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All over Europe urban mobility services are subject to specialized regulatory regimes. In the last decade, new technologies have upended the sector, making possible new ways of organizing the industry. Platforms like Uber and Lyft have been among the first to seize these possibilities. However, they have often done so without regard for national and local laws. In response to these changes many EU jurisdictions have amended their sectoral regulations, revisiting issues such as licensing, background checks and insurance. The result has been a vast landscape of legal, commercial, and political conflict where local administrators, private operators and citizens are obliged to act within a normative chaos. Sharing mobility is facing a major challenge in Europe. In its landmark judgment in December 2017, the European Court of Justice concluded that platforms such as Uber is 'a service in the field of transport' that are excluded from the scope of the Freedom to provide services, the Directive on services and the Directive on e-commerce. It follows that it is for the Member States and local authorities to regulate the conditions under which such services are to be provided (Case C-434/15). Yet, EU law is deeply involved in the regulation of such services. The surrounding legal framework for sharing mobility includes not only competition, labor law and consumer protection, but it also deeply affects social inclusion, environmental sustainability and urban planning, among others. For these reasons, the central question for the European Union regards the appropriate site of authority in multi-level systems. This Special Issue has been conceived within the framework of the Jean Monnet Project RIDER: an innovative project that combines research and teaching to offer a "new product" with a clear idea: "from the Academic world to Civil society". The aim is to offer real support to the public administrator in the creation of new policies and rules for sharing mobility and in following those good practices that will be developed during the lifetime of the project, taking into account the many dimensions involved: urban impact, social inclusion, environment, and so on.

Questa ricerca propone una genealogia del moderno regime di governo della mobilità del lavoro in Francia e nelle sua colonie nel XIX secolo. Governare la mobilità non implica l'esercizio di un potere semplicemente coercitivo, bensì la presenza di un certo margine di libertà, necessaria a canalizzare e orientare la circolazione degli individui. Più precisamente, la tesi analizza la storia dei libretti operai in quanto rivelatori amministrativi delle tensioni che presiedono alla configurazione, crisi e riformulazione del contrattualismo civile classico in Francia. Questa tecnologia di identificazione permette inoltre di rintracciare la genesi globale delle nozioni storiche di lavoro libero, schiavitù e domesticità, seguendo la loro evoluzione attraverso le politiche della mobilità dopo l'abolizione della schiavitù. Gli ultimi capitoli studiano la nascita dello Stato Provvidenza e di nuove forme di identificazione, come l'antropometria e le impronte digitali, in quanto riconfigurazioni storiche della domanda che attraversa la nostra ricerca: come controllare la forza-lavoro senza introdurre una coercizione illegittima sui corpi che ne sono portatori? La genealogia del regime di mobilità mostra la paradossale necessità del liberalismo di riformularsi ciclicamente come progetto universale (nella generalizzazione della persona giuridica) per poter organizzare gerarchie al suo interno (moltiplicando gli statuti attraverso i quali l'accesso all'uso della libertà viene filtrato). A partire da questa co-implicazione è possibile ripensare il rapporto tra sovranità, Stato e mercato mondiale. ; In this research, we genealogically trace the emergence of modern rationality in the government of the mobility of labor in France and its colonies in the XIX century. Governing mobility does not imply a purely coercive power, but rather a certain degree of freedom, necessary to channel and orient the circulation of individuals. More precisely, this PhD thesis analyses the history of the livret ouvrier as administrative markers of the tensions characterizing the configuration, the crisis, and the reformulation of classic civil contract in France. This technology of identification also allows us to trace the global genesis of the historical notions of free labor, slavery, and domesticity, following their evolution through the politics of mobility after the abolition of slavery. The last chapters survey the birth of the welfare state and of new forms of identification, such as anthropometry and fingerprinting, as historical reconfigurations of the underlying question of our investigation: how to control labor power without introducing an illegitimate coercion on the bodies carrying it? The genealogy of mobility regime shows the paradoxical necessity of liberalism to periodically reformulate a universal project (the generalization of the juridical person) in order to organize internal hierarchies (by multiplying the statutes through which the effective access to freedom is filtered). Through the lens of this co-implication we can rethink the relationship between sovereignty, State and world market. ; Cette recherche vise à tracer une généalogie des rationalités de gouvernement et d'identification de la mobilité du travail dans la France métropolitaine et coloniale du XIXème siècle. Gouverner la mobilité ne comporte pas un pouvoir simplement coercitif, mais plutôt un certain degré de liberté nécessaire à canaliser et orienter la circulation des individus. Plus précisément, la thèse analyse l'histoire du livret ouvrier en tant que révélateur administratif des tensions qui accompagnent la configuration, la crise et la reformulation du contrat civil classique en France. Par cette technologie d'identification on retrace aussi la genèse globale des notions historiques de travail libre, esclavage et domesticité, dont on suive les métamorphoses à la lumière des politiques de la mobilité après l'abolition de l'esclavage. Les derniers chapitres considèrent la naissance de l'Etat Providence et des nouvelles pratiques d'identification, telles que l'anthropométrie et les empreintes digitales, en tant que reformulations historiques du problème à la base de notre recherche : comment contrôler la force de travail sans insérer une coercition illégitime sur les corps qui en sont les porteurs? La généalogie du régime de mobilité montre la nécessité paradoxale du libéralisme de cycliquement relancer un projet universel (la généralisation de la personne juridique) afin de pouvoir définir des hiérarchies en son sein (multipliant les statuts par lesquelles l'accès à l'usage de la liberté est filtré). A partir de cette co-implication on peut repenser le rapport entre souveraineté, Etat et marché mondial.

Based on an empirical research on Foxconn plants in the Czech Republic, the aim of this article is to analyze how global production networks enable a time and space compression of the production process. In this way Foxconn is able to respond to the just-in-time requests of the market, while at the same time keeping the conflicts with the plant at minimum. We suggest that such a working of the global production networks is contingent on the socio-institutional context and on the composition of the workforce. These two aspects are key for the fulfilment of Foxconn's production needs as they offer necessary conditions for the compression of space and time of the workforce. The time-space compression is upheld by the international recruitment agencies that select, recruit and transport workers from their countries of origin to the Czech plants and manage the workforce both inside and outside the factories. The article examines three key nodes of this space-time compression: the recruitment of the workforce, the organization of production, and the management of reproduction.

The ensemble of European traffic roads is changing in relation to the economic geography that has been developing these recent years and also to the localisation of production and logistics centres. The development of communication has been defined through the project of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T). Undoubtedly this new geography of European communication offers member States new development opportunities, but it is also true that the distance of the different territories from the major traffic roads can be a disparity factor. In fact, this phenomenon can worsen the marginalisation processes of some European territories, contrary to the objective of the interconnection policy of the EU territories. In front of these possible territorial disparities the idea to realise an important road infrastructure, which may connect Belluno directly with Austria, is presented in this paper as an emblematic case, in which the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) permits to verify the best performing infrastructure on a territorial scale.DOI: http://dx.medra.org/10.19254/LaborEst.14.11

The aim of the essay is to analyze the rise of the Italian interurban and rural bus network from its beginning - at the end of the XIX Century - until 1929. What I argue is that, despite the few historiographical studies dedicated to this topic, the bus network played a significant role in the social and economic development of the rural areas of Italy. Before the spread of private motorization, the Italian population was involved in a process of public mass motorization, which influenced the labor market, the social mobility of people, the economic, commercial and social networks and that was more or less efficiently used by the governments as a nation-building tool, not unlikely the railway or telegraph networks.

Covid-19 has dramatically shown some of the limits of our cities. Labor market, tourism, service sector have suffered a backlash that can be read as an "explosion" of pre-existing inequalities. The slow and progressive process of recovery we are experiencing let us talk about a "post-Covid" phase, characterized by a forced coexistence with the coronavirus and its mutations, while the health emergency still affects the organization of urban life. Adopting a multidisciplinary perspective, this book provides a wide reflection on the multifaceted impacts of the pandemic on the city of Bologna. On the one hand, the chapters show how people are not "all on the same boat" in the pandemic context, with pre-existing inequalities and other vulnerabilities contributing to determine different individual experiences and outcomes. On the other hand, many authors illustrate how the socio-economic fabric of the city has given proof of resilience, with new perspective of social and territorial development in the fields of technological innovation and sustainable mobility.

In this paper we present the results of a network analysis on the mobility of the highly skilled workers in the regional labor market of Friuli Venezia Giulia. We make use of the Social Network Analysis (SNA) methods and of a new dataset on mobility of graduates and PHD's from the Regional Universities in the period 2005-2013. The new dataset is based on three different sources: the Administrative archives of the three Universities of Friuli Venezia Giulia (graduates and PhD), the Public Labour Agency (individual hiring flows), the Bureau van Dijk (company's data). The network analysis is performed for the period 2005-2013 and for two sub-periods separately (2005-2008 and 2009-2013) in order to disentangle the possible changes determined by the recent severe economic crisis. Results show that the hiring flows assume a scale-free network configuration, in the overall as well as in the two sub-periods, where the larger and innovative regional firms play a crucial role for the overall connectivity. However, from a micro-level perspective, in the second period emerges an increasing level of homophily, that is the workers' mobility mostly happen within groups of similar firms (according to our classification of innovative vs traditional firms). Finally, from a methodological point of view, network analysis seems to be a promising approach to better understand labour market structure and dynamics. ; Il saggio analizza la mobilità nel sistema produttivo regionale dei laureati e dei dottori di ricerca delle Università del Friuli Venezia Giulia. A tale scopo è stata impiegata la Social Network Analysis (SNA) al fine di descrivere la struttura della rete costituita tra le imprese regionali a partire dai flussi delle assunzioni. La base dati su cui viene condotta l'analisi empirica deriva dall'incrocio dei dati individuali di tre fonti diverse: le comunicazioni obbligatorie delle imprese ai Centri per l'impiego, l'archivio dei laureati e dei dottorati delle tre Università regionali e il database Van Dijk sulle imprese per il periodo 2005-2014, anni caratterizzati da fasi cicliche contrapposte. I risultati evidenziano una struttura complessa, in cui una grande quantità di imprese è connessa in un sistema dominato dal ruolo di alcuni grandi "hub" sia per tutto il periodo e per i due sottoperiodi 2005-2008 e 2009-2014. Il gruppo delle imprese innovative si conferma centrale, come previsto dalla letteratura, distinguendosi per una maggiore connessione interna, costituendo specialmente nel periodo 2009-2014 un mercato del lavoro a sé stante. Un risultato importante dello studio è la possibilità di indagare in dettaglio la dinamica della rete, che si presta a misure di politica economica disegnate per tenere in considerazione congiuntamente sia gli aspetti di politica industriale che quelli di politica del lavoro.