Suchergebnisse

Reprinted from the Honolulu Star Bulliten, October 3-12, 1949. ; Bibliography: p. 14. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Though most strikes in the US have been peaceful, diff's over the terms of employment have on occasion generated violent clashes. In cases where the union is recognized, strikes seldom lead to violent encounters. However, in unorg'ed strikes or in those which have arisen in an effort to gain recognition, the use of violence is more common. In the past, the presence of strike guards & private detectives were frequently causes of violent encounters. It appears that many industries were sometimes affected, & no region escaped from occasional violent incidents arising during a labor dispute. Nor were participants members of particular ethnic groups. Native Amer's as well as foreigners & Negroes as well as whites were involved in bitter clashes that erupted in US industry. Violence has not been fully eliminated from US labor disputes, but considering the N of strikes & the N of employers directed to deal with unions by gov boards dealing with labor relations, one has to conclude that it has been diminished. Laws requiring employers to recognize unions representing their employees in a proper bargaining unit have perhaps been the primary cause for a lessening of violence in labor disputes. HA.

About one in four workers challenges her dismissal in front of a labor court in France. Using a data set of individual labor disputes brought to French courts over the years 1996 to 2003, we examine the impact of labor court activity on labor market flows. First, we present a simple theoretical model showing the links between judicial costs and judicial case outcomes. Second, we exploit our model as well as the French institutional setting to generate instruments for these endogenous outcomes. In particular, we use shocks in the supply of lawyers who resettle close to their university of origin. Using these instruments, we show that labor court decisions have a causal effect on labor flows. More trials and more cases won by the workers cause more job destructions. More settlements, higher filing rates, and a larger fraction of workers represented by a lawyer dampen job destructions. Various robustness checks confirm these findings.

Although most strikes in the United States have been peaceful, differences over the terms of employment have on occasion generated violent clashes. In cases where the union is recognized, strikes seldom lead to violent encounters. However, in unorganized strikes or in those which have arisen in an effort to gain recognition, the use of violence is more common. In the past, the presence of strike guards and private detectives were frequently causes of violent encounters. It ap pears that many industries were sometimes affected, and no region escaped from occasional violent incidents arising during a labor dispute. Nor were participants members of particular ethnic groups. Native Americans as well as foreigners and Negroes as well as whites were involved in bitter clashes that erupted in American industry. Violence has not been fully eliminated from American labor disputes, but considering the number of strikes and the number of employers directed to deal with unions by government boards dealing with labor relations, one has to conclude that it has been diminished. Laws re quiring employers to recognize unions representing their em ployees in a proper bargaining unit have perhaps been the primary cause for a lessening of violence in labor disputes.

"Bibliographical note" at end of each chapter. ; Mode of access: Internet.