Suchergebnisse

Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan still undergo the process of establishing a land legislative system, implementing agricultural reforms that aim at increasing land productivity. The effectiveness of these reforms is often dependent on the level of law enforcement that varies in accordance with whether political elites in these countries have an interest in enacting certain reforms. As a result, legal land rights and farmers' perceptions of land rights may contradict each other and may create an uncertain and insecure environment for the farmers. Based on the findings of a farm-level survey conducted in 2019 in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, this policy brief claims that legal rights and farmers' actual farming practices do not coincide in many cases. Deviations appear in both directions: 1) farmers engage in activities which they are not allowed to be, and 2) farmers do not use all the opportunities provided by the national land legislation. These deviations indicate the ineffectiveness not only of land policies but of administrative monitoring and law enforcement mechanisms, too. Policy makers are recommended reconsidering the legal restrictions of land use in how far they are necessary to reach policy objectives. Furthermore, governments should reform the judicial system in particular enabling farmers and land users to appeal to courts for dispute resolutions in an effective, transparent, and fair manner. Finally, international donors should support future research on land rights and tenure security to improve policy design.

During the period of independence following the collapse of the Soviet Union, official statistics show that wheat production in Uzbekistan increased eightfold, while the sown area almost tripled. This, however, had no positive impact on either the quality of the wheat or its profitability for the newly established farms. Currently the land tenure system overloads farmers with additional obligations and, thus, further reduces their economic incentives. The main question that needs to be asked, therefore, is how this increase in wheat production came about. Factors that could have led to this are the new organizational form of agricultural production, the change in farm size, the mechanism of state procurement of agricultural output as well as land tenure insecurity for farmers. In addition, one also needs to question the reliability of official statistics on wheat production and the accuracy of this expansion. Reforms in the system of obligatory state production targets in cotton and wheat could increase farmers' incentives for more efficient land use and expand their capacities for crop diversification towards high value crops such as fruits, vegetables and fodder. This would also have a direct effect on the export potential of the agricultural sector.