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This article presents the research methodology of cyclical fluctuations, which observed on the Russian labor market. The paper defines cyclical fluctuations as reactions of labor market macroparameters, expressed in variations of trend-cycles from trend. It introduced a conceptual framework, appropriate for studying cyclical fluctuations. Proposed methodological approach to the study of cyclical fluctuations on the Russian labor market includes: the choice of labor market macroparameters with an account of Russian statistics' limitations; the decomposition of time series data; the construction of models using statistical methods and econometric tools; the identification of cyclical reaction's key points (entry point, point bottom and the starting point of recovery), its depth and duration; and, after all, the comparative analysis of cyclical and seasonal variations of time series data. Presented methodology allows evaluating the presence of Russian labor market macroparameters' cyclical reactions and analyzing how significantly different the cyclical nature of the Russian labor market from traditional models of labor market's cyclical reaction.

The article presents the results of the investigation of a system of criteria that reflect economic content of the concept of «single-industry city» and take into account, on the one hand, the change in their role in the system of urban settlement and, on the other hand, the specific conditions and challenges of urban development in emerging markets; the outcomes of the approbation of the criteria identified for assessing the status and trends of the labor market of single-industry cities in Chelyabinsk region of the Russian Federation are presented.

Digitalization changes the nature of work and the demands for competences of a modern employee, but the speed and volume of digitalization differ by type of economic activity. In the context of existing gender differentiation on the labor market, differences in the degree of digitalization lead to the fact that male and female types of employment change differently. The aim of the article is to determine the degree and features of digitalization of "women's" and "men's" spheres of employment and draw conclusions on the prospective impact of these differences on gender inequality. Data analysis concerning current gender differentiation on the labor market, the scale of occupational digitalization and the use of information technologies for various purposes allows us to conclude that both "male" and "female" professions are highly digitalized, but the nature of the changes is different. Data on the gender distribution in the areas of employment and the degree of digitalization of these areas allow us to distinguish 3 categories of women's participation in digital economy: 1. Household use of digital technologies; 2. Digital technologies use while performing labor functions; 3. Creation of digital technologies and direct participation in digitalization. The areas of women's primary employment (health care, information and communication, finance, education) are currently the leaders in employing digital technologies, so computer technologies penetrate more intensively into the professional activities of women than in "male" professions (for example, construction). However, in software development and digital technology management, women are less represented, acting as users of technologies created mainly by men. Since creation is primary related to usage, digitalization enhances gender inequality determining the innovative role for men and the user role for women, which should be taken into account while implementing policies aimed at overcoming inequality.

The article presents the results of study of the positions of university graduates in the Russian labor market. The relevance of the subject is due to the fact that getting higher education instead of starting to work directly after school is now considered a social norm, and the fact that the structure of training in specialties and its quality, as stated by the top officials, does not meet the needs of the economy. The research is based on data of the first selective observation of employment of graduates of Rosstat, obtained in 2016, and the Ministry of Education and Science monitoring of graduates employment of 2015-2017. In the paper we assess the employment rate of young people with higher education by age groups; highlight regional features of university graduates employment; evaluate employment characteristics by groups of specialties; we study the distribution of employed university graduates by types of economic activity in comparison with the all-Russian structure of employment. It is concluded, that with an increase in the level of education the probability of success employment, including finding a job in the specialty, increases; and that job satisfaction is higher for those who work in their professional field. For NEET youth with higher education, recommendations on how to integrate into the labor market relations have been suggested.

Currently available distortions of training compared to the needs of the labor market lead to a reduction in the efficiency of the entire economic mechanism (increasing shortage of certain specialties at the global and local labor markets, slowing the development of industries and enterprises in the case of a lack of qualified workers), growing social the problem (there is a surplus of specialists in certain occupations, increasing overt and hidden unemployment), there is a need to align the strategic plans for the development of the economy and education.

The issue of the shortage of qualifi ed workers is of relevant importance in the Russian labor market. The modern labor market in the Russian Federation is in dire need of workforce. The market economy places high demands on the quality of the workforce, its professionalism, educational and qualification level. In conditions of fierce competition in the labor market for specialists, jobs at manufacturing enterprises are often unoccupied for various reasons. On the one hand, companies offering vacancies for blue-collar workers cannot find employees with sufficient qualifi cations. On the other hand, people who have received a vocational profession cannot ensure the fulfi llment of important production orders at the proper level, due to the lack of the necessary qualifications. Thirdly, young people prefer to work anywhere, but not in the field they studied. The article is devoted to the key issues of training specialists at the present stage. Research methods include a comprehensive analysis of statistical data and articles on resolving the problem of the workforce shortage, ways to solve the problem of the provision of proper qualification level in vocational specialties, increasing the prestige of vocational professions and motivating young people to work in the field of industrial production. As a result of the analysis carried out in the article, the author concludes that a positive change in this direction can be achieved only under the condition of an integrated approach to the problem and involvement of all interested parties in its solution. Meanwhile, the main emphasis should be placed on early vocational guidance, motivation and incentivization of young people and students, and increasing the prestige of vocational occupations.

The main research issues discussed in the article concern the impact of technological and epidemiological challenges on the employment of women and men, as well as the reasons for their asymmetric impact on employees depending on gender. The choice of these two challenges is determined, on the one hand, by their relevance, and on the other, by the fact that, although they are fundamentally different in both character and duration of their impact on the labor market, the consequences of their impact on women's employment are the same and in both cases lead to job losses. The article shows that the same consequences for women's employment from such different challenges are not accidental. This is due to the fact that the causes and risk factors of priority job loss for women as a result of the technological and epidemiological challenges are identical, since they are based on gender segregation of employment in the labor market, which divides jobs and entire industries into «male» and «female». In the technological challenge, the reason for the priority and more widespread loss of jobs by women is due to the fact that they are more often than men engaged in routine work in which is a large proportion of repetitive operations that are easy to automate and delegate to robots or artificial intelligence (AI). During the epidemiological challenge, more "female" than "male" jobs fell into the risk zone of unemployment, because as a result of self-isolation most enterprises and organizations in the service sphere, such as shopping centers, hairdressers and beauty salons, hotels and boarding houses, museums and libraries were closed, as well as airports and travel agencies — and all these enterprises employed mainly women. On account of the high risk of unemployment, these activities were included in the "List of economy sectors most affected by coronavirus" developed by the Government to provide priority targeted support. However, according to the information from the Ministry of Finance, less than a fifth of the service sector organizations and individual entrepreneurs will be able to receive this assistance, and therefore it is unlikely to avoid an increase in female unemployment.

The article addresses the problem of regionalization of state policy in the field of employment and employment. The author links the process of formation and use of labour resources in a particular region with territorial differences in natural conditions and resources, demographic processes and economic potential. Today, the situation in the Russian labor market is characterized by a decrease in the number of employed people, an increase in unemployment, and an increase in the length of the period of unemployment. Employment has a system of indicators reflecting: the completeness of the inclusion of an active part of the population in public production; the level of balance between jobs and labour resources; If employment is consistent with the socio-economic needs of the population, the full and effective employment of specialists, especially young ones, in the labor market is of great importance for the further development of the country. In this regard, employment problems have worsened in almost all regions of Russia. As a result of the analysis of the current state of the labor market and employment of the population of the Orel region, the main priorities of the policy were identified: the promotion of employment of youth, people with disabilities, as well as the development of employment in rural areas. It is argued that in the labor market, despite the measures taken by State bodies, there is a significant gap between the number of registered unemployed citizens and the number of unemployed citizens, the territorial discrepancy between the supply and demand of labor, the imbalance in quantity and professional composition, and the low salary characteristics of the proposed jobs remain. The state policy on promoting employment at present should ensure the coordinated functioning of the labor market, regulation of the formation and movement of investments throughout Russia, the use of corporate and private capital, taking into account the provision of employment at a level sufficient to maintain the reproduction of the population within the framework guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation. Possible ways to improve the efficiency of public administration of employment and employment of the population in the Orel region, increasing social security and competitiveness in the labor market of weakly protected categories of citizens, are justified.

The formation of professional competencies is facilitated by modern educational technologies, methods and forms of education. Today, there is a demand for training in new skills, which is associated with an increase in the competitiveness of an employee in the labor market. The competence-based approach in educational institutions actualizes the problems of graduate modeling and lifelong learning. The subject of the study is the professional competencies of specialists in the labor market, and the object is the formation of digital competencies in the training of personnel for the labor market. The hypothesis of the study is that the landscape of the labor market is developing in such a way that most jobs can become hybrid and the acquisition of skills will be based on an appropriate form of training. The study used the methods of bibliographic search, the method of problem analysis, induction and deduction, dialectical methods, statistical analysis. In the course of scientific research: (1) a description of the level of competencies in the context of digitalization and a model of the relationship between standard and digital competencies is presented; (2) the forms and methods of training in the digital economy are substantiated to ensure the balance of supply and demand in the labor market; (3) it was revealed that new formats of education provide an opportunity to receive education with the necessary competencies both during the pandemic and the turbulent state of the economy. The results of the study can be used by educational institutions and the Ministry of Labor in forecasting personnel and developing a state strategy for developing the country's intellectual potential

This article provides an overview of the main Internet-sites for scientiic vacancies. The scientiic labor market is analyzed on the basis of data from the internet portal "ученые-исследователи.рф". It is revealed that the distribution of vacancies on the portal in diferent areas of science is uneven, most of the vacancies posted on the site are SMET vacancies (Science, Math, Engineering and Technology), there are much fewer vacancies for scientists of the humanitarian proile. The geographical distribution of vacancies is also uneven (with Moscow and Moscow region leading by a large margin). The absolute majority of employers' organizations registered on the portal are government agencies, mostly organizations subordinate to FANO. Average salaries are extremely low, lower than average income by region. Abroad, journals like Science and Nature both have big Internetsites for scientiic vacancies. Placement of announcements about scientiic vacancies on these sites is a paid service. Science is more focused on the American market, while Nature is more international. In any case, both sites have a more extensive geographical coverage in comparison with the site "ученые-исследователи.рф". Moreover, a signiicant part of employers on these sites are private universities commercial enterprises. The average salary for vacancies posted on these sites is much higher than for vacancies on the site "ученые-исследователи.рф". It is concluded that if the government of the Russian Federation wants to use the internet portal "ученые-исследователи.рф" as a tool to boost academic mobility in Russia, increase in salary in Russian universities and institutes is necessary, as well as a real representation of these salaries in job descriptions on the website. ; For citation: Malahov VA. The science labor market in Russia and abroad (based on the largest science job portals). Science. Innovation. Education. 2018;4(30): 120–132.

The work resulted in an analysis of the social situation in the Russian Federation in 2020. The object of the study was the population of the Russian Federation. In the course of the work, an assessment of the socio-economic situation of the population was carried out on the basis of a wide statistical spectrum of indicators affecting income and material situation of the population, the labor market, retail trade, consumer prices, etc. The basis for achieving the result was provided by continuous monitoring, covering operational statistical observation data. The estimates obtained are based on the results of monitoring carried out by the Institute for Social Analysis and Forecasting of the RANEPA since 2015.

The Russian labor market is experiencing (as, indeed, and all of our national economy) are not the best but not the worst of times. One of the main indicators of this trend - the overall unemployment rate for 2016 is projected at 5.8-6%, which is comparable with the figures in the last months of last year.

The article provides an overview and generalization of Russian studies of the transformation of the agricultural labor market in the post-Soviet period. Researchers of the Russian countryside reflect the obtained results in publications mainly describing the problems associated with the Russian countryside and the agricultural labor market. This is, first of all, the destruction of the rural infrastructure, poverty, unemployment, the interaction of old and new production entities (agricultural enterprises, peasant farms, private household plots and agricultural holdings), the loss of communication between villagers and agricultural enterprises, the villagers models of social adaptation and labor behavior. These processes served as a methodological support for the analysis and empirical evidence of how consciously villagers have been changing social and labor practices under the pressure of institutional transformations and agricultural modernization. Based on the choice of rational behavioral models in the labor market, they transformed the social structure of the village under the pressure of the market economy values, new rules, norms and institutional requirements. Modern processes in the agro-industrial field in the context of the property transformation contributed to the formation of a new agrarian structure, constructed by new subjects. The new and old production subjects interact in a multi-structured economy. They are important "players" in the institutional field of the agricultural sector, thus influencing the social and structural processes in the labor market. This determined a new configuration of the social rural groups employed in the formal and informal sectors.

The aim of the study is to analyze the extent of the presence of migrants and their behavior in the Russian labor market on the basis of largescale sociological surveys of migrants. This is especially important in the absence of reliable statistics on migrants in the labor market. The main attention is paid to the employment profiles of representatives of various socio-demographic and ethnic groups, illegal and informal employment, the intensity and wages of migrants from countries with a visa-free regime with Russia. Particular attention is paid to labor mobility of migrants. The main empirical basis for analysis was the results of sociological polls conducted by the Center for Ethnopolitical and Regional Studies for the Higher School of Economics in 2011. (8,5 thousand respondents) and in 2017 (8,6 thousand migrants in 19 regions of Russia). The study showed that education, qualifications, professional knowledge of migrants are not in demand on the Russian market, the typical path of migrants in the labor market is downward labor mobility – occupying a job that is worse than previously occupied in the homeland. At the same time, migrants are adapted to changes in the labor market, which is largely facilitated by the differentiation of migrant employment and the vertical mobility of some of them. Innovations in Russian legislation which came into force in 2015, as well as the integration process within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEA), which greatly facilitated access to jobs in Russia for citizens of the countries of the EEA, had a positive impact on the Russian labor market. The share of illegally employed migrants has significantly decreased in comparison with previous years. At the same time, the problem of informal employment of foreign citizens, excessive exploitation of migrant labor remains. The problems of combating forced labor of migrants and ensuring their decent labor come to the fore. Civilized conditions should be created for the legalization of labor activity of migrants, stimulating their reorientation to integrate into Russian society. The most serious attention should be paid to preventing the social exclusion of migrants to work in Russia, creating effective tools for their secondary socialization and adaptation to Russian realities. ; Цель исследования – анализ масштабов присутствия мигрантов и их поведения на российском рынке труда на основе масштабных социологических опросов мигрантов, что особенно важно в условиях отсутствия достоверной статистики о мигрантах на рынке труда. Основное внимание уделяется профилям занятости представителей различных социально-демографических и этнических групп, незаконной и неформальной занятости, интенсивности и оплате труда мигрантов из стран с безвизовым режимом с Россией. Ключевое внимание уделено трудовой мобильности мигрантов. Основной эмпирической базой для анализа являлись результаты социологических опросов Центра этнополитических и региональных исследований для НИУ-ВШЭ в 2011 г. (8,5 тысяч респондентов) и в 2017 г. (8,6 тысяч мигрантов в 19 регионах России). Исследование показало, что образование, квалификация, профессиональные знания мигрантов не востребованы на российском рынке, типичной траекторией мигрантов на рынке труда является нисходящая трудовая мобильность – занятие вакансии, худшей по сравнению с занимаемой ранее на Родине. В то же время мигранты адаптированы к изменениям на рынке труда, чему в немалой степени способствуют дифференциация занятости мигрантов и вертикальная мобильность части из них. Новации в российском законодательстве, вступившие в силу с 2015 года, а также процесс интеграции в рамках Евразийского экономического союза (ЕАЭС), существенно облегчивший доступ к рабочим местам в России гражданам стран ЕАЭС, позитивно сказались на российском рынке труда. Доля нелегально работающих мигрантов существенно снизилась по сравнению с предшествующими годами. В то же время сохраняется проблема неформальной занятости иностранных граждан, чрезмерной эксплуатации труда мигрантов. На первый план выходят проблемы борьбы с принудительным трудом мигрантов и обеспечения их достойного труда. Должны быть созданы цивилизованные условия для легализации трудовой деятельности мигрантов, стимулирования их переориентации на интеграцию в российское общество. Cамое серьезное внимание должно быть уделено предотвращению социальной исключенности приезжающих на заработки в Россию, созданию действенных инструментов их вторичной социализации и адаптации к российским реалиям.

The subject of the paper is state ideology is an element of labor market.The main aim of the paper is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that main tasks of state ideology as a key element of labor market are positive motivation to systematic long-term employment, as well as social responsibility of business by strengthening the information function of labor legislation.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparative method, description) as well as particular academic methods (formal-legal method, interpretation of legal acts).The main results and scope of their application. The modern labor market should be defined as the vacancy market. At the same time, neither the concept of a vacancy nor its characteristics are established by legislation. The state ideology plays an important role among other information flows in the system of mandatory structural elements of the labor market. The state ideology accompanies the socio-economic development of society. The formation of labor motivation holds the dominant position in the organization of the labor market. State policy in relations on the organization of the labor market is a set of management decisions of the authorities, which form the state ideology among other things. The state, when realize its interests in the sphere of labor legislation, should actively use the so-called advisory type of legal regulation of labor relations. The proposed analysis may become a crucial point for future legal research in the field of labor market.Conclusions. Positive motivation to systematic long-term employment, as well as social responsibility of business are the main tasks of state ideology as a key element of labor market. The formation and consolidation of such ideology will make it possible to apply the provisions of labor legislation more accurately in accordance with its meaning and purpose. ; Анализируется рынок труда и его элементы. Обосновывется важность государственной идеологии в системе обязательных структурных элементов рынка труда: она сопровождает социально-экономическое развитие общества, предопределяет государственную политику в сфере труда и занятости и служит ее целям. Делается вывод, что основу государственной идеологии на рынке труда должна составить позитивная мотивация граждан к систематической длительной занятости, а также социальная ответственность бизнеса.