Suchergebnisse

Local government reform in China
The author analyses the changes in local government in China following application of the law of 1st July 1975. This law purports to bring about a far reaching reform in the wake of the movement in favour of legality and democracy which has been noted through recent months. The reform aims at a complete overhaul of structures. The committees of revolution are disappearing, and powers on the local plane are assumed by three bodies : an assembly, a permanent committee, and a government.

SUMMAIRE: I. The institution of courts administratifs/1. Administrative Justice and Law administratif/2. Administrative justice and procedure administrative/3. Administrative justice and litigation/II. The jurisdiction of the courts administratifs/1. Administrative justice attached to the locale/2 administration. Administrative justice attached to the centrale/3 administration. Administrative justice and legal proceedings ; SOMMAIRE : I. L'institution de tribunaux administratifs / 1. La justice administrative et le droit administratif / 2. La justice administrative et la procédure administrative / 3. La justice administrative et la procédure contentieuse / II. La compétence des tribunaux administratifs / 1. La justice administrative attachée à l'administration locale / 2. La justice administrative attachée à l'administration centrale / 3. La justice administrative et le contentieux de légalité

Administration of large towns in France.
The problems facing large municipalities are becoming ever more preoccupying. The traditional approaches applied to the specific circumstances of large towns have proved unsatisfactory, owing to a series of factors : inadequate structures even though a special status is given to large towns ; persistent recourse to private law resources for service management ; insufficient competencies in municipal staff ; insufficient finance. Various reforms, some of which have been implemented, exist in blue-print. The problem is that these reforms apply both to large towns and the rest of 'communes', since they have the same status. And although these reforms take into account aspects of large towns, they nevertheless tend to concern mainly medium-size and small municipalities.

The Paris university field in the late 19th century.
The university reform which took place at the end of the 19th century had opposite social and intellectual consequences. The recruitment of teachers was homogenized to the advantage of the categories closest to the academic institution by virtue of cultural heritage or geography ; on the other hand, career strategies were diversified through the creation of new specialisms and the increased number of possible candidates for Paris chairs. The traditional opposition between establishments (law, arts, sciences, medicine, learned institutions) was increasingly transformed into an opposition between classes of careers according to the more subtle hierarchy of disciplines (old, new, rare, those still in the process of consecration, etc.). This helps to redefine the conception of the social and political role of academies of which the debates in the Dreyfus affair are the direct product.

The Role of Legislation in Economic Reform.
Legislation plays an important role in the planning and management of national economies and hence in the introduction of economic reforms. Multiple legal functions are an integral part of planning by setting forth the principles of econo- mie organization. Legislation equally intervenes in the principal fields of economic activity, fixing principles for action and determining the activities and procedure of control units.
National economies are organized with the aid of such judicial instruments as : the Law, regulations, resolutions, rulings, hearings and administrative acts. The Law, for example, permits the creation of national and territorial administrative bodies, determines their range of activity and the principles underlying the creation of firms and trusts. Regulations provide detailed instructions concerning the field of action, the organization and the procedure to be employed by administrative bodies and by state economic organizations. Resolutions are the chief instrument of the Council of Ministers in managing national economy and in economic organization ; they apply to firms and fusts in that they set the boundaries and principles of economic activity between firms and their subsidiaries and with other firms in the branch. Rulings constitute, among others, the judicial means of creating state firms, their division, fusion or liquidation. They also define the structures of these firms and the jurisdiction of the commissions. Administrative acts applied in economic organization are, for example, decisions with regard to the nomination or revocation of a firm director. In almost all cases of administrative decisions, the judicial instrument is essential in determining the structure of the unit being created, its field of activity, its prerogatives and obligations. The nature of the judicial relationship between thhe unit in question and higher authority or subordinate units is determined. The effectiveness of the solutions adopted strongly influences the authority of state economic structures and of the organisms they direct.
Administrative and civil legislation have a place in economic activity when conflicts occur, legislation determines who should arbitrate, and fixes the procedure.
It is in the interest of society to assure the control of economic activities. Judicial measures define the control units, their powers, methods and scope and determine whether control is to be in the hands of higher authority, other state organizations, social organisms or the citizens.
In view of these extended responsabilises, almost all legislative branches (administrative, civil, financial and labor legislation) have a contribution to make to the national economy. Their participation in national planning and economic management emphasizes the social role of legislation in building socialism.

The Problem of Organization of Yugoslav Agriculture.
After the second World War, the Yugoslav Government took a number of steps to reorganize agriculture.
The first, was enactment of the Law of August 23, 1945 concerning land reform. This act introduced the partition of land, by which 47 % was attributed to individual peasants and 53 % to the socialist sector which the Government intented to establish. The socialist sector encompassed two organizational forms : State farms and agricultural cooperatives; the latter were divided into general agricultural cooperatives and peasant working cooperatives.
However, limitating of private ownership of land to 10 ha introduced in 1953, led to the excessive fragmentation of farms with all its negative side effects. Further, due to lack of experience, the socialist sector proved to be very inefficient. New reforms were therefore introduced by Yugoslav authorities in the fifties. Selfmanagement, already introduced into industry, was now extended to State farms and cooperatives. They were reorganized on the principle of free association and free determination of relationships between the cooperative and its members. Consequently many peasant cooperatives were dissolved and the entire socialist sector of agriculture was weakened. The problem of reinforcing and ensuring the existence of the socialist sector in agriculture, became henceforth a very major problem for Yugoslav leaders.
Today Yugoslav cooperatives are very flexible and the government is trying to make the socialist sector more attractive while at the same time respecting private ownership of land, the market economy and so forth. In practice, the most frequent forms of cooperation are technical assistance and services furnished to the private producers, cultivation of land in common, production according to contracts and the renting of land.

One of the fundamental traits of the Old Ethiopian Regime is the close link between land ownership and participation in the exercise of the move. In Mecca, the minority of landowners Amhara resident in town around churches, schools and government, proud of their ancient Christian civilization and their Solomonic genealogy, and aware of the superiority of their written culture. Oromo Meah, majority, folded in the countryside, have simultaneously lost their land rights and their independence from their defeat by troops Menilek (about 1870-1880). For nearly a century, no assimilation was possible between the chosen people of the victors and the vanquished who left swathes of their collective memory, submitting to the law of the masters. To this rule, beyond the few auxiliary Mecca of Amhara who have broken with their origins and received land rights and scraps of power. On the other hand, Galila, isolated on Wonn, false banana growers represent an enclave of peace, while throughout Mecca, the Amhara camp as an occupying army. The Revolution of 1974 provides striking proof when the old regime collapsed in a few days the announcement of Agrarian Reform. With the earth, the military surrendered to Mecca their traditions and language on radio and taught in schools. For some time, the firmed authorities try to control the land through cooperatives and show reluctance to return to the dominant Amharic character. The Mecca did they do that to change teachers? ; L'un des traits fondamentaux de l'Ancien Régime Ethiopien est la liaison étroite entre la possession de la terre et la participation à l'exercice du mouvoir. Au Meč̣č̣a , la minorité des propriétaires fonciers Amhara résident en ville autour des églises, des écoles et des administrations, fiers de leur antique civilisation chrétienne et de leur généalogie salomonienne, et conscients de la supériorité de leur culture écrite. Les Oromo Méa, majoritaires, repliés dans les campagnes, ont perdu simultanément leurs droits sur la terre et leur indépendance depuis leur ...

Changes in Agrarian Policy and Structures in the German Democratic Republic.
After briefly retracing the agrarian reforms of 1945 in the German Democratic Republic and the first steps in socializing agriculture in 1952, (total collectivization was not achieved until 1960) the author focuses on the present-day agricultural situation.
In an East German village today, life centers around the agricultural cooperative, or L.P.G. {Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft) of which there are three different types :
Type I — Private ownership of animals and pastures, all other land being communal.
Type II — Community of all land including pastures, only animals remaining under private ownership.
Type III — Collective ownership of all means of production.
Since 1960, persistant efforts towards unification and concentration are observable — unification of cooperative statutes, Type III becoming progressively predominant- and increasingly developed concentration of agricultural production principally on State farms, or V.E.G. {Volkseigene Guter) and in the L.P.G., mentioned above.
A noticeable progression of agricultural production has accompanied concentration ; however, labor productivity remains low because of a manpower surplus in this area. In 1965, the East German agricultural authorities began reorganizing production methods; and in 1967, a plan for changes in agricultural structures, aimed at sociopolitical as well as economic achievements, was devised.
Legal recognition was given to the agricultural cooperation in 1965. The terms of « the right to cooperate » are stipulated in the law of February 25, governing contracts, which was promulgated as part of the economic reforms. Henceforth, a new type of cooperation between enterprises, based on contracts which link the agricultural sector to the industrial and commercial food industries, began in East Germany. This system, which some consider ideologically far-reaching in its conception, is the only one of its kind employed in Eastern Europe at the present time.
Future guidelines of the new East German agricultural policy are to apply the methods of industrial production and management to agriculture and instaure equity in the development of industry and agriculture, as well as that of town and country.

Continuing Education and Moralization : The Social Function of the Social Psychology of Business.
The aim of the present study is to grasp the relationship between the introduction of techniques inspired by social psychology and the change -or at least the beginning of a change- in the ways of exercizing power in business. The author's observations derive from Personal participation in a program of continuing education or so-called "permanent training". The various stages of this type of training have multiplied since the adoption of the law of 1971, which, it seems, has benefited chiefly managerial and lower-level staff. The study is based on the hypothesis that these stages would be utilized, in a number of cases, as instruments of moralization, designed not so much to provide technical knowledge as to impose a new System of values, itself tied to a new style of command ("non-directiveness", "openess", "creativity", "participation", etc.).
The study focuses, in particular, on a group of lower-level staff who have in common the characteristic of being ill-suited to the posts they hold. The group includes the daughter of a military officer, judged to be too "authoritarian" in her position as head of the typing service, and a programmer of working-class origins who is uncomfortable in his dealings with both his superiors and his subordinates. The author's analysis shows that the social psychology of business probably does not have the power to transform the habitus of the people involved, and thereby to "reform" their behavior in a permanent fashion. All the same, it does possess, at the least, the power of altering their scale of values. As a result, it leads them to recognize the excellence of the new values that "modern" managers of "modern" business concerns have arrogated to themselves. This, perhaps, is the subject's main function.