Suchergebnisse

"Die seit Anfang der 90er Jahren intensiv betriebene Forschung zur Gewalt an Schulen hat in verschiedenen Resümees einige zentrale Determinanten und Erklärungsfaktoren für das Auftreten von Gewalt an Schulen herausarbeiten können. Dabei handelt es sich ganz überwiegend um Merkmale der als 'Täter' an den Gewalthandlungen beteiligten Schüler. Hinzu kommen Analysen, die den Einfluss des familialen Kontextes und dabei vor allem der Erziehungspraktiken der Eltern untersuchten. Beides zusammen hat zu einer Betonung der individuellen Verursachung von Gewalt und zu einer deutlich ätiologischen Interpretation des Gewaltaufkommens geführt. Bisher weniger beachtet geblieben ist der Effekte des ggf. gewaltförderlichen Kontextes in der der Klasse, in der Schule und im weiteren Schulumfeld. Der Beitrag stützt sich auf eine repräsentative Längsschnittuntersuchung, in deren Rahmen je etwa 4.000 Schüler an allgemein bildenden und beruflichen Schulen in den Jahren 1994, 1999 und 2004 Befragt wurden. Durch das der Studie zu Grunde liegende Klumpen-Design - einbezogen wurden jeweils die Schüler von einer Klasse aus ca. 200 Schulen - ergibt sich die Möglichkeit die Effekte der Komposition der Schulklasse, die Bedingungen an der jeweiligen Schule und die Merkmale der Schulsitzkommune als das Gewaltaufkommen bestimmende Variablen zu untersuchen. Dabei gehen die Verfasser davon aus, dass die Handlungsbedingungen in der Klasse, in der Schule und im Schulumfeld das Auftreten von Gewalt an Schulen fördern oder unterbinden können. Der Frage nach der Determinationskraft derartiger Variablen im Vergleich zu klassischen Individualmerkmalen soll in dem Beitrag mit Hilfe einer Mehrebeneanalyse nachgegangen werden." (Autorenreferat)

"The English School and Institutions: British Institutionalists?" published on by Oxford University Press.

Oradea, an important cultural, economic and administrative town at the
western border of Romania, is known as an academic center since 1780 through its area of
operation for over two centuries of the Academy of Law. The Romanian age of higher education
institutions has proven to be a step in regaining the status of high school like the other existing
universities in the country between the wars. The abolition of the Academy and its merger with the
Faculty of Law of the University of Cluj, in 1934, was a great loss for the city of Oradea, the values gathered during more that two centuries of high school, representing a solid fundament for
the academic education, from this part of the country, after the second world war.

"Compliance in International Relations" published on by Oxford University Press.

Bislang gab es in Deutschland keine Hochschulen und keine Studienprogramme, mit denen sich der Anspruch verknüpfte, eine Spitzenposition im Feld der Hochschulbildung inne zu haben. Mittlerweile werden aber auch hier mehr und mehr vertikale Differenzierungen der Hochschulen in Szene gesetzt und Qualitätsunterschiede betont. Diese Bemühungen werden zumeist mit Blick auf die Forschung beobachtet. Der Beitrag nimmt hingegen Stratifikationsbemühungen in den Blick, die sich primär mit der Bildung und Ausbildung an Hochschulen verknüpfen. Grundlage sind Fallstudien zum einen im Feld der durch die Exzellenzinitiative geförderten Graduiertenschulen und zum anderen im Feld der privaten Hochschulen, die in den Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften angesiedelt sind und sich als Spitzeneinrichtungen zu positionieren suchen. Im ersten Teil geht es um die Formen der Institutionalisierung von Rangunterscheidungen im Bereich der Hochschulbildung, die man derzeit beobachten kann. Im zweiten Teil wird exemplarisch an einem Merkmal - Internationalität - aufgezeigt, wie Stratifizierungen und Rangunterscheidungen zur Geltung gebracht werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass Stratifikation kein monolithischer Prozess ist, sondern komplexe Differenzierungen entlang verschiedener Merkmale in vielfältigen Formen involviert. (DIPF/Orig.).;;;Until recently there have been no universities or study programs in Germany that were connected to claims for top level positions in the field of higher education. However, by now efforts to vertically differentiate higher education are increasing and emphasize differences in quality. Such efforts have so far been observed with respect to research. In contrast, this article focusses on stratificatory efforts that are primarily connected to education at universities. It is based on cases studies in the field of graduate schools funded by the German excellence initiative and in the field of private higher education institutions that belong to law, business, and the social sciences and try to positions themselves as top level institutions. The first part addresses specific forms in which stratification is institutionalized in the field of higher education at present. The second part then exemplifies the various ways in which vertical differentiation is mobilized along a common attribute in both fields - internationality. The authors show that stratification is not a monolithic process but involves highly complex differentiations along various attributes and in multiple ways. (DIPF/Orig.).

Reform of the Croatian legal system and the adjustment of its legislation to EU law is one of the main conditions for the Republic of Croatia to be able to join the Union. This paper analyses the existing requirements for gender equality inside the EU, the current situation in the applicant countries and the existing problems and challenges for states that are only on the way towards European integration. In the Republic of Croatia gender equality is not guaranteed to a sufficient
extent, which has resulted in negative public reactions from NGOs and organisations for the protection of human rights and the rights of women. In addition, individuals are exposed everyday to various forms of sexual harassment in the workplace, in schools, universities and public places. So far, except at the constitutional level, no kind of legal approach has been adopted to guarantee gender equality or freedom of sexual orientation, which is an obligation of Croatia according to international treaties and the SAA.

"This overview focuses on current family policies in Norway, but a brief historical background is given where this is relevant. It covers aspects of family law (adoption, abortion, parental rights) as well as family policy (parental leave, child-care, out-of-school care, taxation, family benefits, benefits for lone parents). Norwegian policies since the mid-1980s have clearly moved in the direction of the 'dual earner-dual carer' model, but this development is not uncontested. The authors argue that the basic tension in present-day Norwegian family policies is between the wish to promote desirable family practices (including increased involvement from men) on the one hand, and the wish to maintain neutrality and increase parental choice on the other. The father's quota in parental leave and the cash-for-care benefit can be seen as prime examples of each approach. Controversies in this area tend to follow the political left-right axis, with the left favouring gender equality and service provision, and the right preferring cash transfers and the promotion of parental choice." (author's abstract).

This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Please check back later for the full article.Referendums are puzzling because they are ubiquitous. Described in the theoretical literature as "veto-player institutions," referendums are used as frequently by autocratic dictators as they are employed in constitutional democracies. As an institution championed by both Hitler and Churchill, as well as Augusto Pinochet and Woodrow Wilson it is not surprising that political scientists of an earlier generation felt that they defied all attempts to develop testable hypotheses and that referendums—in the words of Arend Lijphart from his 1984 book Democracies—"fail to fit any clear universal pattern."More recently, beginning in the 1990s, however scholars from both historical institutional as well as rational choice schools have begun to develop testable propositions as well as they have advanced explanations as to the origins, practice and consequences of the increased use of referendums. Further, in addition to general theories of voting behaviour in referendums, an emerging literature has been established, which has investigated the policy consequences of referendums. These consequences include, lower levels of inequality, higher levels of trust in government and lower levels of public spending. Compared to an earlier period characterised by ideographic single country studies, and a general pessimism regarding the prospect of developing general theories, the study of referendums has entered a 'revolutionary' phase in the Kuhnian sense of the word. While no general paradigm has emerged, scholars are increasingly confident that general recurrent patterns exist and that it is possible to develop law-like statements about the emergence, use, and implications of the use of the referendum.