consideration of religious extremism as an unchangeable phenomenon has been overcome and its conceptual understanding has been deepened.

The article explores the unique challenges of conducting forensic-linguistic and religious expertise during the investigation of crimes committed by members of youth informal groups (associations) with extremist leanings. It outlines the specific investigative practices for these types of crimes. The research aims to analyze forensic-linguistic and religious expertise in investigating crimes perpetrated by members of these groups.

The importance of these types of expertise is underscored by the rising number of extremism cases among young people, which necessitates innovative identification and prevention methods. Linguistic analysis can reveal underlying meanings and manipulative language tools, crucial for effective crime investigation and maintaining justice and societal safety. As extremist crimes often transcend international borders, it is vital to develop adaptable research methods for different cultural and social contexts.

The study employs scientific methods such as observation, analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and extrapolation. It reviews scientific literature on youth groups, anti-extremism, crime investigation, forensics, and religious studies, alongside examining investigation materials from crimes committed by youth extremist groups.

Promising avenues for future research include analyzing forensic examinations conducted during the investigation of crimes committed by youth informal groups with extremist orientations. This could enhance understanding and provide better strategies for tackling extremism in various contexts.

What are the chances of turning Southeast Asia into a new hotbed of ISIS (prohibited in Russia) terrorism? Of the 650 million peopleliving in SEA, more than 40%, or 260 million, profess this religion. The region is also an independent, very active and large-scale theater of military operations of Islamist radical and extremist terrorist organizations. But against the danger of turning Southeast Asia into a hotbed of the ISIS plays the fact that its Muslim community is fragmented into heterogeneous ethnic, linguistic and socio-cultural as well as territorially and politically separated groups. The majority of Muslims in the region have moderate religiousviews. Political regimes in the countries of the region are quite stable. The authorities are actively fi ghting radicalism and terrorism. The largest non-regional powers are also interested in fi ghting terrorism. They are striving to maintain stability and security in the region. China is strengthening on the islands of the SCS and is beginning to implement important economic projects. The US joined the anti-terrorist activities, considering the region as a sphere of its geopolitical interests. The fi ght against terrorism and transnational crime is one of the central issues in the Russian-ASEAN dialogue. Thus, although the danger of moving the ISIS to SEA is significantenough, there are serious factors to resist this. ; Юго-Восточная Азия — важная часть исламского мира. Недавние события в филиппинскомгороде Марави дали повод для опасений, связанных с возможным перемещением центра Исламского государства (организация запрещена в Российской Федерации) с Ближнего Востока в ЮВА. К факторам, повышающим вероятность такого развития событий, можно отнести большой удельный вес мусульман среди жителей региона, постоянныеэтнорелигиозные конфликты. Однако против превращения ЮВА в очаг ИГ свидетельствует то, что основная масса мусульман региона придерживается умеренных взглядов и негативно относится к религиозному фанатизму и экстремизму. Политические режимы в странах региона достаточно стабильны, власти активно борются с радикализмом и терроризмом.

Рассматривается проблема лингвистического анализа российского антиэкстремистского законодательства. ; This article focuses on the problems of linguistic analysis of Russian anti-extremism legislation.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Contributors -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 Political Governance of Cultural Diversity -- Nation-states and the Problem of Cultural Diversity -- Transforming the Nation-State - The Impact of Human Rights -- Ethnic, Linguistic and Religious Politics of Recognition -- Territorially Based Ethnic or National Movements -- Linguistic Diversity and Language Policy -- Secularism and Religious Diversity -- Conclusion -- References -- PART I ETHNO-NATIONAL MOVEMENTS -- 2 Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict and Democratic Governance -- Theoretical Approaches -- Primordialism -- Social Constructivism -- Rational Choice -- State Policy and Ethnonationalism: Theoretical Predictions -- Case Studies -- The Basque Country -- Northern Ireland -- Québec -- Chiapas -- The Kurdish Question in Turkey -- Case Studies and Theoretical Predictions -- References -- 3 Constitutional and Governmental Policies towards Basque Nationalist Extremism -- Strategies of the State facing Nationalist Insurgent Extremism: Repressive and Responsive Frames -- Repressive Policies and Insurgent Nationalist Extremism -- Responsive Policies and Insurgent Nationalist Extremism -- Dimensions of Insurgent Nationalist Extremism in the Basque Country -- Victims of Terrorism -- Herri Batasuna/Euskal Herritarrok Voting -- Basque Exclusivist Identification -- Dimensions and Indicators of State Policies in the Basque Case -- Repressive Policies -- Responsive Policies -- Empirical Analysis -- The Development of Violence -- Development of Basque Extremist Nationalist Voting -- Development of Rejection towards Spain -- Implications for Theory and Policy -- Notes -- References -- 4 Conflict Management in Northern Ireland -- Introduction -- About the Conflict and its Solutions