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The paper focuses on the Latin American perspective on modernity, especially on the Peruvian sociologist Anibal Quijano's notion of coloniality. Coloniality is explained as a theoret- ical framework for critical reflection of modernity with an emphasis on the forms of knowledge (episteme) and on non-Western, more specifically Latin American historical experiences and perspectives. The aim is to introduce some Latin American efforts to critically understand coloniality as the other face of modernity and to develop a distinctive critique of capitalism, globalisation and Eurocentrism in their historical dynamics, In the first part, the paper briefly introduces Latin America as a geocultural place and a object of social research in a historical perspective. Special attention is paid to the question of racial classification and authenticity. In the second part, the paper focuses on the notion of coloniality as it was conceptualised by A. Quijano and by other Latin American authors. In the third and fourth parts, the paper deals with the problem of coloniality in wider epistemic contexts of modern social sciences and in relation to the notion of alterity and to the question of decolonisation of social scientific thinking. The final discussion addresses some of inspirational and problematic points of this conception such as problems of decolonisation, intellectual dependency and critique, and the problem of conceptualisation of differences in scientific discourses.

Las estrategias productivas y comerciales de la Política Agrícola Común (PAC) de la Unión Europea (UE) se relacionan de forma dialéctica con el progresivo deterioro de la soberanía alimentaria de América Latina. Por medio de la PAC, la UE ha impulsado y apoyado un sistema agroalimentario insostenible que causa graves impactos económicos, sociales y ambientales en los países latinoamericanos. El mantenimiento del modelo de consumo europeo basado en la carne y otras proteínas de origen animal y el alcance de la próxima reforma de la PAC encaminada a producir menos y comprar más a bajo precio en los mercados mundiales supondrá un renovado ciclo de explotación de los recursos naturales latinoamericanos, fenómeno que conllevará la sustitución aún mayor de los cultivos de consumo humano por las materias primas de exportación, el aumento de la deforestación y la destrucción de los ecosistemas, el auge del monocultivo, el desplazamiento de los pequeños campesinos, el incremento de la pobreza rural, la agudización de la desnutrición y el hambre, el crecimiento de la inseguridad alimentaria y la pérdida de la soberanía alimentaria de los pueblos. ; The productive and commercial strategies laid down by the European Union's (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) are dialectically related to the gradual deterioration of food sovereignty in Latin America. By means of the CAP, the EU has promoted and championed an unsustainable food and agriculture system with serious economic, social and environmental drawbacks in Latin American countries. Maintaining the European consumption pattern based on meat and other animal proteins, alongside the scope of the forthcoming CAP reform –which involves producing less and buying more at lower prices in global markets– will bring about a renovated cycle of exploitation of Latin America's natural resources, which will, in turn, lead to the replacement of even more crops for human consumption with raw materials for export, the increase of deforestation and the destruction of ecosystems, the rise of monoculture, the displacement of small farmers, the increase of rural poverty, the worsening of malnutrition and hunger, the increase of food insecurity, and the loss of food sovereignty for the people.

The article proceeds from the concept of the actorness of the EU, especially from its attractivity dimension, and also from comparisons of the EU and the Latin-American integration blocs on both the political and the academic level. It examines whether the Latin American media consider the EU as a model for Latin American integration. On the basis of an analysis of various articles published in two newspapers, the Argentinean La Nacion and the Colombian El Tiempo, two basic issues were examined: 1) whether these daily newspapers perceive the EU as a source of inspiration for their own countries' integration, and 2) whether and how the discourse differs in the two countries and whether it is possible to deduce general conclusions from the similarities and/or differences in the discourses. In conclusion, we deduce that some inspiration by the EU in the media perspective exists but that it is only limited to a few concrete areas. Adapted from the source document.

Panel data are increasingly being used in both macro- & micro-level studies of economic problems. Macro-panel data (i denotes countries) are characteristic by sufficiently long time series to be able to analyze panel spurious regression & panel cointegration. According to the main stream of the economic theory the budget deficits leads to deterioration in the current account balance. The panel long-run causal relation is examined in the case of the four groups of countries. For the Granger causality test the panel cointegration analysis is needed. The panel cointegration relationships were not found in any case. Some similarities in the panels were found in the case of Latin America countries but they are not significant. Tables, Graphs, References. Adapted from the source document.

L'ICTA-UAB ha participat en el projecte d'investigació europeu ENGOV, que ha redactat un document que ha estat distribuït entre els caps d'estat d'Amèrica Llatina i la Unió Europea que es van reunir a Santiago de Chile. El document crida l'atenció sobre la necessitat d'incloure de manera més efectiva les comunitats locals en la presa de decisions mediambientals en relació a les activitats extractives, com la mineria o l'agricultura industrial, que s'efectuen en els seus territoris. ; El ICTA-UAB ha participado en el proyecto de investigación europeo ENGOV que ha redactado un documento que ha sido distribuido entre los jefes de estado de América Latina y la Unión Europea que se reunieron en Santiago de Chile. El documento llama la atención sobre la necesidad de incluir de manera más efectiva las comunidades locales en la toma de decisiones medioambientales en relación a las actividades extractivas, como la minería o la agricultura industrial, que se efectúan en los sus territorios. ; The ICTA-UAB has participated in the European research project ENGOV who wrote a Policy Brief that was distributed to the Latin America and the European Union chief of States Summit held in Santiago de Chile. The document draws attention on the need to include more effectively local communities in the environmental governance of extractive activities, like mining or industrial agriculture, taking place in their territories.

The main purpose of this article is to show by selected case studies to what extent the euro has already managed to establish itself as one of the key international currencies from the point of view of various aspects, to what extent it fulfills the functions of an important international currency, and what are the prospects of the euro's position in the future. Various signals indicate that the euro already fulfills some conditions which would allow it to become a serious competitor to the dollar in a relatively short period of time. The article is also taking notice of some obstacles and drawbacks that the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has to and will have to deal with.First of all, the author deals with the question of whether the eurozone is an optimum currency area. This is one of the principal theoretical problems which has been accompanying the EMU since the very beginning. Then he shifts his attention to the question, concerning what role does the euro play in the world economy at present from the point of view of the share of the eurozone on the world GDP, trade, officialforeign exchange reserves, selected indicators offinancial markets etc. Then he deals with the role of the euro in the world monetary system -- one of the main subsystems of the world economy. Here is presented a survey of countries which have accepted the euro as its single or main currency, and also countries whose currencies are narrowly linked to the euro by means of various exchange rate mechanisms. The next part of the article outlines the potential of the euro in its "conquest" offurther regions of the world. Both those where the euro is becoming or will become the number one currency (e.g. in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe) in a foreseeable future, and those where it will compete with the American dollar (e.g. in Latin America, in the Middle East etc.). In the final part, the author attemptes (use the same tense) to point out some problems which can influence what?missing subject, if and to what extent the euro really will become a strong and stable currency. At the moment, it is not yet possible to answer concisely and clearly the question of whether the euro will become an equivalent competitor to the American dollar. It is important whether the EMU will or will not break up in the course of the coming years or decades. So far, there have not appeared any signals of this kind. It will be substantial how the member countries of the eurozone will be able to handle the first serious crisis, e.g. analogical to that of 1992-1993. At that time, the exchange rate mechanism (ERM) was abandonned temporarily by the 1talian lira and permanently by the British pound. This crisis of the European monetary system has shown the difficulty or even incapacity to set such a monetary policy which would be simultaneously advantageous for all member countries of a certain monetary system. The question is whetlLer it is possible considering there are usually big differences in economical standing between individual countries. A similar or even a more serious crisis could emerge in a longer time horizon. The EMU thus stays a long term project and a long distance run. It is, however, possible to assume that within the next ten years, it could become totally clear whether the EMU project is a great success or a great error. Adapted from the source document.

Malaltia de Chagas; Dones embarassades llatinoamericanes; Salut maternoinfantil ; Enfermedad de Chagas; Mujeres embarazadas latinoamericanas; Salud maternoinfantil ; Chagas disease; Latin american pregnant women; Maternal and child health ; La malaltia de Chagas (MCH) continua sent un problema important de salut pública. L'OMS estima que en el món hi ha 8 milions de persones infectades per Trypanosoma cruzi, la majoria a l'Amèrica Llatina. En països no endèmics, com és el cas del nostre entorn, l'MCH s'observa en persones infectades que provenen de països endèmics o en infants nascuts en països no endèmics, però la mare dels quals ha estat infectada (transmissió congènita). A Catalunya, per tal de fer el control i la vigilància de l'MCH, l'any 2010 es va posar en marxa el Programa de prevenció i control de la malaltia de Chagas congènita a Catalunya, coordinat pel Departament de Salut i que inclou el diagnòstic, el control, el seguiment i el tractament de l'MCH congènita dirigits a les dones embarassades i als seus fills. En el marc del Programa, es va elaborar el Protocol de cribratge i diagnòstic de malaltia de Chagas en dones embarassades llatinoamericanes i en els seus fills, que es va editar el 2010. Aquest document va ser fruit de l'esforç conjunt de professionals sanitaris experts en la malaltia, de diferents societats científiques i de professionals del Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, amb el suport del Grup de Treball de Països No Endèmics i del Departament de Control de Malalties Tropicals Oblidades de l'OMS. El Protocol que es presenta, a més d'incloure les mateixes línies que la primera edició, disposa d'actualitzacions de diferents aspectes clínics, de diagnòstic i de vigilància epidemiològica basats en l'experiència i l'evidència observades durant aquests vuit anys del Programa de prevenció i control de la malaltia de Chagas congènita a Catalunya. Durant aquests darrers anys, s'ha reforçat la perspectiva de salut pública en el Programa, en el qual han participat un gran nombre de professionals de la xarxa assistencial i agents comunitaris de salut amb l'objectiu de reduir l'efecte de la transmissió vertical de l'MCH a Catalunya. La primera part del document recull les característiques clíniques de l'MCH que, encara que és d'aparició relativament recent en el nostre entorn, gràcies a la informació facilitada tant en l'àmbit sanitari com en l'àmbit comunitari durant els últims anys, ha deixat de ser una malaltia oblidada i desconeguda a Catalunya. En els darrers anys, els avenços i l'experiència en el nostre entorn en el diagnòstic de l'MCH ens han fet arribar a un consens sobre la utilització de mètodes directes moleculars, tal com es descriu en aquest Protocol. Així mateix, la concreció de dades epidemiològiques sobre prevalença d'infecció i incidència de casos de la malaltia ha millorat molt gràcies a la vigilància i notificació de dades recollides en el marc del Programa de prevenció i control de la malaltia de Chagas congènita a Catalunya pels professionals que formen part del Grup de Treball de la Malaltia de Chagas Congènita. En aquest aspecte i per tal de millorar-ne el control s'han incorporat els metges de família i salut comunitària, ja que són uns dels professionals clau que es troben més propers als pacients. Un aspecte fonamental que es desprèn d'aquest document i del funcionament del Programa és la multidisciplinarietat. El repte del sistema de salut i de la vigilància de la salut pública és la coordinació i el treball dels professionals de diferents àmbits sanitaris, com poden ser els ginecòlegs, els microbiòlegs, els llevadors, els pediatres d'atenció primària i hospitalària, els metges de família i salut comunitària, el personal d'infermeria, els infectòlegs, els epidemiòlegs i els agents de salut comunitària que treballen de manera conjunta per a l'assoliment de l'objectiu plantejat. El present Protocol constitueix un document eminentment pràctic, mitjançant el qual els professionals sanitaris disposen dels elements essencials per a la realització del cribratge en la dona embarassada. A partir d'aquest Protocol s'espera també aconseguir la detecció i el tractament precoç dels casos d'MCH en la població pediàtrica, nadons i altres fills a Catalunya, amb l'objectiu últim de millorar la salut maternoinfantil a Catalunya. ; La enfermedad de Chagas (ECH) sigue siendo un problema importante de salud pública. La OMS estima que en el mundo hay 8 millones de personas infectadas por Trypanosoma cruzi, la mayoría en América Latina. En países no endémicos, como es el caso de nuestro entorno, la ECH se observa en personas infectadas que provienen de países endémicos o en niños nacidos en países no endémicos, pero cuya madre ha sido infectada (transmisión congénita). En Cataluña, para hacer el control y la vigilancia de la ECH, en 2010 se puso en marcha el Programa de prevención y control de la enfermedad de Chagas congénita en Cataluña, coordinado por el Departamento de Salud y que incluye el diagnóstico, el control, el seguimiento y el tratamiento de la ECH congénita dirigidos a las mujeres embarazadas y a sus hijos. En el marco del Programa, se elaboró el Protocolo de cribado y diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas en mujeres embarazadas latinoamericanas y en sus hijos, que se editó en 2010. Este documento fue fruto del esfuerzo conjunto de profesionales sanitarios expertos en la enfermedad, de diferentes sociedades científicas y de profesionales del Departamento de Salud de la Generalidad de Cataluña, con el apoyo del Grupo de Trabajo de Países No Endémicos y del Departamento de Control de Enfermedades Tropicales Olvidadas de la OMS. El Protocolo que se presenta, además de incluir las mismas líneas que la primera edición, dispone de actualizaciones de diferentes aspectos clínicos, de diagnóstico y de vigilancia epidemiológica basados en la experiencia y la evidencia observadas durante estos ocho años del Programa de prevención y control de la enfermedad de Chagas congénita en Cataluña. Durante estos últimos años, se ha reforzado la perspectiva de salud pública en el Programa, en el que han participado un gran número de profesionales de la red asistencial y agentes comunitarios de salud con el objetivo de reducir el efecto de la transmisión vertical del ECH en Cataluña. La primera parte del documento recoge las características clínicas de la ECH que, aunque es de aparición relativamente reciente en nuestro entorno, gracias a la información facilitada tanto en el ámbito sanitario como en el ámbito comunitario durante los últimos años, ha dejado de ser una enfermedad olvidada y desconocida en Cataluña. En los últimos años, los avances y la experiencia en nuestro entorno en el diagnóstico de la ECH nos han hecho llegar a un consenso sobre la utilización de métodos directos moleculares, tal como se describe en el presente Protocolo. Asimismo, la concreción de datos epidemiológicos sobre prevalencia de infección e incidencia de casos de la enfermedad ha mejorado mucho gracias a la vigilancia y notificación de datos recogidos en el marco del Programa de prevención y control de la enfermedad de Chagas congénita en Cataluña por los profesionales que forman parte del Grupo de Trabajo de la Enfermedad de Chagas Congénita. En este aspecto y para mejorar su control se han incorporado los médicos de familia y salud comunitaria, ya que son unos de los profesionales clave que se encuentran más cercanos a los pacientes. Un aspecto fundamental que se desprende de este documento y del funcionamiento del Programa es la multidisciplinariedad. El reto del sistema de salud y de la vigilancia de la salud pública es la coordinación y el trabajo de los profesionales de diferentes ámbitos sanitarios, como pueden ser ginecólogos, microbiólogos, comadrones, pediatras de atención primaria y hospitalaria, médicos de familia y salud comunitaria, personal de enfermería, infectólogos, epidemiólogos y agentes de salud comunitaria que trabajan de manera conjunta para el logro del objetivo planteado. El presente Protocolo constituye un documento eminentemente práctico, mediante el cual los profesionales sanitarios disponen de los elementos esenciales para la realización del cribado en la mujer embarazada. A partir de este Protocolo se espera también conseguir la detección y el tratamiento precoz de los casos de ECH en la población pediátrica, bebés y otros hijos en Cataluña, con el objetivo último de mejorar la salud maternoinfantil en Cataluña. ; Chagas disease (CHD) continues to be a major public health problem. The WHO estimates that there are 8 million people in the world infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the majority in Latin America. In non-endemic countries, as is the case in our environment, CHD is seen in infected people who come from endemic countries or children born in non-endemic countries, but whose mother has been infected (congenital transmission). In Catalonia, in order to control and monitor the CHD, in 2010 the Program for the Prevention and Control of Congenital Chagas' Disease in Catalonia was launched, coordinated by the Department of Health and includes diagnosis, control, follow-up and treatment of congenital CHD directed at pregnant women and their children. Within the framework of the Program, the Protocol for the Screening and Diagnosis of Chagas' Disease in Latin American pregnant women and their children was prepared, which was published in 2010. This document was the result of the joint effort of health professionals who are experts in the disease, of different scientific societies and professionals of the Department of Health of the Government of Catalonia, with the support of the Working Group of Non-endemic Countries and the Department of Control of Forgotten Tropical Diseases of WHO. The Protocol that is presented, in addition to including the same lines as the first edition, has updates on different clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological surveillance aspects based on the experience and evidence observed during these eight years of the Prevention and Control Program. Congenital Chagas disease in Catalonia. During these last years, the perspective of public health in the Program has been reinforced, in which a large number of professionals of the health care network and community health agents have participated with the aim of reducing the effect of the vertical transmission of CHD in Catalonia. The first part of the document includes the clinical characteristics of the CHD that, although it is relatively recent in our environment, thanks to the information provided both in the health field and in the community in recent years, has ceased to be a disease forgotten and unknown in Catalonia. In recent years, the advances and experience in our environment in the diagnosis of CHD have led us to reach a consensus on the use of direct molecular methods, as described in this Protocol. Likewise, the specification of epidemiological data on prevalence of infection and incidence of cases of the disease has improved greatly thanks to the monitoring and reporting of data collected within the framework of the Program for the Prevention and Control of Congenital Chagas' Disease in Catalonia by professionals. that are part of the Working Group on Congenital Chagas Disease. In this aspect and to improve their control, family doctors and community health have been incorporated, since they are one of the key professionals who are closest to patients. A fundamental aspect that emerges from this document and the operation of the Program is multidisciplinarity. The challenge of the health system and public health surveillance is the coordination and work of professionals from different health areas, such as gynecologists, microbiologists, midwives, pediatricians of primary and hospital care, family physicians and community health , nurses, infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists and community health workers who work together to achieve the stated objective. This Protocol is an eminently practical document, through which health professionals have the essential elements for carrying out screening in pregnant women. Based on this Protocol, it is also expected to achieve the detection and early treatment of cases of CHD in the pediatric population, babies and other children in Catalonia, with the ultimate goal of improving maternal and child health in Catalonia.