This report deals with our work at the CIRED (International Centre for Research on Environment and Development). We did a 6 month-internship working together on the supply side of Nexus Land-Use, a technical and economic model of global land use developed by Gitz and Ollivier (2007). The underlying very general problematic of our work is a better understanding of the interface between agriculture and environment. This report first presents a bibliographic review of the long going effects of intensive agriculture on the environment, and the future challenges that agriculture will have to face as a consequence. We quickly remind the issues related to the global political context. Then we turn to a review of different land use models, and draw a few conclusions for Nexus Land Use itself. We move further to a highlight of the difficulties inherent to the use of databases. Then we deal with methods to improve certain aspects of the supply side of Nexus, such as the representation of yields, spatialization, taking into account water use for irrigation, integrating a new model for livestock production etc. The last part is devoted to the presentation of a simplified model, developed for the European Project MATISSE, and its results.
The experiences of a health professional in a land use program in a California County are described: providing health input into the land use planning process by counseling elected and appointed government officials, individual developers, and citizen groups; interpreting existing standards and evaluating proposed ordinances and land use proposals. The significance of such input and the need for guiding standards are emphasized.
Governments often used the promise of land as a means to implement policy. Whether the land was in the form of a large grant to a successful explorer, or in the offer of a homestead on the frontier, the motive for such grants was seldom entirely altruistic. Most grants contained stipulations for settlement and cultivation because a growing population was necessary for economic development. Rulers of Florida also offered land grants to encourage a particular religion, to protect shipping, or to establish protection against Indian attacks. When Florida became part of the United States, large sections of the territory were already claimed under various land grants made by Spain or Great Britain. Succeeding United States governments continued to grant land to individuals or companies to stimulate internal improvements or to increase population. In the hands of developers, land grants usually had the desired effect, but in the hands of speculators they tended to decrease population growth. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of land grants on population growth in Orange County, Florida.
This report is a part of the results of the EU project TRANSLAND (see Berichte aus dem Institut für Raumplanung 47). The project investigated innovative approaches to the integration of land-use and transport planning in urban regions. The report presents engineering, economic and social-science based theories and empirical studies to explain the interaction between land use and transport - that land use determines traffic flows and that transport infrastructure changes land-use patterns. In addition the report provides an overview of the state of the art of computer models for the simulation of land use and transport. Based on these theories and models the effectiveness of policies to influence land use and transport in urban regions is assessed.
A compilation of fifteen papers presented before a Conference on the Commonwealth's Land Use, plus one additional paper. This Virginia-oriented publication contains papers concerning the developing state-level land-use decisionmaking process, the function of state and local government in land-use decisions, the federal land-use concerns, the alternatives for administering state land-use policy, the development of land-use policy in the Commonwealth, the Virginia Supreme Court's decisions relating to land use, the impact of court decisions on growth management, the open-space regulations of some local governments, the land-use issues affecting development of low- and moderate income housing, the issues associated with interbasin water transfer, the status of areawide waste treatment control, and the American Law Institute's Model Land Development Code. ; edited by J. Paxton Marshall and Waldon R. Kerns ; Proceedings of a conference held on December 2-3, 1975, in Charlottesville, Virginia, sponsored by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Extension Division and the Virginia Water Resources Research Center.
Book available for download as pdf-files for chapters. Search for ISBN 978-91-86189-11-2 to list them all. See also Table of contents below: CONTENTS Series Preface Christine Jakobsson, Leif Norrgren, Ingrid Karlsson, and Jeffrey Levengood Introduction Ingrid Karlsson, Lars Rydén and Kalev Sepp 1 Landscape and Landscape History Arvo Iital 2 Landscape Functions and Ecosystem Services Kalev Sepp 3 Rural Development in the Belarusian Polesie Area Valentin Yatsukhno 4 The Baltic Waterscape - Lakes, Wetlands, Rivers and the Sea Lars Rydén 5 Mountains and Tundra – Landscapes of Beauty and Wilderness Lars Rydén 6 History of Land Use in the Great Lakes Region Gregory McIsaac 7 From Traditional to Modern Rural Society Diana Mincyte 8 Demographic Development in the Baltic Sea Region Marina Thorborg 9 Economic Development and Work Opportunities in Rural BSR Marina Thorborg 10 Agro- and Rural Tourism in the Baltic Sea Region – A Growing Sector Elena Kropinova 11 Urbanisation and Urban-Rural Cooperation Per G Berg and Lars Rydén 12 Living in the Baltic Waterscape Lars Rydén 13 Sustainable Forestry Ingrid Karlsson 14 Forestry in the European Union Part of the Baltic Sea Region Ingrid Karlsson 15 Forests and Forestry in three Eastern European Countries Marine Elbakidze, Per Angelstam and Valery Tikhomirov 16 Energy Production in the Rural Landscape Lars Rydén 17 Biomass Production in Energy Forests – Short Rotation Plantations Józef Mosiej, Agnieszka Karczmarczyk, Katarzyna Wyporska and Aleh Rodzkin 18 Spatial Planning and Management Kristina L Nilsson and Lars Rydén 19 A Rural Country in Transition – Alternatives for Lithuania Jonas Jasaitis and Ingrid Karlsson 20 Landscape and Maintenance of Water Resources Józef Mosiej, Agnieszka Karczmarczyk and Katarzyna Wyporska 21 Assessment of Sustainable Land Use Alexander Fehér and Michelle Wander 22 Policy and Policy Instruments Karin Hilmer Pedersen and Lars Rydén 23 Policy of Rural Development in Poland Józef Mosiej 24 Russian Land Use – Environmental Legislation Eugene Krasnov, Marja Molchanova and Isa Zeinalov 25 Economic Instruments – Three Interlinkages Between Ecology and Economics Hans Aage 26 Voluntary Instruments and Sustainable Consumption Ingrid Karlsson and Motaher Hossain
This paper explores the effects of fiscal competition on local land use. A theoretical analysis considers the tradeoff faced by a local government deciding about the amount of land made available for commercial or residential uses, when its expansion has adverse effects on the quality of life. The analysis shows that, in an environment with mobile tax bases, jurisdictions are subject to fiscal incentives to expand this land use. Fiscal redistribution through equalization grants, however, reduces these incentives. Based on the theoretical analysis, the effect of fiscal competition on commercial and residential land use is investigated empirically using a large dataset of German municipalities. In order to identify differences in the exposure to fiscal competition, I exploit institutional characteristics of the system of fiscal equalization to which these municipalities are subjected. This enables me to provide causal evidence using a regression discontinuity analysis. The results show that commercial and residential land use is expanded 2-3 times faster and agricultural land use declines more rapidly in municipalities exposed to fiscal competition.
Die Nachfrage nach Agrarerzeugnissen gilt als zentrale Ursache für den Verlust weltweit wichtiger Ökosysteme. In Brasilien hat speziell die Ausweitung der Sojaproduktion zur Abholzung tropischer Wälder und Savannen geführt. Zumeist werden neu gerodete Flächen als Rinderweiden genutzt und vormalige Weiden für den Sojaanbau umgewandelt. Diese Entwicklung führt zu der Annahme, dass die Ausweitung der Sojaproduktion indirekt für die Rodung verantwortlich ist. Staatliche Umweltpolitiken und die Selbstverpflichtung der Sojaindustrie haben seit 2004 zu einer Verringerung der Abholzung beigetragen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zielt die vorliegende Dissertation darauf ab, ein vertieftes Verständnis der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Soja- und Rinderwirtschaft zu erlangen. Im Fokus stehen räumliche und zeitliche Dynamiken von Landnutzung und Landnutzungsverdrängung in Mato Grosso und Pará, einer der dynamischsten Regionen Brasiliens. Für diese Bundesstaaten werden Landnutzung und Landnutzungsverdrängung im regionalen Kontext, auf Grundstücksebene und mithilfe von Szenarien untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Strategien zur Verringerung der Abholzung Einfluss auf die Dynamiken der Landnutzung und Landnutzungsverdrängung hatten. Die durch die Ausweitung des Sojaanbaus hervorgerufene Verdrängungsprozesse haben sich nach der Implementierung der Umweltschutzstrategien verringert. Auch die Abholzung auf einzelnen Grundstücken in Mato Grosso ging zurück. Zugleich zeigt die Analyse, dass die Selbstverpflichtung der Sojaindustrie durch indirekte Abholzung teilweise untergraben wird. Die Ergebnisse der Szenarien unterstreichen die regionale Dynamik und speziell die Risiken einer weiteren Ausweitung von Rinderweiden. Insgesamt legen die Ergebnisse nahe, dass auf Reduktion der Abholzung abzielende Strategien die Wechselwirkungen von Soja- und Rinderwirtschaft beachten müssen. Dies erfordert eine verstärkte Zusammenarbeit von Rinderwirtschaft, Sojaindustrie und staatlichen Organisationen. ; Demands for agricultural commodities are a major threat for some of the most valuable ecosystems in the world. The expansion of the agricultural sector in Brazil, fueled by global demands for soybeans, contributed to the loss of tropical and savanna ecosystems. However, most deforestation was caused by pastures, raising concerns about land use displacement processes between soybean expansion and cattle ranching. Promising, reductions of deforestation were observed following the implementation of governmental strategies and zero-deforestation supply chain commitments. This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of spatial and temporal dynamics of soybean expansion and cattle ranching, driving deforestation in one of the most dynamic agricultural expansion and deforestation frontier of Brazil, in Mato Grosso and Pará. In this region, land use displacement describes the conversion of pasture to soybean followed by deforestation for cattle ranching at another location. This process was assessed at regional and property-level. Moreover, scenario analysis was applied to identify regional and subregional dynamics of land use changes. The results indicated that environmental governance affected regional and local land use dynamics and displacement processes. Distal displacement processes between soybean expansion and deforestation were significant, contributing to deforestation, but declined subsequently to the implementation of environmental policies. Likewise, deforestation at property-level declined following the policy implementations. However, the effectiveness of the zero-deforestation supply chain commitment was found to be at risk due to property-level displacement deforestation. Additionally, the scenario analysis emphasized the importance of subregional dynamics and identified risks of future deforestation. Integrating efforts between supply chain (soy and cattle) and governmental actors may be crucial to reduce deforestation in the Amazon.
The enactment of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Act, 2013, has made sweeping changes in the land acquisition laws of India (LARR Act, 2013). By increasing the compensation for acquired land, mandating a social impact assessment to be undertaken and requiring the prior consent of land holders in particular cases, the Act has no doubt corrected the imbalance that existed between the interests of land-owners and of the government as the custodian of public interest in the earlier land acquisition procedures. It has significantly increased transparency in the land acquisition process and given a voice to land owners in decisions on land acquisition. But the implementation of the Act, as originally enacted, could also retard the development process by slowing down the building of public infrastructure, and the processes of industrialisation and urbanisation. It could impede the provision of affordable housing for the vast majority of the population moving from rural to urban areas, which is crucial for controlling the spontaneous development of sprawls taking place across the country. The central government has tried to alleviate some of the adverse effects by introducing an amendment bill but its passage in Parliament has been stalled. Six states, however, have obtained presidential assent for carrying out amendments on the lines of the bill introduced in Parliament. This paper analyses the LARR Act, 2013, examines its impact on the development process and makes recommendations on the way forward for the central and state governments to lighten the adverse effects on infrastructure, industrialisation and urbanisation. While analysing the developments on urbanisation, the paper also makes an assessment of the possible expansion of urban settlements in the country in future and of the impact of such expansion on the area under agriculture.
Several land-based policy options are discussed within the current quest for feasible climate change mitigation options, among them the creation and conservation of forest carbon sinks through mechanisms such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation also called REDD+ and the substitution of fossil fuels through biofuels, as legislated in the EU Renewable Energy Directive. While those two policy processes face several methodological challenges, there is one issue that both processes encounter: the displacement of land use and the related emissions, which is referred to as carbon leakage in the context of emissions accounting, and indirect land-use change also called ILUC within the bioenergy realm. The debates surrounding carbon leakage and indirect land-use change issues run in parallel but are rather isolated from each other, without much interaction. This paper analyzes the similarities and differences as well as common challenges within these parallel debates by the use of peer-reviewed articles and reports, with a focus on approaches to address and methods to quantify emissions at national and international scale. The aim is to assess the potential to use synergies and learn from the two debates to optimize climate benefits. The results show that the similarities are many, while the differences between carbon leakage and ILUC are found in the actual commodity at stake and to some degree in the policy forum in which the debate is taken. The geographical scale, actors and parties involved also play a role. Both processes operate under the same theoretical assumption and face the same problem of lacking methods to quantify the emissions caused by international displacement. The approach to international displacement is one of the main differences; while US and EU biofuel policymakers acknowledge uncertainties in ILUC accounting but strive to reduce them, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change excludes accounting for international carbon leakage. Potential explanations behind these differences lie in the liability issue and the underlying accounting principles of producer responsibility for carbon leakage and consumer responsibility for ILUC. This is also reflected on the level of lobby activities, where ILUC has reached greater public and policy interest than carbon leakage. Finally, a possible way forward for international leakage accounting in future climate treaties could be the adoption of accounting methods taking a consumer perspective, to be used alongside the existing set-up, which could improve climate integrity of land-based policies.
Not Available ; International think-tank, such as "Our Common Future' in 1987, the Rio Declaration' and 'Agenda 21' in 1992, and the Johansberg Declaration ' in 2002, have created recognition that concerted efforts are needed to develop sustained land use practices to minimize further harm to natural resources. Maintaining and enhancing the quality of natural resources have emerged as key issues globally (World Bank, 2001). Control over the use of resources on land has emerged as significant issues in natural resource management (Yencken and Wilkinson, 2000), and the land use planning system provides an opportunity to control land use, further conservation of natural resources. The challenge faced by natural resource management agencies either governmental or non- governmental will involve changing perceptions over how land is used (Mitchell et al., 2004). ; Not Available
Conflicting land uses are an integral aspect of planning and development in an urban environment. This paper examines the methodology used in evaluating the economic impact associated with changing the zoning designation of land from industrial to commercial use. The case study is a 20-acre parcel within the City of San Diego, California. Originally zoned as industrial property, at the time of the study, the site housed a small warehouse operation that employed some six to eight employees with an annual payroll of $280,000. Some political and community activists were hoping for the development of the parcel into a manufacturing operation with a large number of high wage jobs. The non-profit Jacobs Foundation bought the site with the intention of developing the property into commercial and office space. One of the conditions imposed by the City of San Diego in considering the request for rezoning the space was a comprehensive economic impact analysis. This paper identifies the methodology employed in the impact analysis and provides some of the highlights of the study. There were several reasons to conclude that the development of the site into an industrial development with a large number of jobs was unlikely. The property is located near a flood zone and within a residential neighborhood with limited transportation avenues. Furthermore, the site is only 20 acres, and isolated from other manufacturing hubs. Finally, the overall number of jobs is trending downward for both the United States as a whole as well as in San Diego. In evaluating the benefits from the rezoning, the author estimates that in addition to the infusion of jobs and expenditures resulting from the construction aspect of the project (360 jobs and $50 million), the development of the site as commercial/office space will eventually support an estimated 1790 jobs with an annual payroll of almost $50 million. Sales revenue in the proposed development is forecast to exceed $25 million annually. In both the construction and operation of Market Creek Plaza, the Jacobs Foundation worked to assure local access to jobs and training opportunities. These benefits are more difficult to quantify, but are probably of even greater importance to the community. In addition, the study demonstrates that the study area was under-served in terms of food stores and other retail shops. It is estimated that at least $60 million of spending on retail sales by study area residents was occurring outside of the study area. A significant portion of this spending, and the subsequent tax dollars, were benefiting municipalities other than the City of San Diego. The proposed development will serve to fill this void. The City of San Diego accepted the economic impact analysis along with other detailed analyses, and approved the change in zoning. The development is complete and has been cited throughout the United States for it success.
Land use master plan for all types of military uses on all islands. Includes maps and illustrations. ; This is the Department of Defense master plan for military-controlled land in Hawaii for the next 10 to 20 years.
Bibliography: p. 32. ; Introduction -- Purpose -- Definition -- Discussion -- Steps in the land use planning process -- Acknowledgments -- Organization -- Authorizing legislation -- Institutions and administration -- Citizen participation -- Jobs to do in planning -- Inventory and basic data collection -- Base maps -- Land and water areas -- Soils and geology -- Land use and land cover -- Land ownership -- Population -- Establishing planning units -- Identification of present and estimating future needs -- Land needs -- Water needs -- People needs -- Description of physical factors -- Physiography, geology and soils -- Climate and stream flow -- Land cover -- Lakes, estuaries, wetlands and beaches -- Demographic, sociological and development factors -- Population -- Types of development -- Land uses -- Estimates of future needs -- Water needs -- Policy -- Goals and objectives -- Developing a workable plan -- Assumptions -- Introducing plan elements -- A model plan -- Appendix -- standard Land use classes -- Bibliography. ; Mode of access: Internet.
How can accessibility be defined? How useful are different accessibility approaches in evaluating land-use and transport policy strategies? How can the economic benefits associated with accessibility changes be measured? What are the accessibility benefits of having a public transport service available as a transport option for unexpected future use? How can the land-use, transport and accessibility impacts of Dutch compact urbanisation policies implemented in the last decades be measured? The research presented in this thesis seeks to answer these and related questions. Results suggest that current practices in evaluating accessibility in the Netherlands can be improved using geographical accessibility measures within an integrated land-use/transport perspective. Another major outcome is formed by the possible significant benefits associated with option use of public transport services in addition to use and non-use benefits traditionally included in transport policy appraisal. Residents in the service area of regional railway links seemed to be willing to pay significant amounts for the continued availability of the railway links for unexpected future use. Dutch compact urbanisation policies were also shown to have contributed to the land-use and transport-related intentions of the Dutch national government. Without compact urban development urban sprawl would likely have been greater, resulting in greater car use and related environmental impacts, higher congestion and lower accessibility levels, along with stronger fragmentation of wildlife habitats.
