Suchergebnisse

The development of the corporate structure in Finnish agriculture has remained behind that of other western states, as a large settlement project was realised in Finland after the wars; as a result of this, uninhabited areas housed new, small agricultural companies, and new arable land was developed. In the middle of the sixties, there were more than 300000 farms in Finland with more than one hectare land; the total sum of their fields amounted to 2,7 million ha. Self-sufficiency with the most important foods was achieved in Finland during the fifties; since the sixties, overproduction has been a problem. From then until Finland joined the EU, the limitation of overproduction was a central element of Finnish agricultural policies. Closure of farms and fallow land received special subsidies. In the middle of the nineties, only 94 000 active farms rema ined, covering a total surface of roughly 2 million ha. Predictions say that, by the year 2005, the number of active farms will drop to half the number of when Finland joined the EU. The agricultural land will not shrink to the same extent , as the subsidisation policies of the EU which refer to the land require of the farmers that the fields belonging to closed farms are purchased or leased. In EU Finland, the best chances for successful production were seen in the keeping of dairy animals. However, the main focus of keeping dairy animals has, during the decades, wandered quite far to the North. In the fields along the southern and south- western coast, crops and some special plants are grown in the most suitable fields. The outlook for crop production are much worse than those of dairy production in green fields. It is certainly true that it is necessary to find alternative uses for the fields which are now longer required for traditional agriculture, so as to ensure that the best fields do not lie destitute and reduce the beauty of the landscape in the rural regions. It has never been popular in Finland to plant trees in the fields, although the state provides subsidies. On the other hand, there are considerably large forests in Finland, so that expansive additional forests in the unused fields would make the landscape in the rural regions even more monotonous. Biological farming, however, could be expanded in Finland. As is expressed in AGENDA 2000, the EU will continue to provide subsidies for biological farming and other diversification possibilities of agriculture. The fields which will no longer be used for traditional farming could also be used for the so-called non-food production, for example to grow energy and fibre plants. For example, by cultivating stalked plants, it would be possible to replace short-fibre deciduous trees, whose fibres are needed in the fine paper industry in addition to the coniferous tree fibres. There is such a lack of these trees in Finland that a large proportion of the deciduous tree wood is imported from Russia.

Landwirtschaftlich nutzbarer Boden ist ein knappes und nicht vermehrbares Gut, an dem starke Nutzungskonflikte bestehen. Aufgrund fortschreitender Inanspruchnahme von landwirtschaftlich nutzbarer Fläche, welche primär der Erzeugung von Lebensmitteln dient, und der Zunahme von konkurrierenden Nutzungsansprüchen an landwirtschaftlichen Flächen kommt der Sicherung der Ressource und Lebensgrundlage Boden verstärkte Bedeutung zu. Durch die tägliche Verringerung der landwirtschaftlich nutzbaren Fläche ist die Ernährungssouveränität und Versorgungssicherheit mit heimischen Lebensmitteln in Österreich nicht mehr in ausreichendem Maße gewährleistet. Ziel der Arbeit ist, die wesentlichen rechtlichen Instrumente zur Erhaltung von landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen und deren Bewirtschaftung aufzuzeigen, die für den Erhalt der Ernährungssouveränität und Versorgungssicherheit in Österreich benötigt werden. Hierfür wurden alle einschlägigen Rechtsnormen auf nationaler und EU Ebene untersucht. Ein Praxisteil ergänzt die theoretischen Ausführungen. Zum Schutz landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflächen kann im Ergebnis im Wesentlichen zwischen agrarpolitischen Instrumenten und Instrumenten des qualitativen und quantitativen Bodenschutzes unterschieden werden. Ein Ergebnis dieser Analyse ist, dass agrar- und förderungspolitische Instrumente, die einer nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzflächen dienen, langfristig auch im Dienst der Ernährungssouveränität und Versorgungssicherheit stehen. Die Untersuchung zeigt ferner auf, dass das derzeitig vorhandene Instrumentarium der Raumplanung nicht ausreichend (wirksam) ist um das Problem des Bodenverbrauches nachhaltig zu lösen. Es gibt auch nicht ein "Universal"-Instrument, welches das komplexe Problem des Bodenverbrauches alleine zu lösen vermag. Es braucht vielmehr das Zusammenwirken mehrerer Instrumente, wobei jene auf überörtlicher Ebene wie landwirtschaftliche Vorrangflächen oder überörtliche Siedlungsgrenzen eine verstärkte Berücksichtigung finden müssen. Der zielgerichtetere Einsatz monetärer Instrumente stellt eine notwendige Ergänzung des raumordnungspolitischen Instrumentariums dar. ; Agricultural soil, a absolutely scarce and not reproducible property, is often the subject of heavy conflicts of use. Due to its progressive use, primarily serving for the production of food, and the increase in competing usage claims, agricultural land becomes increasingly important as a resource and livelihood. Based on the daily reduction of agricultural usable land, food sovereignty and security of supply with domestic food in Austria are not guaranteed any longer to a sufficient degree. The aim of the work is illustration of the main legal instruments for the conservation and management of agricultural useable areas in Austria, which are necessary for the maintenance of food sovereignty and security of supply. Therefore all relevant legal norms at national as well as at EU level were examined and complemented with a practical part in addition to the theoretical explanations. Regarding the protection of agricultural useful areas, it can be distinguished between agricultural policy instruments and instruments of qualitative and quantitative soil protection, respectively. One result is that agricultural- and support policy instruments are not only serving the sustainable management of agricultural useable land, but also food sovereignty and security of supply in the long term. It is shown that the existing tools for spatial planning are not sufficient (effective) to sustainably solve the problem of land consumption. However, there is also no "universal" instrument, which can solve this complex problem. It would rather need the cooperation of several instruments, whereat these need to be more taken into account at a supra-local level, such as agricultural priority areas or supra-local settlement boundaries. In this respect the more targeted use of monetary instruments is also necessary. ; eingereicht von: Reinhard Streimelweger ; Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache ; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Masterarbeit, 2016 ; (VLID)1935815