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УДК 347.73:341.63Subject. This informational article highlights recent changes to the Russian legislation on arbitration.Purpose. To highlight the most important aspects of arbitration law reform, and examines the effects they will have on the development of arbitration in RussiaMethodology. The author uses a formal-legal method.Results, scope of application. The author distinguishes the difference between constantly acting arbitration courts and arbitration courts ad hoc). The special status of a number of arbitration institutions (the ICAC and MAC at the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry), is contrary to the constitutional principle of equality under the law. A major achievement of the new legislation on arbitration courts is expanding the range arbitrarily disputes.Conclusions. The new legislation more clearly prescribed the interaction of arbitration and state courts, including requiring the latter to promote the arbitrators, acting under the regulations of the permanent arbitration institutions in obtaining evidence.In addition, the reform of the arbitration law have left aside the problem of improving the quality of judicial control over arbitration decisions.The arbitration law will still be able to improve the arbitration, to enhance its credibility and attractiveness for the participants of civil turnover. ; УДК 347.73:341.63В статье информационного характера освещаются недавние изменения, внесенные в законодательство Российской Федерации о третейском разбирательстве. Автор отмечает наиболее значимые аспекты реформы и анализирует, какое воздействие они окажут на развитие арбитража в России.

The paper addresses the law-making experiments, which were conducted with the reform of local government in the late 1990s – early 2000s. The author explores the process of their implementation, as well as the impact of legislative experiments on the current state of some municipalities. ; В статье рассматриваются правотворческие эксперименты, которые проводились при реформе местного самоуправления в конце 1990-х – начале 2000-х гг. Исследуется процесс их проведения, а также влияние правотворческих экспериментов на современное состояние некоторых муниципальных образований.

The article considers regularities of structural transformations in conditions of transformation with a view to ensuring economic growth stability as a base of solving of social and economic issues in the national economy. The paper classifies and reveals the notion of structural policy; tasks of macroeconomic strategy and institutional transformations at the current stage of economic reforms in the Republic of Tajikistan. The main effects of structural changes were: attainment of economic independence by virtue of reduction of import of energy carriers, foodstuff and other products on the basis of development of import-substituting production; overcome of one-sided raw-material orientation of economy; strengthening of social and economic potential of the country; attraction of investment for carrying out of structural transformations; construction of new enterprises. ; В статье рассматриваются закономерности структурных преобразований в условиях трансформации для обеспечения устойчивости экономического роста как базы решения социально-экономических проблем в национальной экономике. В работе классифицировано и раскрыто понятие структурной политики; представлены и анализируются задачи макроэкономической стратегии и институциональных преобразований на текущем этапе рыночных реформ в Республике Таджикистан; в качестве основных проявлений структурных изменений отмечено: достижение экономической независимости за счет снижения импорта энергоносителей, продуктов питания и других товаров на основе развития импортозамещающих производств; преодоление однобокой сырьевой направленности экономики; укрепление социального и экономического потенциала страны; привлечение инвестиций для проведения структурных преобразований; строительство новых предприятий.

The article is devoted to determining the place of consumer law in the system of Russian law and in the system of Russian legislation. Having formed in Russian civil law initially as a functional institution of civil law protection of consumer rights, it later, together with the norms of branches of public law, forms an intersectoral institute of Russian law, and under the influence of codified civil legislation, especially due to the reform of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the improvement of legislation on consumer protection and the practice of its application, occupies the place of a functional sub-branch in the structure of modern civil law. For more than thirty years, consumer law has also been formed as a complex branch of legislation, including normative acts containing norms of various branches of Russian law. Consumer law (consumer protection legislation) is characterized by a number of features (it includes numerous regulations of various hierarchical levels and combines legal regulation contained in codified civil legislation and special acts on consumer protection). This, on the one hand, seems to be a very progressive phenomenon, since the civil law regulation of contractual relations with the participation of consumers is elevated to the level of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and, on the other hand, this is done in part two of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as in certain federal laws, is often inconsistent or insufficiently successful.

The article attempts to study the development and current state of the institute of parliamentarism of Kazakhstan in the context of the constitutional reforms carried out. The main historical stages of its development from 1991 to 1995 are ana-lyzed. The essence of the concept of parliamentarism in the narrow and broad senses of the word is considered, and several groups of scientists with different points of view on the position of parliamentarism are also identified in the course of the study. The constitu-tional foundations of the Kazakh institute of parliamentarism are revealed. The various reasons for the adoption of the new Basic Law in 1995, as well as the shortcomings of the previous Constitution, which led to a protracted parliamentary crisis, are analyzed. The paper defines the 5 stages of the development of independent Kazakh parliamentarism. The article describes in detail the 3 main constitutional reforms carried out in the Re-public of Kazakhstan in 2007, 2017 and 2022, in terms of their impact on the process of improving the institution of parliamentarism. In the process of researching these reforms, the new functions and powers of the parliament to strengthen control over the government of the country are considered. The constitutional novel in the history of Kazakhstan, which establishes the limitation of the terms of office of the President of the Republic from two 5-year to one 7-year term, which undoubtedly affects the parliament, increasing its responsibility for the fate of the country, is analyzed, international experience is studied, according to which it is concluded that in such a developed country as the Republic of Korea such a constitutional mechanism is functioning successfully, and the country is consistently developing with a strong parliament along the democratic path.

The modern concept of regulation of state control (supervision), municipal control assumes its coordination with the legislation on administrative responsibility to ensure the orderly application of state coercion. At the same time, the basic prerequisites for adjusting the grounds for bringing to administrative responsibility are currently set precisely by the legislation on control (supervision), which is focused on preventing and suppressing violations of mandatory requirements, and not on punishing them. The measures taken to achieve this goal indicate that at the regulatory level in Russia, a model of subordination of proceedings on administrative offences in relation to control and supervisory proceedings is being formed by limiting the grounds for initiating cases of administrative offenses, expressed in noncompliance with mandatory requirements. Within the framework of this model, the legislator introduces special restrictions to the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation regarding the initiation of cases of administrative offences related to noncompliance with mandatory requirements, which are aimed at reducing the administrative burden on economic activity. However, in practice, the relevant legal regulations are applied restrictively and not to the full extent, which makes it dificult to implement the model of administrativelaw measures enshrined in the legislation, by virtue of which bringing to administrative responsibility should follow the conduct of control (supervision), not ahead of them.

Russian scientists attach great importance to one of the fundamental principles of private international law – the principle of the closest connection. The concept of the closest connection was developed in England on the basis of case law, the rules of which were created by judges in court decisions on specific cases. The legislator has included the principle of closest connection to the civil code, however, in light of the changes it made in the reforms of 2013, the closest connection principle was assigned a secondary role in relation to the principle of characteristic performance. The main purpose of the principle of the closest connection is to find the law and order that can most effectively regulate cross-border relations. The court will have to determine the will of the parties to the contractual relationship, aimed at choosing the right. Therefore, a close relationship is established based on the court's assumption of what right the parties would have chosen if they had considered this issue. The principle of the closest connection, in connection with this approach, often loses its independent significance. Article 1187 of the civil code of the Russian Federation does not specify the conditions of its application, as well as the scope of its action. For this reason, the category of the closest relationship is universal and applies regardless of the nature of the cross-border civil relationship. Russian legislation does not have clear criteria for determining the closest relationship, which may lead to a subjective decision by the court. In this regard, the study of problems related to the application of the principle of the closest connection in judicial practice is undoubtedly relevant.

The article "Importance of studying international law in the preparation of high-qualified lawyers in Uzbekistan". The article considers the issues of the reform in higher education at the present stage, as well as the role and significance of the international law and European law in training highly qualified lawyers for the government, law enforcement and the private sector in Uzbekistan.

In article the limitation period institute innovations entered during reforming of the civil legislation of the Russian Federation are analyzed. Advantages of new norms on definition of the beginning of limitation period are noted. The author gives an assessment of such innovation as the objective limitation period and also analyzes the prospects of its application to different types of the civil relations. Influence of the international acts in the field of private law on reforming of norms on limitation period in Russia is reflected. The author touches also on issues of influence of limitation period on the subjective substantive law which is subject to protection.

УДК 340.132The state of law enforcement in modern Russia is analyzed in the article on the basis of judicial statistics. The author gives a critical assessment of the most important decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation handed down in 2015-2016 years in var-ious spheres of legal reality:– local self-government;– the formation of the foundationd capital repairs of condominium houses;– pensions provision of ex-militaries;– legislative regulation of property valuation activity;– problem of execution of court decisions.The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation many times violated the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Since the Constitutional Court has recognized the legal abolition of elections of mayors in cities and towns. Constitutional Court recognized a legal collection taxes from citizens for capital repairs of condominium houses of others. Very often in the Russian law enforcement the Constitutional Court adopts a politically motivated decision, although such decisions are strictly prohibited by law. Unfortunately, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation not adequately protect the rights of Russian citizens and organizations.The author comes to the conclusion of a big crisis of law enforcement caused of legal nihilism, rooted among the enforcers, is made in the article. Analyzing the examples of judicial practice author propose any ways out of crisis law enforcement. ; УДК 340.132В статье на основе материалов судебной статистики анализируется состояние правоприменения в России. Автором дана критическая оценка наиболее значимым постановлениям Конституционного Суда РФ, вынесенным в 2015–2016 гг. в различных сферах правовой действительности: местном самоуправлении, формировании и использовании фонда капитального ремонта многоквартирных домов, пенсионном обеспечении бывших военнослужащих, применении законодательства об оценочной деятельности, проблемах исполнения судебных актов. Сделан вывод о правовом нигилизме, укоренившемся среди правоприменителей, и внесены предложения по исправлению ситуации.

Introduction. An effective system of state regulation in the field of education makes it possible to eliminate excessive administrative restrictions or barriers for educational organizations. The existence of state regulation of educational activities is due to the public-legal principles of educational law and the need to ensure the rights of students.Problem statement. The presence of legal uncertainties, corruption-causing factors in the mechanism of state regulation of educational activities leads to negative consequences for educational organizations, hinders the performance of state functions of a social orientation. Excessive legal regulation traditionally leads to the cancellation of the effect of state control. The process of changing the Federal State Educational Standard eases the burden of responsibilities of educational organizations, since the scope of the powers granted in the development of an educational program is expanding, however, an increase in the volume of dispositivity leads to problems of quality compliance checks, since it becomes difficult to argue the fact of violation.Methodology of the study. Theoretical and empirical methods were used in the research process. Legal analogy, law comparison and legal abstraction were used.The results. There is an obvious imbalance between the public and private interests of state in the field of education. A change in the usual and sufficiently effective system of state control leads to the substitution of some well-known and well-established legal categories by others. There is a lack of uniformity in law enforcement. The problems of the development of the Federal State Educational Standard by areas and types of professional activity are relevant. The modern system of state regulation is characterized by an increase in the volume of the regulatory framework, as well as the growth of local law-making, which leads to the impossibility of fulfilling all mandatory requirements. Due to the lack of unified requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard, it is advisable to consider the introduction of the institute of self-regulating organizations in the field of education.Conclusions. The ongoing rapid restructuring of the system of state regulation of educational activities leads to an increase in conflicts in educational legislation, including among the fundamental normative legal acts. The current policy of increasing the academic freedom of educational organizations, their capabilities in the development of educational programs leads to problems of state control over the quality of educational activities. Further development of the system of state regulation should take place in the direction of improving the Federal State Educational Standard and reducing the administrative burden on educational organizations. ; Введение. Эффективная система государственной регламентации в области образования позволяет исключить избыточные административные ограничения или барьеры для образовательных организаций. Наличие государственной регламентации образовательной деятельности обусловлено публично-правовыми началами образовательного права и необходимостью обеспечения прав обучающихся.Постановка задачи. Наличие правовых неопределенностей, коррупциогенных факторов в механизме государственной регламентации образовательной деятельности приводит к негативным последствиям для образовательных организаций, препятствует выполнению государственных функций социальной направленности. Излишнее нормативноправовое регулирование традиционно приводит к аннулированию эффекта государственного контроля. Процесс смены ФГОС облегчает бремя обязанностей образовательных организаций, поскольку расширяется объем предоставляемых правомочий при разработке образовательной программы, однако увеличение объема диспозитивности приводит к проблемам проверок соблюдения требований к качеству, поскольку становится затруднительным аргументировать факт нарушения.Методика и методология исследования. В процессе исследования использовались теоретические и эмпирические методы. Применялись правовая аналогия, правовое сравнение, правовое абстрагирование.Результаты. Наблюдается очевидный дисбаланс между публичными и частными интересами государства в сфере образования. Изменение привычной и достаточно эффективной системы государственного контроля приводит к подмене одних общеизвестных и устоявшихся правовых категорий другими. Наблюдается отсутствие единообразия в правоприменении. Актуальными являются проблемы разработки ФГОС по областям и видам профессиональной деятельности. Современная система государственной регламентации характеризуется увеличением объема нормативной базы, а также ростом локального правотворчества, что приводит к невозможности исполнения всех обязательных требований. Ввиду отсутствия единообразных требований ФГОС целесообразно рассмотреть вопрос о введении института саморегулируемых организаций в сфере образования.Выводы. Проводимая стремительная перестройка системы государственной регламентации образовательной деятельности приводит к увеличению коллизий в образовательном законодательстве, в том числе среди основополагающих нормативно-правовых актов. Проводимая политика увеличения академической свободы образовательных организаций, их возможностей при разработке образовательных программ приводит к проблемам осуществления государственного контроля за качеством образовательной деятельности. Дальнейшее развитие системы государственной регламентации должно происходить в направлении совершенствования ФГОС, снижения административной нагрузки на образовательные организации.

УДК 342The subject. This article is devoted the municipal reform 2014-2016. The reform of state are institutes of territorial organization, organizational principles, competency bases of local self-government.The purpose of this paper is to show that the municipal reform 2014-2016 is directed on limiting local self-government and the subordination of local self-government to state authorities of the subjects of Russia.Methodology. The author uses a dialectical method, a method of analysis and synthesis, a formal legal method, a comparative legal method.Results, scope. Urban districts with intracity and intercity division areas – two new municipalities have been legally introduced. In science municipal law formed two points of view on the admissibility and feasibility of separating the urban district in the inner city areas. According to the first point of view, the separation of large urban districts in the inner city areas is acceptable and appropriate. According to the second point of view, the separation of large urban districts in the inner city areas is unacceptable and inappropriate. The author adheres to the second point of view, since the introduction of a two-tier model of local government organization would violate the principle of unity of municipal economy, will lead to the rupture of a single urban space on the organizational and financial sustainability areas dependent city district, will lead to a sharp increase in the number of deputies and municipal employees, unnecessary increase financial expenses.Municipal and regulatory policy in the sphere of organizational principles of local self-government is aimed at the maximum limit of direct elections of the population of the local self-government, which leads to their further alienation from the local authorities (the direct election of saved only 11 urban districts (13 %), which are the administrative centers of the subject of the Russian Federation). In addition, the actual subject of the Russian Federation determines the organizational model of local self-government for all the municipalities in its territory. This contradicts the Russian Constitution and the European Charter of Local Self-Government.Federal Law No. 136-FZ of the legislation on local government introduced a completely new institution – the redistribution of powers. In accordance with pt. 1.2 of Article 17 of the Federal Law No. 131-FZ of the laws of the Russian Federation subject may be a redistribution of powers between the local authorities and public authorities of the RF subject. The norms of the Constitution there is no reference to the possibility of transmission to public authorities of powers of local governments to address local issues. From the analysis of the norms of the Constitution, the European Charter of Local Self-Government, the legal posi-tion of the Constitutional Court is apparent that the public authorities as a general rule is not entitled to decide local issues, to withdraw from the jurisdiction of the powers of local government. Meanwhile, as of March 1, 2017 34 subjects of the Russian Federation adopted laws on the redistribution of powers between the local authorities and public authorities of the Russian Federation.The results of the study can be applied in the design of the legal regulation of Institute of territorial organization of local self-government; Institute organizational principles of local self-government; Institute of competency bases of local self-government.Conclusions. Analyzing the latest evolution of municipal law the author comes to the conclusion that the target of the municipal reform 2014-2016 proclaimed by the legislator – the restoration of the lost connection between citizens and local self-governments – is clearly declarative in nature. The real target of the reform is a gradual, but consistent inte-gration of local self-government into the system of public authorities. ; УДК 342Статья посвящена анализу муниципальной реформы 2014–2016 гг. В состоянии реформирования находятся институты территориальной организации, организационных и компетенционных основ местного самоуправления.Были законодательно введены два новых вида муниципальных образований – городские округа с внутригородским делением и внутригородские районы. В науке муниципального права сформировались две точки зрения относительно допустимости и целесообразности разделения городского округа на внутригородские районы. Согласно первой, разделение крупных городских округов на внутригородские районы допустимо и целесообразно. Согласно второй, подобное разделение недопустимо и нецелесообразно. Автор придерживается второй точки зрения.Муниципально-правовая политика в сфере организационных основ местного самоуправления направлена на максимальное ограничение прямых выборов населением органов местного самоуправления, что приводит к его дальнейшему отчуждению от местной власти (прямые выборы сохранены всего в 11 городских округах (13 %), являющихся административными центрами соответствующих субъектов Российской Феде-рации).Федеральным законом № 136-ФЗ в законодательство о местном самоуправлении введен совершенно новый институт – перераспределение полномочий. В соответствии с ч. 1.2 ст. 17 Федерального закона № 131-ФЗ законами субъекта Российской Федерации может осуществляться перераспределение полномочий между органами местного самоуправления и органами государственной власти субъекта РФ. В нормах Конституции РФ отсутствует указание на возможность передачи органам государственной власти полномочий органов местного самоуправления по решению вопросов местного значения.

The article analyzes the legal problems of the integration of science and education, offers an assessment of various organizational forms of integration of science and higher education over the past 30 years. The main provisions, stages of implementation and the results of the implementation of various scientific and educational state programs are studied, statistical data are provided that emphasize the increase in the volume of scientific activities carried out in educational organizations (higher educational institutions). The authors investigate the status of educational organizations as subjects of scientific law, emphasize the imperfection of Russian educational legislation regarding the differentiation of educational institutions of higher education and scientific organizations. The article focuses on the study of the positive and negative consequences of the introduction of a new category of higher educational institutions – flagship universities. After analyzing the problems of legal regulation of flagship universities, the authors come to the conclusion that the logical conclusion of the reform of flagship universities can be the establishment of the status of flagship universities in the legislation on education and a clear separation of flagship and federal universities. ; В статье анализируются правовые проблемы интеграции науки и образования, предлагается оценка различных организационных форм интеграции науки и высшего образования, использовавшихся в российском законодательстве в течение последних 30 лет. Изучаются основные положения, этапы внедрения и результаты реализации различных научно-образовательных государственных программ, приводятся статистические данные, подчеркивающие увеличение объема выполняемой научной деятельности в образовательных организациях (высших учебных заведениях). Авторы исследуют статус образовательных организаций как субъектов научного права, подчеркивают несовершенство российского образовательного законодательства относительно разграничения образовательных организаций высшего образования и научных организаций. В статье делается акцент на исследовании позитивных и негативных последствий введения новой категории высших учебных заведений – опорных университетов. Проанализировав проблемы правового регулирования опорных университетов, авторы приходят к выводу о том, что логическим завершением реформы опорных университетов может стать установление статуса опорных университетов в законодательстве об образовании и четкое разведение опорных и федеральных университетов.

The article analyzes the tasks of reforming the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which, according to the author, can be solved only with the adoption of the new Basic Law of the country. In this case, the following prerequisites should become key: economic reforms; certainty in terms of ideological foundations; improvement of the public authority system; improvement of the system of public authority; securing the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, the foundations of civil society and the institutions of direct democracy; reflecting the tasks of the country's territorial organization; regulation of the law enforcement system. The new text of the Constitution should take into account most of the novelties of the 2020 constitutional reform. But since, according to the existing procedure, it is impossible to amend chapters 1, 2, 9 of the Basic Law and many innovations are reflected in other chapters, therefore, when creating a new text, itis necessary to clearly follow the logic of constitutional regulation.