Suchergebnisse

Labor's democratic ideals are m serious conflict with a tradition of racial discrimination in the unions that is currently very much alive. Many unions have a long history of racial discrimination-it is this tradition which is responsible, at least in part, for the marginal status that Negro wage-earners have today in key sectors of the US economy. Today, as in the past, there is a profound disparity between the public image presented by the national AFL-CIO, with its professed devotion to racial equality, & the day-to-day experience of many Negro workers, in the North as well as in the South, with individual unions. Given union control of the hiring process & of apprenticeship programs in the building trades, in the printing trades, on the waterfront, on the railways, & in so many other industries, labor bias is a fundamental soc barrier to the Negro, hardly less serious than segregation in the public Sch's. J. A. Fishman.

The organization of Negroes in the Knights of Labor, by S. H. Kessler.--Samuel Gompers and the Negro workers, 1886-1914, by B. Mandel.--Black workers and labor unions in Birmingham, Alabama, 1897-1904, by P. B. Worthman.--Labor conflict and racial violence: the Black worker in Chicago, 1894-1919, by W. M. Tuttle, Jr.--The Negro longshoreman, 1870-1930, by S. D. Spero and A. L. Harris.--The Negro and the IWW, by S. D. Spero and A. L. Harris.--The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, by B. R. Brazeal.--Blacks and organized labor in the iron and steel industry, 1880-1939, by H. R. Clayton and G. S. Mitchell.--Blacks in the United Automobile Workers Union, by H. R. Northrup.--The CIO era, 1935-1955, by S. M. Rosen.--The Negro union official: a study of sponsorship and control, by W. Kornhauser.--The Negro and the AFL-CIO, by R. Marshall

While Herbert Hill's analysis (see abstract in SA 38:2) of Herbert Gutman's essay "The Negro and the United Mine Workers of America: The Career and Letters of Richard L. Davis and Something of Their Meaning, 1890-1900" (in Jacobson, J. [Ed], The Negro and the American Labor Movement, Garden City: Anchor Books, 1968) places practices of the United Mine Workers in proper perspective, the significance of Davis' life & role as black organizer for the union is not treated. Observations of black labor historians are used to provide insights into the lives of black unionist members, strikebreakers, & segregated locals, mines, & payscales. The average black miner was ambivalent toward the union because benefits were rarely offered, despite nondiscriminatory rhetoric, & there were few alternatives. It is suggested that labor historians apply a theoretical approach to this time period, describing the integration of racial, class, & political consciousness. M. Malas

"Labor unions are interest associations of workers in waged employment. They are formed to improve the market situation and the life chances of their members, by representing them in the labor market, at the workplace, and in the polity, and in particular by collectively regulating their members' terms of employment. Unions emerged in the transition to industrial society in the nineteenth century, together with the de-fedualization of work, the rise of free labor markets, and the commodification of labor. While employing modern means of formal organization, they represent an element of traditional collectivism in a market economy and society. Unions have taken a wide variety of forms and adopted different strategies in different historical periods, countries, and sectors. They are therefore favorite subjects of comparative social science." (excerpt)

Abstract
Considering the 2022 film Nope, this essay pushes beyond indexical and ontological readings of blackness in film in order to consider how invisible forms of blackness—in particular, the labor of black film workers—are inscribed in the film text. It argues that the inscription of black labor and a reading of film as an effect of labor supply a reformulation of a deracinated film formalism. Mining Nope's self-reflexive gestures, the essay explores the film's reformulation of American film history and its navigation of the invisible and the spectacular as the limited forms of manifesting blackness in cinema.