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This report discusses how tax policy affects health insurance and health care spending.

Zusammenfassung
Hier werden Hayeks Vorstellungen vom Wissen als Kern seiner Gesellschaftstheorie aufgefasst. Dieser Zugang zu Hayeks Werk hat den Vorteil, dass man im Sinne der Popperschen Wissenschaftslehre die Frage nach den Falsifikationsmöglichkeiten der Hayekschen Theorie aufwerfen kann. Für Hayek ist Wissen ein breites Konzept. Es gibt theoretisches und praktisches Wissen, explizites und implizites Wissen, lokales und von Raum und Zeit unabhängiges Wissen. Für Hayek entscheidend ist die These, dass Wissen nicht zentralisierbar ist, dass nur individuelle Freiheit und dezentralisierte Entscheidungen die Nutzung und Mehrung von Wissen erlauben. Ähnlich seiner Unterscheidung von impliziten und explizitem Wissen, sieht Hayek das Verhältnis von Tradition und Recht. An der Tradition bzw. Präzedenzfällen orientierte Rechtsfindung wie beim common law hält er für fruchtbarer als Legislative, die allzu leicht die Staatstätigkeit endlos ausdehnt. Zugunsten von Hayeks Theorie lässt sich zeigen, dass Versuche der Wissens- und Entscheidungszentralisierung bzw. der Einschränkung der wirtschaftlichen Freiheit Wohlstand und Wachstum immer beeinträchtigt haben. Das gilt für den großen Sprung nach Vorn in China. Das zeigt die Analyse geteilter bzw. ehemals geteilter Länder. Auch ökonometrische Studien zu den Effekten der wirtschaftlichen Freiheit bestätigen deren Wert. Wie von Hayek erkannt, nützt wirtschaftliche Freiheit nicht nur den Freien, sondern auch denen, denen sie noch vorenthalten wird. Die ökonometrisch gut abgesicherten Vorteile der Rückständigkeit werden in diesem Sinne als externer Effekt der Freiheit im Westen interpretiert. Abschließend wird noch die Frage der Anomalien in Hayeks Theorie aufgeworfen.

Purpose of the study: This paper aims to clarify the views of Islamic law on the acts of domestic violence as a consequence of nusyuz (disobedience) and its position under the legislation of Indonesia. Methodology: This research was conducted by using the library research method. Documentary techniques are used in data collection, primary data is obtained from books, journals, and writings that directly discuss the material or problem under study, and from the secondary literature, which implicitly discusses it and is still quite relevant to be a comparison. Main Findings: The findings of this discussion revealed that the legislation of Indonesia is very protective of women, which is in line with the Islamic law principle that prioritizes persuasive and not repressive efforts in overcoming conflicts in the household. The compilation of Islamic law does not regulate the beating of wife, but the rule contained in Law No. 23 of 2004 on the elimination of domestic violence prohibits violence in the household. Applications of this study: This study can be useful for Indonesian people, especially for women and human right activists. Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty in this discussion is the enlightenment of the public about the existence of a relationship between Islamic law and applicable law in Indonesia, wherein Islamic law is often not considered to be in harmony with the law in existing discussions.

The paper uses historic and legal materials to analyse the contemporary theories that describe the correlation of customary law and legislation. The authors identify the applicability of these theories in studying regulation of Siberian peoples in the Russian Empire. The paper explores the role of the historical school of jurisprudence and the normative theory of law in determining the interplay between customary law and legislation in the 19th and 20th centuries in Russia. The authors make the conclusion that the implementation of judicial reform of 1864 was impeded in Siberia due to the state giving preference to customary law in governing the relations not regulated by legislation

This report examines laws pertaining to journalists' privilege. Most states afford journalists some protection from compelled release of their confidential sources. The question remains, however, as to whether a concomitant federal privilege exists. The Supreme Court has addressed the issue of journalists' privilege under the First Amendment only once; in Branzburg v. Hayes, it left open the question of whether the First Amendment provides journalists with any privilege.

Intro -- TERRORISM ISSUES, POLICIES AND LEGISLATION -- TERRORISM ISSUES, POLICIES AND LEGISLATION -- Contents -- Preface -- Analysis of Selected Legislative Proposals Addressing Guantanamo Detainees -- Summary -- Introduction -- Legislative Proposals in the 111th Congress -- Bills Requiring or Delaying Closure -- Bills Restricting Transfer to or Release in the United States -- Bills Permitting Detainee Transfer to the United States -- Bills Relating to Interrogation, Treatment, or Prosecution -- Bills Addressing Executive Authority to Detain Enemy Combatants and Judicial Authority to Hear Habeas Corpus Claims -- Conclusion -- Amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Set to Expire in 2009 -- Summary -- Overview -- "Lone Wolf" Terrorists -- Historical Context -- Legislative Responses -- Sunset -- Roving Wiretaps -- Background -- Section 206 and "Other Persons" -- Particularity Requirement of the Fourth Amendment -- Sunset -- Access to Business Records Under FISA -- Background -- Expansion of Scope of Documents Subject to FISA -- Changes to the Standard of Review -- Nondisclosure and Judicial Review -- DOJ OIG Report -- Sunset -- Proposed Legislation in the 111th Congress -- Enemy Combatant Detainees: Habeas Corpus Challenges in Federal Court -- Summary -- Introduction -- Early Developments in the Detention and Trial of Enemy Combatants Captured in the "War on Terror -- Rasul v. Bush -- Combatant Status Review Tribunals -- Pre-Boumediene v. Bush Court Challenges to the Detention Policy -- Khalid v. Bush -- In re Guantanamo Detainee Cases -- Hamdan v. Rumsfeld -- Jurisdiction -- Presidential Authority -- The Geneva Conventions and the Law of War -- Analysis -- Al-Marri -- Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 (DTA) -- The Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA) -- Provisions Affecting Court Jurisdiction.

Digital Rights Management (DRM) refers to the technology that copyright owners use to protect digital media. This report surveys several of the DRM bills that were introduced in the 107th and 108th Congresses. Generally, the bills are directed at two separate goals. One goal is to increase access to digitally-protected media for lawful purposes. The other attempts to thwart digital piracy and would do so by enhancing civil and criminal sanctions for digital (and traditional) copyright infringement and educating the public about the rights of copyright holders.

The struggle for the making Islamic family law after independence still leaves debate, for those who reject Islamic law legislation considers that Islamic law does not need to be included in state law, on the contrary for those who support it, consider that the state cannot ignore Islamic law in the state legal system. Marriage regulations are the initial stage of the Islamic law legislation process because it is not comprehensive enough that a presidential instruction on the Compilation of Islamic Law was issued in 1991. This article aims to analyze the roots of the struggle for marriage law legislation and the presence of KHI in Indonesia. This research resulted from a normative study with legal politics and a historical approach. This paper argues that the birth of KHI cannot be separated from the role of Muslim parties and the insistence of Islamic religious leaders who view that the marriage law is not comprehensive in regulating marriage law. The marriage law tends to ignore traditional fiqh and customary law, so the presence of KHI can eliminate the debate between the government and traditionalist Muslims.

Intro -- Contents -- Editorial Preface -- Editor's Introduction -- Law, Legislation, and Liberty -- Consolidated Preface to the One-Volume Edition -- Volume 1: Rules and Order -- Introduction -- 1. Reason and Evolution -- 2. Cosmos and Taxis -- 3. Principles and Expediency -- 4. The Changing Concept of Law -- 5. Nomos: The Law of Liberty -- 6. Thesis: The Law of Legislation -- Volume 2: The Mirage of Social Justice -- 7. General Welfare and Particular Purposes -- 8. The Quest for Justice -- 9. 'Social' or Distributive Justice -- 10. The Market Order or Catallaxy -- 11. The Discipline of Abstract Rules and the Emotions of the Tribal Society -- Volume 3: The Political Order of a Free People -- 12. Majority Opinion and Contemporary Democracy -- 13. The Division of Democratic Powers -- 14. The Public Sector and the Private Sector -- 15. Government Policy and the Market -- 16. The Miscarriage of the Democratic Ideal: A Recapitulation -- 17. A Model Constitution -- 18. The Containment of Power and the Dethronement of Politics -- Epilogue: The Three Sources of Human Values -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Development of state is chained process, depended on different factors and aspects. Economic growth and development depends a lot of Tourism and hospitality development. Tourism and hospitality activities contribute to economic and sustainable development and ensure big amount of money to every national economy. Their regulations, in different aspects, are preconditions for right implementation of this issue. F.Y.R.O. Macedonia has big potentials in this direction, and must use that. Law regulation i.e. legislation for tourism and hospitality is very significant for the proper functioning of these fields in practice. In this paper a try for analyzing the latest laws, Law for tourism activity, Law for hospitality activity in the F.Y.R.O. Macedonia is done. This is related to the infrastructure, culture and economic development and law system. At the end of the paper, some interesting and useful conclusions for improving the conditions in these areas are given. This must lead us towards faster and better European integration, where all will fulfill their needs and expectations. Key words: legislation, Law for tourist activity, Law for hospitality activity, development, EU integration

A trade mark is a visual symbol that distinguishes the goods or services of one enterprise from those of the competitors. A reference to goods will imply services also, unless the context prohibits it. Trade Marks are at the centre of global business today. They are the major source of product differentiation and non-price competition in a modern, market driven economy. Consumers come to associate certain value in terms of performance, durability, price, after-sales service etc in the goods sold under specific brands, which may be among the greatest assets of the enterprise. In the language of the law, brand names are known as trademarks. Several products, of the same category or of different categories, can be marketed under one brand name. Recently, non-visual signs have made a strong claim for recognition as trademarks. Smell and sound signs fall under such category though they are not yet recognised in India. Several broadcasting organisations and film producers have specific signature tunes to identify their programmes. This article review about the features of legislation, function and selection of trademark, types of trademark that can be registered, duration and benefits of trademark, who can apply and use the trademark, how to apply for and formalities of major trademark transaction.