Introduction -- PART I: The Rule of Law – General reflections -- Estado de Derecho y Democracia -- The Rule of Law and Democracy in Latin America -- Rule of Law, Democracy and the digital sector -- Preconditions to avoid constitutional crisis: some reflections on appointment procedure of constitutional justices -- Rule of law as a universal "value" -- Rule of Law Concept and its Development by the EU Constitutional Justice -- PART II: Rule of Law and Pandemic -- The Main Trends in Constitutional Jurisprudence Developed by Constitutional Courts during the COVID-19 Pandemic -- Emergencia y Jurisdicción Constitucional -- Common courts' right to constitutional review in the face of the threat to the rule of law – the case of Poland -- Pandemic and the Rule of Law -- The emergency in Estonia, fundamental rights and the rule of law -- Limitations of civil rights during a period of introduction of extraordinary measures in Poland vis-à-vis the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus -- Limiting fundamental rights by governmental regulations – An illiberal response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland -- Constitutional Restrictions of Human Rights under the State of Emergency -- Health State of Emergency and Management of the Pandemic – The Italian Experience -- The Covid 19 pandemic and Italian constitutional law. Some reflections on the sources of law -- Estado de Derecho y Restricción de Derechos Fundamentales durante la Pandemia en Brasil: La Actuación del Supremo Tribunal -- Protecting the Rule of Law: Once again about the Legitimacy and Competences of the Constitutional Courts -- El Constitucionalismo ante la pandemia del Covid-19 en el Perú -- Rule of Law and the Pandemic – The Experience of the Republic of Moldova -- Estado de Derecho y lesiones de los Derechos Fundamentales en el estado de alarma o emergencia por el COVID-19 -- PART III: Conclusion -- Concluding Remarks.
Por benevolencia de sus autores debo hacer el exordio de este trabajo de investigación. Con dedicación y agrado lo hago, con la convicción sobre la necesidad de innovar en la metodología pedagógica, con el propósito de que nuestro esfuerzo en el aula y fuera de ella lleguen de manera comprensiva y sin afán dogmatizante a nuestros estudiantes. El Área de Derecho Penal del PROGRAMA DE DERECHO de la UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BUCARAMANGA, dentro de las obligaciones propias de la docencia entendida desde los cuestionamientos que deben hacer los profesores sobre los métodos de aprendizaje que desde la incertidumbre del conocimiento motiven a los estudiantes al conocimiento y a la investigación, han elaborado un texto denominado "El Aprendizaje del Derecho", para cuya ejecución se han soportado en el Centro de Investigaciones Socio Jurídicas de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la UNAB. ; Out of the benevolence of its authors I must make the exordium of this research work. With dedication and pleasure I do it, with the conviction about the need to innovate in the pedagogical methodology, so that our efforts in the classroom and outside of it reach our students in a comprehensive and non-dogmatic way. The Criminal Law Area of the LAW PROGRAM of the AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF BUCARAMANGA, within the obligations of teaching understood from the questions that teachers must ask about the learning methods that, from the uncertainty of knowledge, motivate students to knowledge and for the investigation, they have prepared a text called "The Learning of Law", for whose execution they have been supported in the Socio-Legal Research Center of the Faculty of Legal and Political Sciences of the UNAB.
Introduction. I. The ideal of Law: a). The United States and the United Nations. b). International Investment Treaties. II. Counter-Narrative: Law of Empire: a). The Security Council: Legislating Hegemony. b). International Investment. III. The complexity of Contemporary International Regimes: a). The backlash against the Security Council. b). Constraint of Empire in International Investment. IV. A contemporary approach to understanding 'Empire': a) Ancient Empire. b). The modem Empire of Law. V. Conclusion. ; Introducción. I. El ideal del Derecho: a). Los Estados Unidos y las Naciones Unidas. b). Tratados internacionales de inversión. II. Contra-narrativa: La Ley del Imperio: a). El Consejo de Seguridad: Legislando la hegemonía. b). Inversión Internacional. III. La complejidad de los regímenes internacionales contemporáneos: a). La reacción contra el consejo de seguridad. b). Restricciones del Imperio en las inversiones internacionales. IV. Un acercamiento a la comprensión de "imperio?: a). El imperio antiguo. b). El moderno imperio de la ley. V. Conclusión.
The global appeal of liberal constitutional democracy—defined as a competitive multiparty system combined with governance within constitutional limits—cannot be taken for granted due to the existence of competing forms of government that appear successful along a number of practical dimensions and consequently enjoy high levels of public acceptance. Proponents of liberal constitutional democracy must be prepared to explain and defend its capacity to satisfy first-order political needs. A system of government is unlikely to command popular acceptance unless it can plausibly claim to address the problems of oppression, tribalism, and physical and economic security. Along these dimensions, the advantages of liberal constitutional democracy over the alternatives of social democracy of the type seen in Scandinavia, and bureaucratic authoritarianism of the type seen in parts of Asia, are not self-evident. Within Asia alone, functional alternatives to liberal constitutional democracy run the gamut from illiberal nondemocracy in China, to liberal one-party rule in Japan, to illiberal constitutional democracy in Singapore, to liberal constitutional nondemocracy in Hong Kong, to hereditary monarchy in Bhutan. ; El atractivo global de la democracia constitucional liberal –definida como un sistema multipartidario competitivo con un gobierno con límites constitucionales– no puede tomarse por sentado dada la existencia de la competencia de otras formas de gobierno que parecen exitosas en una serie de aspectos prácticos y como consecuencia gozan de altos niveles de aceptación. Los defensores de la democracia constitucional liberal deben estar preparados para explicar y defender la capacidad de este modelo para satisfacer las necesidades políticas de primer orden. Un sistema de gobierno no puede manejar aceptación popular a menos que asegure poder lidiar con los problemas de opresión, tribalismo y falta de seguridad física y económica. Considerando ello, las ventajas de la democracia constitucional liberal por sobre las alternativas de la democracia social del tipo visto en Escandinavia, y la burocracia autoritaria del tipo visto en algunas partes de Asia, no son tan evidentes. Tan solo en Asia, la gama de alternativas a la democracia constitucional liberal van desde la no-democracia no-liberal en China, un gobierno liberal unipartidario en Japón, la democracia constitucional no-liberal en Singapur, la no-democracia constitucional liberal en Hong Kong, y la monarquía hereditaria en Bután.
From the philosophical perspective article deals with the correlation between law and consciousness. To address the issue, ideas from renowned thinkers are used. It specifically describes the experience of addressing the subject in Russian philosophy from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. The article shows the reasons for preferring law or consciousness in different periods of history and demonstrates the rational nature of law and the irrational nature of consciousness, indicating that law and consciousness are not mutually exclusive. It concludes with an attempt to combine the two concepts in activities of people who must enforce legal norms. Using the experience of Russian philosophy, which regards the law as a moral minimum, people are advised to govern their actions not only by legal rules, but by listening to the voice of their conscience. The authors suggest understanding conscience as a spiritual and moral human law that makes it possible to make decisions without being forced or motivated from the outside, governed by the internal realization of good and evil and identifying the veracity, justice, and rectitude of an act.
Due to the development of the information society, countries face the task of effectively regulating the relevant social relations. The mechanisms of such regulation should correspond to the specifics of such relations. Digitization is one of the modern methods of legal regulation, which is the use of information technology at the state level. The existing scientific achievements on digitalization processes need constant improvement, which corresponds to the specifics of this field. The object of research is digitalization in law in the light of international experience. The article aims to study and analyze digitalization in law in the international legal aspect. The following methods were used during the study: systemic, systemic-functional, comparative, sociological, analysis, synthesis, analogy, observation, classification, and statistical analysis. The article analyzes the phenomenon of digitalization, identifies the main approaches to understanding it. On the example of international experience (such countries as France, Germany, Italy, Georgia, Greece, and Great Britain), the mechanisms of using digitalization in public administration are determined, the legal regulation of informatization is analyzed. Also, based on the study and analysis of doctrinal teachings of international information experience, it is proposed to improve the domestic legal mechanism to ensure the effective functioning of public relations.
The huge amount of work accidents in Peru has not produced the implementation of policies aimed at reducing occupational accidents rates. Not only that, there is a certain passivity with informal business and persons who break the law, even when it creates risks to workers' lives. Criminal Law is the best example, because criminal rules do not apply in fact. We have a symbolic norm; that means a situation that counteracts the preventive effect of Criminal Law. In other words, the legislator has weakened non-criminal instances excluding punishment even for the most serious behaviors in which workers' lives are endangered. In this context, compliance programs play a big role in labor risk prevention and, therefore, in the reduction of criminal rates.
This research emerged from the questions about the validity of the arbitral agreements, arbitral procedures and arbitral awards, all of them developed by electronic means.In order to arise to the possible solutions of those sorts of questions, it was made, in its first stage, a complex comparative chart that shows the arbitral formal requirements established in the different legislations around the world for both international and domestic arbitrations, and their relation with the corresponding "functionalequivalent" derived from the local law on electronic commerce.That comparative chart included the legislations of Colombia, Germany, United States, Australia, Hong Kong, and United Kingdom. They were chosen in order to be able to represent the different legal systems that exist in the whole world, and also accordingly to their international political and commercial importance.Additionally, because there is no enough bibliographical material to support this subject matter, in a second part of this first stage, there were included some brief accounts of specialized journals articles about related topics, which brought significant references to the development of the investigation. For this reason, they were graded taking into account the relevant information supplied and their relation with the analyzed problems.As a result of the first research stage, it was concluded that it is possible to develop online or electronic arbitrations in the mentioned places because their legislations allow them. However, one of the main issues that has to be faced soon is the particular cultural background of each place, because they are, in some cases, extremely different and formalist. ; Este trabajo, consistente en un estudio de derecho comparado del arbitraje en línea, se desarrolla a partir del cuestionamiento sobre la validez jurídica de los pactos, procedimientos y laudos arbitrales realizados por medios electrónicos.Con el propósito de obtener soluciones a esos interrogantes, se adelant ó, en esta primera etapa, una investigación sobre los requisitos formales exigidos en los arbitrajes tanto internacionales como locales, tal como se encuentran establecidos en diferentes jurisdicciones, así como su relaci ón con el equivalente funcional consignado en la correspondiente ley local sobre comercio electrónico. (El equivalente funcional es un criterio que intenta precisar las funciones que cumplen determinados requisitos formales [escrito, firma, original, entre otros], para establecer de qué forma pueden ser cumplidas de manera electrónica, y así otorgarle el mismo valor jurídico a tales instrumentos electrónicos.)Los resultados de esa investigación se plasmaron en un cuadro comparativo que incluyó las legislaciones de Colombia, Alemania, Estados Unidos, Australia, Hong Kong y Reino Unido. Estas jurisdicciones fueron escogidas según su importancia internacional, tanto política como comercial, y de manera tal que pudieran representar los diferentes sistemas legales que existen en el mundo.Adicionalmente, como se detectara la necesidad de respaldar la investigaci ón con material bibliográfico complementario, en la segunda parte de esta primera etapa, fueron incluidas reseñas de artículos de revistas especializadas, con referencias significativas a los subtemas objeto de investigación. Las reseñas mencionadas fueron clasificadas atendiendola relevancia de la información contenida en cada una de ellas y su relaci ón con los problemas analizados.Como resultado de la primera etapa de esta investigación profesoral, se concluyó que es posible realizar arbitrajes electrónicos o en línea en las jurisdicciones estudiadas, comoquiera que sus leyes le reconocen valor jurídico a ese tipo de actuaciones adelantadas por medios electrónicos. Sin embargo, al lado de esta conclusión jurídica se determinó que una certeza legal sobre el particular podría verse obstaculizada por una especial resistencia de carácter cultural en cada uno de los lugares estudiados (y en el resto del mundo), debido principalmente a la concepción formalista que informa las distintas áreas del derecho.Por último, como se indicara antes, es de anotar que lo descrito corresponde tan solo a la primera etapa de la investigación, desarrollada completamente en idioma inglés, la cual se extenderá en una segunda fase al estudio de la jurisprudencia que se ha emitido sobre el objeto de la investigaci ón y a un estudio preliminar de las dificultades culturales en las jurisdicciones analizadas.
The article examines the problem of the development of Russian law in the framework of the implementation of the criminal procedure norms related to drug smuggling. It is proposed to consider the prevention and effectiveness of offenses related to drug smuggling through the harmonization of national legislation. Special attention is paid to the interaction of international and domestic norms of procedural law. Special attention is paid to a comprehensive analysis of the construction of a system for the implementation of the norms of law, on which the effective achievement of goals in the suppression of crime in the sphere of drug trafficking depends. Based on the study of the material, it has been found that the mechanism for the implementation of the norms of the criminal procedure is not quite simple: on the one hand, the appeal to foreign legal norms is regarded as an unproductive scientific discourse, on the other hand, theories are modeled on the damage to one's own legal system because of unjustified borrowings from other legal systems. The results and conclusions can be used in the practical activities of customs, law enforcement agencies.
Las relaciones entre Derecho del trabajo y Derecho Mercantil viene de muy lejos, pero se han visto revitalizadas con la legislación concursal nacida en el año 2003. En ese particular contexto, la articulación entre ambos sectores del ordenamiento jurídico se despliega en tres grandes escenarios: el de la protección de los créditos laborales frente al resto de acreedores del empresario, en el que la legislación concursal lleva la voz cantante; el de las vicisitudes del contrato de trabajo, en el que uno y otro bloque normativo están llamados a colaborar con cierta intensidad, y el de la transmisión de unidades productivas, en el que la legislación laboral mantiene su condición habitual de protagonista. ; The relation between Labour Law and Commercial Law has a long tradition, but it has been revitalized since the insolvency law of 2003. In this particular context, there are three main points of connection between these two legal fields: in the first place, the protection of the workers' claims against the rest of the employer's creditors, an area in which bankruptcy legislation prevails. Secondly, the circumstances of the employment contract, in which both regulatory blocks must collaborate. And, thirdly, the transfer of undertakings, in which labour legislation maintains a leading role. ; 1. UNA PRIMERA APROXIMACIÓN. 2. LOS TRES ESCENARIOS DE LA LEGISLACIÓN CONCURSAL. 3. LA CALIFICACIÓN DE LOS CRÉDITOS LABORALES. 4. LA GESTIÓN DE LOS CONTRATOS DE TRABAJO. 5. LA ENAJENACIÓN DE UNI DADES PRODUCTIVAS.
