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The response of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) to the pressure of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) is undertheorized. Scholarship on NGOs around IGOs is frequently idiosyncratic and laudatory, and we lack cumulation for cross-IGO generalizations about NGO impact within the frame of established international relations (IR) theory. From the central three IR paradigms (realism, liberalism, and constructivism) I elaborate a null and three alternative hypotheses to explain why an IGO would respond to NGO pressures. I benchmark these hypotheses to empirical indicators of NGO impact on IGOs. I then 'test drive' this framework against the highly relevant, easily cross-comparable Bretton Woods Institutions. I find that the World Bank responds functionally to NGO pressure: NGO outreach serves its mission efficiency. The International Monetary Fund responds defensively: NGOs are an organizational threat to be managed.

Alexandra Hyard, Dugald Stewart, the « Economistes » and the French Revolution
In 1789, Dugald Stewart (1753-1828), like many Scottish intellectuals, welcomed the French Revolution. He saw it as the first attempt to apply the principles of French political rationalism that the political theory of the « Economistes » had provided. Stewart, however, grew less and less laudatory about this revolutionary experience. In contrast to the greater part of Scottish public opinion, however, he did not reject the French experiment. If at the beginning of the 1800's, this Scottish philosopher still believed in the legitimacy of the ideas of 1789, it was partly because his whig convictions made him receptive to the political rationalism of the French, and partly because he felt that the solutions of a more rational monarchy as envisaged in the writing of the « Economistes » might prove useful in partially resolving problems encountered by the British monarchy.

The issue of (dis)continuity in the pre- and post-1989 situation has been a contentious one in the Czech public debate and intensely discussed particularly in the early 2010s. In the field of theatre, the question of (dis-)continuity has not been raised yet, though its answering might fundamentally shape future interpretations of the three post-1989 decades in Czech theatre. In general terms, Czech theatre historiography has devoted only minor attention to the issue of how the 1989 political events influenced theatre and its social relevance. In his text, Libor Vodicka conceptualises the situation of Czech theatre after 1989 as a crisis of theatre . His evaluation of the early 1990s strikes one as especially negative coming after a laudatory description of the preceding phase. Vodicka sees one factor contributing to the crisis of theatre in the chaos and inconsistency and decrease of subsidies coming from state institutions that, purportedly, significantly interfered with theatres operation.

Responding to climate change has become an industry. Governments, corporations, activist groups and others now devote billions of dollars to mitigation and adaptation, and their efforts represent one of the most significant policy measures ever dedicated to a global challenge. Despite its laudatory intent, the response industry, or 'Climate Inc.', is failing. 'Reimagining Climate Change' questions established categories, routines, and practices that presently constitute accepted solutions to tackling climate change and offers alternative routes forward. It does so by unleashing the political imagination. The chapters grasp the larger arc of collective experience, interpret its meaning for the choices we face, and creatively visualize alternative trajectories that can help us cognitively and emotionally enter into alternative climate futures. They probe the meaning and effectiveness of climate protection 'from below'-forms of community and practice that are emerging in various locales around the world and that hold promise for greater collective resonance.

This article presents a vocalised edition (on the basis ofMST.-S. Misc. 36.174, Cambridge University Library) and a revised translation of a Hebrew ode written on the occasion of the Fatimid victory over the invading Saljuq army in Cairo in 469/1077. Elaborating on earlier research on the Cairo Genizah treasures starting with Julius H. Greenstone's 1906 paper, the article first of all aims to present whatever historical data can be obtained about the poet, Solomon ben Joseph ha-Kohen, and about the time period and the circumstances in which he must have written his poem, which is addressed to the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah and his vizier Badr al-Jamali. Other major objectives of the article are the identification of other historical persons and events alluded to in the praise poem, a literary analysis of the ode within the conceptual framework of "martialpoetry", and an examination of its laudatory or propagandistic aspects.

This article presents a vocalised edition (on the basis ofMST.-S. Misc. 36.174, Cambridge University Library) and a revised translation of a Hebrew ode written on the occasion of the Fatimid victory over the invading Saljuq army in Cairo in 469/1077. Elaborating on earlier research on the Cairo Genizah treasures starting with Julius H. Greenstone's 1906 paper, the article first of all aims to present whatever historical data can be obtained about the poet, Solomon ben Joseph ha-Kohen, and about the time period and the circumstances in which he must have written his poem, which is addressed to the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah and his vizier Badr al-Jamali. Other major objectives of the article are the identification of other historical persons and events alluded to in the praise poem, a literary analysis of the ode within the conceptual framework of "martialpoetry", and an examination of its laudatory or propagandistic aspects.

The enigmatic nature of Mallarmé's works disconcerted his first readers and they were published at a period when the number of newspaper and periodicals was rapidly increasing. In the last quarter of the 19th century many comments on his writings appeared in print, some were laudatory, others claimed that he wished to found a poetic School of the Unintelligible. Today's reader will find gathered here reviews published when individual works first appeared and critical texts on his work in general. Among the aspects of his influence on his contemporaries which have been little known hitherto are the reactions of those who heard the first performances of Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun in 1894 and 1895, and the use that was made of Mallarmé's name in aesthetic and political polemics at the time, associating him with Odilon Redon or Émile Zola. Some of his utterances made at the celebrated Mardis are also recorded here.

The popular acceptation of the term « comparable » or better yet « incomparable » is in itself a source of paradox. « Comparable » is taken to mean « the same » ; whereas « incomparable » has a laudatory, superlative connotation that advertising slogans over exploit. By extension, the comparative method, particularly in the case of animal-human studies, consists of comparing the incomparable, since the « all other things being equal » proviso is rarely applicable. Indeed, research devoted to the discovery of analogous functions has show these to be expressed in a wide diversity of behaviors and morphological structures.
This paper analyses what is and what should constitute the comparative procedure adopted by the researcher ; where the imperatives and difficulties lie. Difficulties whose nature appears more clearly through the ambiguities of everyday language, but also through the awkward attemps of the young child to compare two or several objects while at the same time extracting their similarities and differences.

A contemporary examination of what information is represented, how that information is presented, and who gets to participate (and serve as gatekeeper) in the world's largest online repository for information, Wikipedia. Bridging contemporary education research that addresses the 'experiential epistemology' of learning to use Wikipedia with an understanding of how the inception and design of the platform assists this, the book explores the complex disconnect between the encyclopedia's formalized policy and the often unspoken norms that govern its knowledge-making processes. At times both laudatory and critical, this book illustrates Wikipedia's struggle to combat systemic biases and lack of representation of marginalized topics as it becomes the standard bearer for equitable and accessible representation of reality in an age of digital disinformation and fake news. Being an important and timely contribution to the field of media and communication studies, this book will appeal to academics and researchers interested in digital disinformation, information literacy, and representation on the Internet, as well as students studying these topics.

Within the framework of classical reception studies, this article studies the references to motifs and elements of the classical tradition in a corpus Chilean public-opinion essays about the War of the Pacific written in mid-1879. The analysis highlights two discursive threads, one laudatory and one critical, in order to demonstrate how the use of the classical tradition reveals an idealized image of the ancient world, which served to strengthen the meaning of the arguments presented. ; El artículo revisa, desde el enfoque de los estudios de recepción clásica, la mención de motivos y elementos de la tradición clásica en algunos textos chilenos de opinión pública escritos a mediados de 1879, a propósito de los acontecimientos de la Guerra del Pacífico. El análisis rescata dos líneas discursivas, una laudatoria y una crítica, para proponer que el uso de la tradición clásica revela una imagen idealizada del mundo antiguo, que sirvió para fortalecer el significado de los argumentos expuestos.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the public defense of academic theses entailed the publication of a written presentation of aspirant's conclusions. They were printed in the form of broadsides or booklets decorated with coats of arms, portraits and other ornaments, and were posted at the entrance of college halls or distributed to the audience. During the seventeenth century, these paratextual devices developed into increasingly complex images filling the entire broadsheet. They were intended to praise the applicants' protectors, who were generally scholarly, religious or political personalities. This article will examine the iconic systems—the symbolic and the allegorical— brought into play in thesis images that express the overabundance of the signified in relation to a single signifier. From the start, academic broadsides were regularly populated with personifications of Science, the Liberal Arts, Virtues, Wisdom, War and Peace, towns or countries, etc., which served to highlight key individuals, their heraldry devices and the accompanying texts. In thesis prints produced in the Southern Low Countries, these figures simultaneously play a cognitive and a laudatory role.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the public defense of academic theses entailed the publication of a written presentation of aspirant's conclusions. They were printed in the form of broadsides or booklets decorated with coats of arms, portraits and other ornaments, and were posted at the entrance of college halls or distributed to the audience. During the seventeenth century, these paratextual devices developed into increasingly complex images filling the entire broadsheet. They were intended to praise the applicants' protectors, who were generally scholarly, religious or political personalities. This article will examine the iconic systems—the symbolic and the allegorical— brought into play in thesis images that express the overabundance of the signified in relation to a single signifier. From the start, academic broadsides were regularly populated with personifications of Science, the Liberal Arts, Virtues, Wisdom, War and Peace, towns or countries, etc., which served to highlight key individuals, their heraldry devices and the accompanying texts. In thesis prints produced in the Southern Low Countries, these figures simultaneously play a cognitive and a laudatory role.

One influential strand of public-policy-making theory imputes considerable autonomy to civil servants (& politicians) from social pressures; &, in Hugh Heclo's (1974) variant, conceives of policymakers as engaging in a benign process of social learning, the results of which benefit society. Here, the campaign to enact legislation for voluntary sterilization in GB is used as an example of such a process, based on archival records of the deliberations of the Brock Committee (1932-1934). It is demonstrated how the committee attempted to develop a stronger case for the measure than warranted by the scientific evidence. It is argued that the content of the Brock Committee's deliberations conforms in broad terms to the predictions of social learning theory, but that the process was more complicated than this framework would suggest, involving a significant element of interest-group lobbying, thereby weakening the autonomy of state policymakers. Further, the deliberations themselves give cause to revise the laudatory view, more or less explicit in social learning theory, of policy experts' machinations. Adapted from the source document.

A muddy pool, it is said, can pretend to any depth, an observation applicable to much of the revisionist liberalism now widespread in the academy. Unable for ideological or prudential reasons to accept, say, a conservative, classically liberal, or Marxist critique of modern society, but increasingly uncomfortable with the failure, as it is viewed, of bourgeois democracy, neoliberal system-builders have sought a synthesis of the "best" elements of socialist economics (yielding equality) and market relations (efficiency) within a "genuinely" democratic framework. The publication of Charles E. Lindblom's Politics and Markets is as an important auspice of this trend. Recipient of the American Political Science Association's most prestigious book award and laudatory comment in the journals of opinion, the volume has also sparked reaction in business circles, as in the Mobil Oil advertisement which took issue with Lindblom's analysis of big business' "privileged position" in the governance of the world's polyarchies (i.e., the "crippled" democracies of North America, Western Europe, Japan and related systems).

Appraisals of the pontificate of Pope Pius XII have pictured him as a democratic-minded person who did his best to modernize a tradition-bound, authoritarian-minded institution with not completely satisfactory results. In the words of one author, "Pacelli, a modern man set down in a dank maze of dusty dogma, musty custom, dark superstition, and moss-grown standpattism, may very well have done all that one man can do to let in light and air." Comments of this type are, obviously, mixed compliments, the laudatory references to the late pope and his personal achievements being counterbalanced by less favorable epithets for the Church. It is not the purpose of this article to consider the alleged stand-pattism, dustiness, mustiness, or totalitarian-mindedness of the Church. Its object is to present a study of some of the political teaching of Pius XII, and to inquire whether any of his doctrines are of a modernizing nature and to what extent they "let in light and air."