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A national interest, as an expression, fits poorly in the Norwegian language and the country's political culture. Norwegian politicians rarely mention it and internationally the country is isolationist due to its small size, distant location and historical circumstances. However, in the northern European context, Norway has strong resource and environmental political interests, as well as keeping a stable and peaceful relationship with its neighbor Russia. L. Pitkaniemi

Provides a portrait of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) that turned 50 years in 2009. Even if the institute started from a relatively restricted research perspective on the East-West relations, it has grown to include a large variety of areas from development to security policy. The institute has a legal status, official control, organizational essence and its main task is to enlighten international relation. Despite its institutional status, the research conducted by NUPI is distinguished from both academic basic research and user-oriented consulting solutions. What really distinguishes NUPI, however, is its status as the only research institute that focuses on foreign policy and international relations that are of Norwegian interest and produced in the Norwegian language. L. Pitkaniemi

This article explores the idea of the impact of the "linguistic turn", which is the idea that language constitutes reality. The concept of empire is discussed. The relevance of the historical perspective of the concept of empires in current discussions of empires and imperialism is explored. The article argues that the return of empires and imperialism may not be a political reality, but rather a linguistic development as the empires and imperialism return as a concept of analysis. The article states that the reintroduction and use of the concept of empires marks a rhetorical step with potentially significant rhetorical effects. Andrew Bacevich's (2003) and David Rieff's (1999) contributions to the concept of empires as a linguistic innovation and level of analysis are discussed. This article is one in a series of articles on the topic of empires. References. E. Sundby

The article examines three processes, running parallel in time, that have contributed to the Islamization of the Chechen separatist movement. The first war in Chechnya between 1994 & 1996 resulted in the radicalization of several Chechen warlords & politicians. These individuals came to play an influential role during the interwar period & have increasingly defined the rhetoric & language of the separatists in the second war. This local impetus toward radicalism was reinforced by the attempts on the part of international Islamists to co-opt the Chechen conflict as part of their global struggle. At the same time the Russian policies on Chechnya have become increasingly hard & uncompromising, not least after the advent of the global war on terror. The article argues that these processes have contributed to marginalize the moderate players in the Chechen separatist movement & have rendered the conflict so polarized that there is little hope for peaceful resolution. 42 References. Adapted from the source document.

The purpose of this thesis is to develop knowledge about what responsible leadership is, as well as develop a theoretical model for responsible leadership in the perspective of caring science. The study takes as its point of departure the research tradition in caring science developed by Katie Eriksson and her colleagues at Åbo Akademi University in Vasa. The overarching methodological approach is Gadamer's (2004) hermeneutic philosophy. The scientific interest is mainly theoretical. The theory model is 'tested' in a clinical context in two hospitals. This implied that leaders were taught about the developed model. Thereafter the leaders 'translated' it into their own language and gave it meaning in their clinical context. The clinical part of the study can be regarded as a moment of application research in the sense of hermeneutic. Responsible leadership is treated in this thesis as aas a part of human existence and the model is not explicitly associated with leadership in organizations.

Established in 1937, the Norwegian journal Internasjonal politikk (IP) came about as an important part of efforts to establish International Relations as a field of study in Norway. Elsewhere, interest in the field was already evident in the aftermath of the First World War. In response to an approach by the Institute of Intellectual Cooperation in Paris towards members of the Norwegian academic community, a committee for the pursuit of the study of International Relations in Norway was formed in 1936, headed by Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Christian Lous Lange of Norway. From 1937 on, the publication of a Norwegian-language journal of International Relations became a major focus of the work of the committee. Its profile was established in the first issue: the journal was to be "impartial, objective and written in a popular form". Arne Ording, a historian and leading architect of Norway's Second World War and post-war foreign policy, was to be the first editor of Internasjonal Politikk. In 1960, the journal was transferred to the newly established Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Here it became part of the institute's strategy for research on International Relations in general and Norwegian foreign policy in particular, and as an important part of this, research-based public information. Since Internasjonal politikk was not published during the five years of Nazi occupation, it turns 70 in the year of its 65th volume. Adapted from the source document.

"There is a widely held notion that death is not particularly visible in our culture; death is something we do not talk about. The premise for Døden i livet has been to challenge this preconception from a variety of perspectives and disciplines.

The authors argue that death is present in our lives in many ways. We see it and experience it in our physical surroundings, for example in the various arrangements we make to remind ourselves of the dead. We hear or read about it in speeches, poems, music lyrics, psalms, obituaries, biographies, picture books, novels and newspapers. We talk about death in conversations with each other, in characterizing the dead and in clinical language about illness and death. We reveal our understanding of death through visual forms such as newspaper images, illustrations in books and in the imagery and metaphors we employ when we describe it.

Døden i livet is a mult-disciplinary, scientific anthology consisting of 12 peer-reviewed chapters geared towards scholars and students interested in broader appreciation of how death is present in our culture. The chapters are written by researchers working in such diverse fields as health, pedagogics, idea history, religion, literature studies, linguistics and rhetoric." - "Det er en utbredt oppfatning at døden er lite synlig i vår kultur og at vi snakker lite om den. Utgangspunktet for antologien Døden i livet er å utfordre disse forestillingene fra ulike perspektiv og fagfelt.

Forfatterne understreker at døden er til stede i våre liv på mange måter. Vi ser den og opplever den i våre fysiske omgivelser, for eksempel der hvor vi har innrettet oss for å minnes de døde. Vi hører den eller leser om den i taler, dikt, musikalske tekster, salmer, nekrologer, biografier, bildebøker, romaner og avistekster. Vi uttaler oss om død i samtaler med hverandre, i karakteristikker av avdøde og gjennom fagspråk om sykdom og død. Vi viser vår forståelse av døden gjennom visuelle uttrykk som i avisbilder, i bokillustrasjoner og i de språklige bildene og metaforene vi bruker når vi omtaler den.

Døden i livet er en tverrfaglig, vitenskapelig antologi. Boken består av 12 fagfellevurderte kapitler og henvender seg til forskere og studenter som har interesse av å sette seg inn i hvordan døden er til stede i vår kultur. Kapitlene er skrevet av forskere fra ulike fagfelt som helsefag, pedagogikk, idéhistorie, religionsvitenskap, litteraturvitenskap, språkvitenskap og retorikk."

In her well-known song, 'Når himmelen faller ned' ('When the Sky Falls Down'), the Norwegian musician Anne Grete Preus described snow as 'celestial tipp-ex' and a mighty 'wonder'. But what exactly is it that snow corrects? And what gives snow its power?

Snow's Formulas: A Natural Phenomenon in Literature attempts to answer these and similar questions by discussing the motif of snow in the context of modernization processes marked by increasing instrumentalization and rationalization. Snow transforms landscapes and defies modernity's innovations; it simultaneously obscures and accentuates, and also enchants. This process can be described in different ways: as the sublime's breakthrough in a philosophical, aesthetic sense, or, in a poetological sense, as non-mimetic writing. This strategy plays out in language, and the objective of this study has been to investigate snow's rhetoricity and how literary depictions of snow can be in response to the challenges of modernity. The book includes readings of texts by H.C. Andersen, Olaf Bull, Hans Børli, Paul Celan, Alexander Kielland, Jonas Lie, Tor Ulven and Tarjei Vesaas, among others.

The relationship between snow and modernity is illustrated from a dual perspective. Emphasis is placed on the individual's position and self-perception within the process of modernization, as well as on the aesthetical problems that arise when writing about snow. Snow makes a white surface; it 'overwrites' the ground and encourages a non-mimetic poetry. Snow can be said to be an engine of modern aesthetics that does not take language's referential aspect for granted. - I sin kjente låt Når himmelen faller ned betegner Anne Grete Preus snø som «himmelsk korrekturlakk» og et mektig «under». Men hva er det egentlig som snø må korrigere, og i hva består dens makt?

Snøens formler: Et naturfenomen i litteraturen søker svar på slike spørsmål idet snømotivet diskuteres på bakgrunn av moderniseringsprosessen, kjennetegnet ved økende instrumentalisering og rasjonalisering. Snø forandrer landskapet og sier modernitetens nyttetenkning imot; den tildekker og aksentuerer samtidig og fortryller. Denne prosessen kan beskrives på forskjellige måter: som det sublimes gjennombrudd i filosofisk-estetisk henseende, eller, i poetologisk henseende, som en form for avrealisering. Denne strategien utspiller seg i språk, og formålet med denne studien er å granske snøens retorisitet og hvordan den litterære fremstillingen av snø svarer på modernitetens utfordringer. Boken inneholder lesninger av blant annet H.C. Andersen, Olaf Bull, Hans Børli, Paul Celan, Alexander Kielland, Jonas Lie, Tor Ulven og Tarjei Vesaas.

Forholdet mellom snø og modernitet belyses fra et dobbeltperspektiv. Søkelyset rettes på individets stilling og selvforståelse i moderniseringsprosessen, men også på estetiske spørsmål som reiser seg når det diktes om snø. Snøen lager en hvit flate, den «overskriver» jorden og spiller på denne måten en amimetisk poetikk i hendene. Snø kan sies å være en pådriver av en moderne estetisk posisjon som ikke tar språkets referensielle side for gitt.