Suchergebnisse

My research aims to study how the Kuwaiti system compensates victims in situations where the French system uses general liability for acts of things, based on article 1242, first paragraph of the French Civil Code. This study takes its interest from the fact that this liability in France is much criticized and it is even envisaged in one of the great projects of reform of the law of obligations to modify it. In particular, French courts have been faced, although not fully resolved, with the growing problem of what to do with obsolete laws manifestly unsuitable for current conditions. Until at least 1985, French courts have ruled on almost all tort cases under laws drafted in pre-industrial and pre-automobile times. Their performance is a tribute to what the judges can do. The French legislator never intervened in 1804, the date of the codification of the French Civil Code, to modify the common law regime of tort liability. This is not to say that the common law of French extracontractual liability has remained unchanged. In France, this right is essentially jurisprudential. The French legislator, by the March 2017 reform bill, however, takes up this task. Many are the change to come and are instead of arguing in French law, situate here that the big ones: disappearance of the liability attributable to buildings, disappearance of liability for fire, absorption of liability for animals by liability for acts of things. It is therefore interesting to see, at a time when we are considering reforms to the law of obligations in France, what other countries are doing in this area, such as Kuwait, in order to be able to put forward the most interesting system. Kuwaiti civil liability law, of recent codification, therefore presents some fairly innovative thinking. ; Notre recherche étudie comment le système koweïtien indemnise les victimes dans les situations où le système français utilise la responsabilité générale du fait des choses, en se fondant sur l'article 1242, alinéa premier du Code civil français. Cette étude ...

Since the introduction of the law n° 94-475 on 10 January 1994, the French legislator bas been part of a process of protection, while still interested, of the bail leader with the aim of promoting the recovery of the debtor in difficulty. This process, which culminated in the 2005 reform, had an influence on the law of collective procedures applicable in the OHADA area, not without striking the balance of the bonding institution as a whole. Since the reform of the AUC on 10 September 2016, OHADA law bas adopted the same regime for processing the bail of the debtor in difficulty as the French legislator. It consists in promoting the fate of the surety by exploiting its situation as long as the hope of saving the debtor in difficulty really remains. This includes a targeted application of the accessory rule in different stages of the procedure according to a common thread almost identically defined by each legislator, yet in a different legal and social environment. The impact of this aradox on the efficient rotection of the suret is felt in the application of measures of collective discipline to the surety on the one band, and the exercise of the bail on the other. ; Depuis l'entrée en vigueur de loin° 94-475 du 10 janvier 1994, le législateur français s'est inscrit dans un processus de protection, au demeurant intéressé, du dirigeant caution dans l'optique de favoriser le redressement du débiteur en difficulté. Ce processus qui a atteint son point culminant lors de la réforme de 2005 a eu une influence sur le droit des procédures collectives applicables dans l'espace OHADA non sans heurter l'équilibre de l'institution du cautionnement dans sa globalité. Depuis la réforme de l'AUC du 10 septembre 2015, le droit OHADA adopte le même régime de traitement de la caution du débiteur en difficulté que le législateur français. Celui-ci consiste à favoriser le sort de la caution en instrumentalisant sa situation tant que l'espoir de sauver le débiteur en difficulté subsiste réellement. Cela se traduit notamment par une ...

This comparative research between French law and Chinese law is particularly devoted to the tenth anniversary of the French ordinance of 23 March 2006 and the LDR (Chinese property law) of 16 March 2007 which is the first complete Chinese law which reforms the Chinese Security Interest. Departure from guiding principles of different security interest, both preferential than exclusive, an in-depth analysis of the impact of simplification on the security laws, in France as in China, continued while taking account of the rebirth of the properties-securities and the prospective of liens. Moreover, some institutions or techniques of other Western countries have been included in the comparative analysis to show the different aspects and also the attractiveness of the French law.Based on the same legal theory, French and Chinese legislators have certainly chosen different techniques to overcome the same difficulties. But the simplification of guarantee laws, which promotes the safety of "contractualization" of security interest in both countries will remain an undeniable convergence. Thus, there is reason to believe that the Chinese legislator will take into account the French techniques in future reforms in the security rights that are always characterized by safety, simplicity and speed. ; Cette recherche comparative entre le droit français et le droit chinois est particulièrement consacrée au dixième anniversaire de l'ordonnance française du 23 mars 2006 et de la LDR (Loi chinoise sur les droits réels) du 16 mars 2007 qui représente la première réforme chinoise complète du droit des sûretés réelles. A partir des principes directeurs des sûretés réelles, tant préférentielles qu'exclusives, une analyse approfondie de l'influence de la simplification sur le droit des sûretés réelles, en France comme en Chine, s'est poursuivie tout en prenant compte la renaissance des propriétés-sûretés et la prospective du droit de la rétention. D'ailleurs, certaines institutions ou techniques d'autres pays occidentaux ont été inclues dans l'analyse comparative pour montrer les divers aspects et aussi l'attractivité du droit français.En se basant sur une même théorie juridique, les législateurs français et chinois ont, certes, choisi des techniques différentes pour contourner des difficultés identiques. Mais la tendance de simplification du droit des sûretés réelles mobilières, qui favorise la sécurité de la « contractualisation » des sûretés réelles mobilières, dans les deux pays, restera une convergence indéniable. Ainsi, il y aurait lieu de croire que le législateur chinois va prendre en compte les techniques françaises dans les futures réformes portant sur les sûretés réelles mobilières qui doivent toujours caractérisées par la sécurité, la simplicité et la rapidité.

The creation of corporate group became one significant economic phenomenon in our modern society. In France as well as in China, this phenomenon is acknowledged in the different ways by the various branches of law. It is taken into consideration by the company law, the accounting law, the tax law, the financial law, the labour law, the competition law and even by the criminal law. In each country, the ways of acknowledgement of the corporate group are not identical, due to the difference of the objectives that the various branches of law attempt to realize. The establishment of one special law for the corporate group, which recognizes its unified legal status, appears to be improper. Up to now, the corporate groups have not yet been perfectly described in legal terms, and do not constitute a solid legal conception. The legislation of one corporate group law seems to be impossible, unless a fundamental revision of the current company law were realized. In order to avoid the ignorance of the economical reality of the corporate group by the law, it is better to proceed to the adjustment of the currently effective legal provisions. In this respect, the French law constitutes one model to be followed by the Chinese law. The latter could, through the legal reforms in the future, be inspired by the legal and judicial rules of the French law, which seeks to preserve not only the economical vitality of the corporate group, but also the balance of the conflicting interests of the stakeholders. With regard to the relations between the majority shareholders, the minority shareholders and the corporate directors, the French law comes to demonstrate that traditional rules of the company law, after adaptation, are normally sufficient to resolve the problems incurred within the corporate group. Furthermore, the French legal provisions appear capable to maintain a balanced solution related to the group's responsibility vis-à-vis the creditors (employees included). This balance is ensured in French law by a series of classical ...

The creation of corporate group became one significant economic phenomenon in our modern society. In France as well as in China, this phenomenon is acknowledged in the different ways by the various branches of law. It is taken into consideration by the company law, the accounting law, the tax law, the financial law, the labour law, the competition law and even by the criminal law. In each country, the ways of acknowledgement of the corporate group are not identical, due to the difference of the objectives that the various branches of law attempt to realize. The establishment of one special law for the corporate group, which recognizes its unified legal status, appears to be improper. Up to now, the corporate groups have not yet been perfectly described in legal terms, and do not constitute a solid legal conception. The legislation of one corporate group law seems to be impossible, unless a fundamental revision of the current company law were realized. In order to avoid the ignorance of the economical reality of the corporate group by the law, it is better to proceed to the adjustment of the currently effective legal provisions. In this respect, the French law constitutes one model to be followed by the Chinese law. The latter could, through the legal reforms in the future, be inspired by the legal and judicial rules of the French law, which seeks to preserve not only the economical vitality of the corporate group, but also the balance of the conflicting interests of the stakeholders. With regard to the relations between the majority shareholders, the minority shareholders and the corporate directors, the French law comes to demonstrate that traditional rules of the company law, after adaptation, are normally sufficient to resolve the problems incurred within the corporate group. Furthermore, the French legal provisions appear capable to maintain a balanced solution related to the group's responsibility vis-à-vis the creditors (employees included). This balance is ensured in French law by a series of classical ...

This thesis is devoted to the study of the Reform of customs administrations, which can be placed in a general context, but still asserting itself on a fairly specific case, concerning the Chadian customs administration. This is why it is entitled: The Reform of Customs Administrations: The Case of Chad.Customs administrations around the world are obliged to carry out reforms, given the globalization of trade which imposes the principles of free trade. It is a fight in fact, waged against all kinds of customs barriers that tend to obstruct this world trade. One of the objectives of these customs reforms is to establish a certain policy of facilitation of international trade. That is why the WTO and the WCO are working closely together in this regard. They are also obliged to seek the adhesion of states around the world in order to implement free trade. This adhesion is expressed by the reform of customs which are at the heart of international trade activities. The second objective is at the national level, in relation to the objective set by the Chadian state through this customs reform. The State of Chad is looking at the national level for the implementation of customs reform through a plan to improve public finances. This plan is called the Plan of Action for the Modernization of Public Finance Management (PAMFIP). This reform is well under way, but is not producing satisfactory results. The choice of this topic makes it possible to understand the real difficulties which arise with this reform, in order to propose approaches of solution.KEYWORDSCustoms reforms, Customs, Customs administration, Customs law, Free trade, International trade, developing countries, economic integration, international agreements, politicization and depoliticization of the administration. ; Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la Réforme des administrations douanières pouvant se situer dans un contexte général, mais en s'affirmant tout de même sur un cas assez spécifique, concernant l'administration des douanes tchadiennes. C'est ...

This thesis is devoted to the study of the Reform of customs administrations, which can be placed in a general context, but still asserting itself on a fairly specific case, concerning the Chadian customs administration. This is why it is entitled: The Reform of Customs Administrations: The Case of Chad.Customs administrations around the world are obliged to carry out reforms, given the globalization of trade which imposes the principles of free trade. It is a fight in fact, waged against all kinds of customs barriers that tend to obstruct this world trade. One of the objectives of these customs reforms is to establish a certain policy of facilitation of international trade. That is why the WTO and the WCO are working closely together in this regard. They are also obliged to seek the adhesion of states around the world in order to implement free trade. This adhesion is expressed by the reform of customs which are at the heart of international trade activities. The second objective is at the national level, in relation to the objective set by the Chadian state through this customs reform. The State of Chad is looking at the national level for the implementation of customs reform through a plan to improve public finances. This plan is called the Plan of Action for the Modernization of Public Finance Management (PAMFIP). This reform is well under way, but is not producing satisfactory results. The choice of this topic makes it possible to understand the real difficulties which arise with this reform, in order to propose approaches of solution.KEYWORDSCustoms reforms, Customs, Customs administration, Customs law, Free trade, International trade, developing countries, economic integration, international agreements, politicization and depoliticization of the administration. ; Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la Réforme des administrations douanières pouvant se situer dans un contexte général, mais en s'affirmant tout de même sur un cas assez spécifique, concernant l'administration des douanes tchadiennes. C'est ...

Since the introduction of the law n° 94-475 on 10 January 1994, the French legislator bas been part of a process of protection, while still interested, of the bail leader with the aim of promoting the recovery of the debtor in difficulty. This process, which culminated in the 2005 reform, had an influence on the law of collective procedures applicable in the OHADA area, not without striking the balance of the bonding institution as a whole. Since the reform of the AUC on 10 September 2016, OHADA law bas adopted the same regime for processing the bail of the debtor in difficulty as the French legislator. It consists in promoting the fate of the surety by exploiting its situation as long as the hope of saving the debtor in difficulty really remains. This includes a targeted application of the accessory rule in different stages of the procedure according to a common thread almost identically defined by each legislator, yet in a different legal and social environment. The impact of this aradox on the efficient rotection of the suret is felt in the application of measures of collective discipline to the surety on the one band, and the exercise of the bail on the other. ; Depuis l'entrée en vigueur de loin° 94-475 du 10 janvier 1994, le législateur français s'est inscrit dans un processus de protection, au demeurant intéressé, du dirigeant caution dans l'optique de favoriser le redressement du débiteur en difficulté. Ce processus qui a atteint son point culminant lors de la réforme de 2005 a eu une influence sur le droit des procédures collectives applicables dans l'espace OHADA non sans heurter l'équilibre de l'institution du cautionnement dans sa globalité. Depuis la réforme de l'AUC du 10 septembre 2015, le droit OHADA adopte le même régime de traitement de la caution du débiteur en difficulté que le législateur français. Celui-ci consiste à favoriser le sort de la caution en instrumentalisant sa situation tant que l'espoir de sauver le débiteur en difficulté subsiste réellement. Cela se traduit notamment par une application ciblée de la règle de l'accessoire dans différentes étapes de la procédure selon un fil conducteur presque identiquement défini pat' chaque législateur, pourtant dans un environnement juridique et social différent. L'impact de ce paradoxe sur la protection efficiente de la caution se fait ressentir dans l'application des mesures de discipline collective à la caution d'une part, et l'exercice des recours de celle-ci d'autre part.

Since the introduction of the law n° 94-475 on 10 January 1994, the French legislator bas been part of a process of protection, while still interested, of the bail leader with the aim of promoting the recovery of the debtor in difficulty. This process, which culminated in the 2005 reform, had an influence on the law of collective procedures applicable in the OHADA area, not without striking the balance of the bonding institution as a whole. Since the reform of the AUC on 10 September 2016, OHADA law bas adopted the same regime for processing the bail of the debtor in difficulty as the French legislator. It consists in promoting the fate of the surety by exploiting its situation as long as the hope of saving the debtor in difficulty really remains. This includes a targeted application of the accessory rule in different stages of the procedure according to a common thread almost identically defined by each legislator, yet in a different legal and social environment. The impact of this aradox on the efficient rotection of the suret is felt in the application of measures of collective discipline to the surety on the one band, and the exercise of the bail on the other. ; Depuis l'entrée en vigueur de loin° 94-475 du 10 janvier 1994, le législateur français s'est inscrit dans un processus de protection, au demeurant intéressé, du dirigeant caution dans l'optique de favoriser le redressement du débiteur en difficulté. Ce processus qui a atteint son point culminant lors de la réforme de 2005 a eu une influence sur le droit des procédures collectives applicables dans l'espace OHADA non sans heurter l'équilibre de l'institution du cautionnement dans sa globalité. Depuis la réforme de l'AUC du 10 septembre 2015, le droit OHADA adopte le même régime de traitement de la caution du débiteur en difficulté que le législateur français. Celui-ci consiste à favoriser le sort de la caution en instrumentalisant sa situation tant que l'espoir de sauver le débiteur en difficulté subsiste réellement. Cela se traduit notamment par une application ciblée de la règle de l'accessoire dans différentes étapes de la procédure selon un fil conducteur presque identiquement défini pat' chaque législateur, pourtant dans un environnement juridique et social différent. L'impact de ce paradoxe sur la protection efficiente de la caution se fait ressentir dans l'application des mesures de discipline collective à la caution d'une part, et l'exercice des recours de celle-ci d'autre part.

Since the introduction of the law n° 94-475 on 10 January 1994, the French legislator bas been part of a process of protection, while still interested, of the bail leader with the aim of promoting the recovery of the debtor in difficulty. This process, which culminated in the 2005 reform, had an influence on the law of collective procedures applicable in the OHADA area, not without striking the balance of the bonding institution as a whole. Since the reform of the AUC on 10 September 2016, OHADA law bas adopted the same regime for processing the bail of the debtor in difficulty as the French legislator. It consists in promoting the fate of the surety by exploiting its situation as long as the hope of saving the debtor in difficulty really remains. This includes a targeted application of the accessory rule in different stages of the procedure according to a common thread almost identically defined by each legislator, yet in a different legal and social environment. The impact of this aradox on the efficient rotection of the suret is felt in the application of measures of collective discipline to the surety on the one band, and the exercise of the bail on the other. ; Depuis l'entrée en vigueur de loin° 94-475 du 10 janvier 1994, le législateur français s'est inscrit dans un processus de protection, au demeurant intéressé, du dirigeant caution dans l'optique de favoriser le redressement du débiteur en difficulté. Ce processus qui a atteint son point culminant lors de la réforme de 2005 a eu une influence sur le droit des procédures collectives applicables dans l'espace OHADA non sans heurter l'équilibre de l'institution du cautionnement dans sa globalité. Depuis la réforme de l'AUC du 10 septembre 2015, le droit OHADA adopte le même régime de traitement de la caution du débiteur en difficulté que le législateur français. Celui-ci consiste à favoriser le sort de la caution en instrumentalisant sa situation tant que l'espoir de sauver le débiteur en difficulté subsiste réellement. Cela se traduit notamment par une application ciblée de la règle de l'accessoire dans différentes étapes de la procédure selon un fil conducteur presque identiquement défini pat' chaque législateur, pourtant dans un environnement juridique et social différent. L'impact de ce paradoxe sur la protection efficiente de la caution se fait ressentir dans l'application des mesures de discipline collective à la caution d'une part, et l'exercice des recours de celle-ci d'autre part.

Whilst the institutional architecture of British policing remains based on local provincial forces, such has been the degree of centralization that the policing structure of England & Wales has been described as a de facto national police force. An important part of this process has been the 'managerialist' reforms developed by central government. However, within the overall picture of centralization, some countervailing tendencies are visible that suggest the possibility of enhanced local influence. England & Wales is thus seeing the emergence of a bifurcated policing system in which policing responses to such things as serious & organized crime, & terrorism, are becoming more centralized, whilst the policing of 'ordinary' crimes & disorder are increasingly integrated into a broader community safety response at the local level. Adapted from the source document.

The article tries to lay down the perspectives and the development of Belgian constitutional law within the next 20 years (2010-2030).

The French legislation on political funding is 20 years old. But the laws passed in 1988 were not sui generis: about 30 previous bills addressing the issue were introduced between 1970 & 1988. To date, however, there has been no serious treatment of the proto-history behind the 1988 legislation. This article explores the genesis of that codification, showing how the issue of French political funding gave rise to movements that would eventually define the symbolic boundaries. Finally, studying these attempts at regulation sheds some new light on the practical nexus between politicians & money & on recent changes in politics. Adapted from the source document.