Suchergebnisse

Поскольку нынешний кризис можно отнести к явлению общекультурного характера, право как часть культуры подверглась его влиянию: в системе и содержании права происходят определенные изменения. Во-первых, традиционное деление права на частное и публичное (в зависимости от того, какой интерес - частный или публичный - защищает правовая норма) становится все более нечетким. С одной стороны, государство все сильнее вмешивается в частные (гражданские и торговые) правоотношения, с другой стороны, бизнес также лоббирует свои интересы в отношениях публично-правового характера. Во-вторых, при кризисе происходят значительные изменения в законодательстве, особенно в финансовом (бюджетном, налоговом, банковском). Можно отметить несколько направлений вносимых изменений: создание новых финансовых институтов; усиление защиты прав граждан и организаций; ужесточение мер ответственности за экономические правонарушения; рост государственного контроля за целевым расходованием средств. Также учеными юристами были высказаны предложения по изменению гражданского законодательства. В-третьих, разрабатывая и реализуя меры экономической и социальной стабилизации, следует помнить о том, что в России высшей ценностью являются права и свободы человека. Меры должны быть направлены на защиту прав и свобод, и ни в каком случае не должны нарушать их.

The article is devoted to determining the place of consumer law in the system of Russian law and in the system of Russian legislation. Having formed in Russian civil law initially as a functional institution of civil law protection of consumer rights, it later, together with the norms of branches of public law, forms an intersectoral institute of Russian law, and under the influence of codified civil legislation, especially due to the reform of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the improvement of legislation on consumer protection and the practice of its application, occupies the place of a functional sub-branch in the structure of modern civil law. For more than thirty years, consumer law has also been formed as a complex branch of legislation, including normative acts containing norms of various branches of Russian law. Consumer law (consumer protection legislation) is characterized by a number of features (it includes numerous regulations of various hierarchical levels and combines legal regulation contained in codified civil legislation and special acts on consumer protection). This, on the one hand, seems to be a very progressive phenomenon, since the civil law regulation of contractual relations with the participation of consumers is elevated to the level of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and, on the other hand, this is done in part two of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as in certain federal laws, is often inconsistent or insufficiently successful.

Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR). Analysis of the English-language legal periodical "Law and legislation in the German Democratic Republic" published in East Germany since 1959.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of perception and understanding by medieval philosophers and lawyers of the basic legal concepts and definitions, features of the nature and functioning of the medieval legal system as a whole. The concepts of "law" (ius) and "legislation" (lex), as well as related categories of "justice", "equality", "duty" are considered. The authors believe that legal particularism provided additional opportunities for the protection of subjective rights, stimulated competition between legal systems and contributed to the formation of law as an authoritative and influential social regulator.

Abstract
Law, often neglected in treatments of the Republic, is essential to the philosopher-kings' rule. Only law accomplishes the partial divinization of citizens at which philosophical politics aims. Socrates' interrogation of Thrasymachus and Glaucon reveals law to be a command whereby citizens participate in philosophical knowledge and limit the pleonexia congenital to humanity. Law does so primarily by instilling in souls a true opinion resistant to pleonectic passion, producing a state of political virtue. This primary work is supported by the musical and poetical education, itself shaped by law for the sake of law. Law persuades and compels the soul by appealing to both reason and spiritedness, enabling them to overcome the appetites. The soul's consequent acceptance of truth and resistance to the passions indeed makes it resemble divinity. In so transforming the citizens through the law, the philosopher-king also unifies the city and makes it happy under his rule.

Zusammenfassung
Hier werden Hayeks Vorstellungen vom Wissen als Kern seiner Gesellschaftstheorie aufgefasst. Dieser Zugang zu Hayeks Werk hat den Vorteil, dass man im Sinne der Popperschen Wissenschaftslehre die Frage nach den Falsifikationsmöglichkeiten der Hayekschen Theorie aufwerfen kann. Für Hayek ist Wissen ein breites Konzept. Es gibt theoretisches und praktisches Wissen, explizites und implizites Wissen, lokales und von Raum und Zeit unabhängiges Wissen. Für Hayek entscheidend ist die These, dass Wissen nicht zentralisierbar ist, dass nur individuelle Freiheit und dezentralisierte Entscheidungen die Nutzung und Mehrung von Wissen erlauben. Ähnlich seiner Unterscheidung von impliziten und explizitem Wissen, sieht Hayek das Verhältnis von Tradition und Recht. An der Tradition bzw. Präzedenzfällen orientierte Rechtsfindung wie beim common law hält er für fruchtbarer als Legislative, die allzu leicht die Staatstätigkeit endlos ausdehnt. Zugunsten von Hayeks Theorie lässt sich zeigen, dass Versuche der Wissens- und Entscheidungszentralisierung bzw. der Einschränkung der wirtschaftlichen Freiheit Wohlstand und Wachstum immer beeinträchtigt haben. Das gilt für den großen Sprung nach Vorn in China. Das zeigt die Analyse geteilter bzw. ehemals geteilter Länder. Auch ökonometrische Studien zu den Effekten der wirtschaftlichen Freiheit bestätigen deren Wert. Wie von Hayek erkannt, nützt wirtschaftliche Freiheit nicht nur den Freien, sondern auch denen, denen sie noch vorenthalten wird. Die ökonometrisch gut abgesicherten Vorteile der Rückständigkeit werden in diesem Sinne als externer Effekt der Freiheit im Westen interpretiert. Abschließend wird noch die Frage der Anomalien in Hayeks Theorie aufgeworfen.

The paper uses historic and legal materials to analyse the contemporary theories that describe the correlation of customary law and legislation. The authors identify the applicability of these theories in studying regulation of Siberian peoples in the Russian Empire. The paper explores the role of the historical school of jurisprudence and the normative theory of law in determining the interplay between customary law and legislation in the 19th and 20th centuries in Russia. The authors make the conclusion that the implementation of judicial reform of 1864 was impeded in Siberia due to the state giving preference to customary law in governing the relations not regulated by legislation

Chinese legal experts have long been working on problems involved in the history of legal culture. They managed to pinpoint major phenomena that disrupted the functioning of law as a social instrument and degraded its role in society. In most general terms, these are the identification of politics with law and a simplicistic view of law in general as a mere totality of administrative and criminal law. The author discusses old legal traditions and the making and enforcing of law in China. (DÜI-Sen)