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In the necropolis of Olival do Senhor dos Mártires (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) the transition to the Late Iron Age was marked by an important transformation both in burial rites and in material culture which seems to point to significant ideological, social and political changes. These changes can be compared to those documented around the same dates in other areas of the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean basin. It is in fact possible to track the emergence of warrior elites in the funerary record, a trend that could be part of an overall transition towards aristocratic political forms. The development of this new political statu quo seems to be accompanied by a reorientation of the supra-regional relations of the community of Alcácer do Sal. This is particularly reflected in a number of convergences with the social representation formulae of the Iberian elites of the Southeast and the Levant. ; La transición hacia la Segunda Edad del Hierro en la necrópolis del Olival do Senhor dos Mártires (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) estuvo marcada por importantes transformaciones a nivel de los ritos y de los ajuares funerarios. Estos parecen señalar cambios ideológicos, sociales y políticos igualmente importantes, comparables con los que se documentan por las mismas fechas en otros ámbitos peninsulares y circunmediterráneos. Se aprecia, de hecho, la aparente afirmación de élites guerreras, quizás en el marco de una transición hacia fórmulas políticas de tipo aristocrático. El desarrollo de esta nueva realidad política parece ir acompañado por una reordenación de las relaciones suprarregionales de la comunidad de Alcácer do Sal, como atestiguan múltiples convergencias con las fórmulas de representación social propias de las élites íberas del Sureste y Levante peninsulares. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

La transición hacia la Segunda Edad del Hierro en la necrópolis del Olival do Senhor dos Mártires (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) estuvo marcada por importantes transformaciones a nivel de los ritos y de los ajuares funerarios. Estos parecen señalar cambios ideológicos, sociales y políticos igualmente importantes, comparables con los que se documentan por las mismas fechas en otros ámbitos peninsulares y circunmediterráneos. Se aprecia, de hecho, la aparente afirmación de élites guerreras, quizás en el marco de una transición hacia fórmulas políticas de tipo aristocrático. El desarrollo de esta nueva realidad política parece ir acompañado por una reordenación de las relaciones suprarregionales de la comunidad de Alcácer do Sal, como atestiguan múltiples convergencias con las fórmulas de representación social propias de las élites íberas del Sureste y Levante peninsulares. ; In the necropolis of Olival do Senhor dos Mártires (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) the transition to the Late Iron Age was marked by an important transformation both in burial rites and in material culture which seems to point to significant ideological, social and political changes. These changes can be compared to those documented around the same dates in other areas of the Iberian Peninsula and the Mediterranean basin. It is in fact possible to track the emergence of warrior elites in the funerary record, a trend that could be part of an overall transition towards aristocratic political forms. The development of this new political statu quo seems to be accompanied by a reorientation of the supra-regional relations of the community of Alcácer do Sal. This is particularly reflected in a number of convergences with the social representation formulae of the Iberian elites of the Southeast and the Levant.

The Helmand Sistan Project, conducted by the Smithsonian Institution and Afghan Directorate of Archaeology and Historic Preservation in the 1970s but hitherto unpublished, uncovered through survey and excavation an extensive settlement system along the lower Helmand River dating to the late second and early first millennia BCE. Of note were a series of platform-based settlements in the Sar-o-Tar region east of the Helmand River along of a series of large canals first constructed at this time, which allowed for extensive cultivation in the otherwise deserted region. Excavations at one of these sites, Qala 169, gave us a rich understanding of the settlement pattern and material culture of the early Iron Age, including a style of hitherto-unknown fine ware wheel-made painted ceramics. Finds from Qala 169 are compared to at least 21 other related sites surveyed by the project in the lower Helmand Valley and in Sar-o-Tar. Comparisons are also made between this corpus and early Iron Age sites elsewhere in Afghanistan, Iran, South Asia, and Central Asia, showing that this material represented a unique regional style.

Ongoing study of the pottery assemblage and its surrounding context in Area 4 at the site of Alalakh has again brought to light a phenomenon that is considered typical for the Iron Age I Levant: the construction of pits/silo installations in open areas. This phenomenon has been interpreted as a sign of ruralisation or insecure economic conditions, a possible marker for the political instability in the area during the 13th-12th centuries BCE. This article examines the similarities and differences between the examples from the Iron Age I in the 'Amuq and contemporary sites in the Levant, and also considers later similar installations from the Iron Age II. Keeping in mind the functions usually ascribed to these structures, this study also analyses the so-called 'Anatolian' tradition of grain storage in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in order to address the role of these installations in understanding possible food control strategies and their possible impact in the Levant.

There is a cluster of Early Iron Age (800-500 BC) elite burials in the Low Countries in which bronze vessels, weaponry, horse-gear and wagons were interred as grave goods. Mostly imports from Central Europe, these objects are found brought together in varying configurations in cremation burials generally known as chieftains' graves or princely burials. In terms of grave goods they resemble the _Fürstengräber_ of the Hallstatt Culture of Central Europe, with famous Dutch and Belgian examples being the Chieftain's grave of Oss, the wagon-grave of Wijchen and the elite cemetery of Court-St-Etienne.Fragmenting the Chieftain presents the results of an in-depth and practice-based archaeological analysis of the Dutch and Belgian elite graves and the burial practice through which they were created. It was established that the elite burials are embedded in the local burial practices - as reflected by the use of the cremation rite, the bending and breaking of grave goods, and the pars pro toto deposition of human remains and objects, all in accordance with the dominant local urnfield burial practice. It appears that those individuals interred with wagons and related items warranted a more elaborate funerary rite, most likely because these ceremonial and cosmologically charged vehicles marked their owners out as exceptional individuals. Furthermore, in a few graves the configuration of the grave good set, the use of textiles to wrap grave goods and the dead and the reuse of burial mounds show the influence of individuals familiar with Hallstatt Culture burial customs

'Age of Iron' attempts to describe the past, present, and possible future of conservative nationalism in American foreign policy. It argues that a kind of conservative US nationalism long predates the Trump presidency, and goes back to the American founding.