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"Habana 22 de mayo de 1885." ; This "bando" declares an "estado de sitio" in the province of Santiago de Cuba, specifies that individuals who fail to support the government will be considered hostiles, states that rebels will be tried under martial law, and indicates conditions of amnesty for all but the leaders of the rebellious forces. ; Ownership ink-stamp near upper-left corner: Comandancia Militar del Distrito de Bejucal.

Tackling international security, as a field of international relations, requires the study of confrontation formats that threaten the sovereignty of states in the reconfiguration of the global order. The evolution of symmetric and asymmetric armed conflicts has led to the proliferation of hybrid scenarios where threats move exponentially, generating multidimensional disputes impacting on the balance of power. From this approach, technology plays a major role in the development of artificial intelligence and the boom of algorithms in the service of military capabilities, the third revolution of war being a fait out, followed by the discovery of the explosive and the development of nuclear weapons. It is clear that investing hard resources and autonomous devices, industrial powers and emerging countries will lead to competition with serious implications for global governance. Latvian Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) will have the power to select and attack targets without the need for any human intervention, where the selection and use of lethal force towards a target potential would be left to an autonomous choice. In this regard, artificial intelligence serving military capabilities would incorporate significant operational benefits and reduce the cost of lives of military members by incorporating a wider remote destructive reach, but would undermine the lack of control and human judgment in complex decisions, challenging the general rules governing both hostilities in the context of war and the protection of human dignity in armed conflicts. Institute for International Relations ; El abordaje de la seguridad internacional, como campo de las relaciones internacionales, presupone el estudio de formatos de confrontación que amenacen la soberanía de los estados en la reconfiguración del orden global. La evolución de los conflictos armados simétricos y asimétricos ha dado lugar a la proliferación de escenarios híbridos donde las amenazas mutan de manera exponencial, generando disputas multidimensionales que ...

In Greek political theoretical practice, according to Rousseau and Arendt, the founder of a constitution leaves once he has legislated. The politeia of Plato's Laws violates this familiar trope. This observation –hitherto unnoticed in the secondary literature– suggests that scholars have not paid sufficient attention to Magnesia's founding. Herein I establish the role of reputation in the founding, thus touching upon a concept that is central to Plato's Athens yet radically understudied in Platonic studies. I begin by outlining the parameters of founding: the conceptual commitment that humankind lives not in the age of Cronus, but in the age of Zeus. I then evince that in this age reputation is both instrumental to, and constitutive of, the founding. The instrumental role is shown via the presence of Magnesia's founder, Cleinias of Cnossos, in the frame of the dialogue. The constitutive role is evidenced in the legislation for the incoming Dorian colonists. I conclude by proposing some virtues of Plato's account as motivated by my reading. ; In Greek political theoretical practice, according to Rousseau and Arendt, the founder of a constitution leaves once he has legislated. The politeia of Plato's Laws violates this familiar trope. This observation –hitherto unnoticed in the secondary literature– suggests that scholars have not paid sufficient attention to Magnesia's founding. Herein I establish the role of reputation in the founding, thus touching upon a concept that is central to Plato's Athens yet radically understudied in Platonic studies. I begin by outlining the parameters of founding: the conceptual commitment that humankind lives not in the age of Cronus, but in the age of Zeus. I then evince that in this age reputation is both instrumental to, and constitutive of, the founding. The instrumental role is shown via the presence of Magnesia's founder, Cleinias of Cnossos, in the frame of the dialogue. The constitutive role is evidenced in the legislation for the incoming Dorian colonists. I conclude by proposing some virtues of Plato's account as motivated by my reading.

At head of title: Decreto núm. 1434. ; Mode of access: Internet.

At head of title: República Oriental del Uruguay. ; Mode of access: Internet.

At head of title: Documentos importantes. ; Mode of access: Internet.

At head of title: Ministerio de Guerra y Marina. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Introduction. Besides technical and economic-organisational problems, digital preservation also faces legal issues, especially regarding copyright legislation, since all digital preservation strategies involve copying materials and/or using software which is typically copyrighted. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the extent to which current copyright laws meet the preservation requirements of library materials.Methodology. A cross-sectional analysis of recently updated national copyright laws as well as the impact of the other two protection methods: contractual and technological.Results. Even after the latest updates current copyright legislation is almost useless for digital preservation activities since the opportunities provided by WIPO Copyright Treaty to adapt and extend copyright exceptions and limitations have been used to the full.Conclusion. We need a legislation reform that will make it possible to carry out all required copying and communication activities and software use, even if circumventing technological protection is needed. But that is not enough for licensed works. The best solution for this kind of work is to include specific clauses in the licences that facilitate preservation activities. Thus, cooperation between both parties, libraries and rights' holders, is essential.

El abordaje de la seguridad internacional, como campo de las relaciones internacionales, presupone el estudio de formatos de confrontación que amenacen la soberanía de los estados en la reconfiguración del orden global. La evolución de los conflictos armados simétricos y asimétricos ha dado lugar a la proliferación de escenarios híbridos donde las amenazas mutan de manera exponencial, generando disputas multidimensionales que impactan en el balance de poder. Desde este enfoque, la tecnología ocupa un rol trascendental en el desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial y el boom de los algoritmos al servicio de las capacidades militares, siendo la tercera revolución de la guerra un hecho consumado, luego del descubrimiento de la pólvora y el desarrollo de armas nucleares. Claro está, que en la inversión de recursos duros y dispositivos autónomos, potencias industriales y países emergentes darán lugar a una competencia con serias implicancias para la gobernanza global. Los Sistemas de Armas Autónomos Letales (LAWS, por sus siglas en inglés), tendrán la potestad de seleccionar y atacar objetivos sin necesidad de ninguna intervención de carácter humano, en donde la selección y el uso de la fuerza letal hacia un potencial blanco quedarían a merced de una elección autónoma. En este sentido, la inteligencia artificial al servicio de las capacidades militares incorporaría cuantiosas ventajas operativas y reduciría costos de vidas de miembros militares al incorporar un mayor alcance destructivo a distancia, pero pondría en jaque la ausencia de control y juicio humano en decisiones complejas, desafiando la normativa general que regula tanto las hostilidades en el marco de guerra como la protección de la dignidad humana en los conflictos armados. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

A collection of military laws attributed to Charlemagne, but of a much later date. ; Mode of access: Internet.

At head of title: República peruana. ; Mode of access: Internet.

At head of title: República de Honduras. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Decretos del rey don Fernando VII, o Colección de reales resoluciones expedidas.desde 1o de enero de 1820 hasta el 7 de marzo inclusive del mismo año." (with special t-p.) : 3 l., 48 p. at beginning of v.7. ; 1891-1897 issued as vol. 147-162. ; Apendice a los tomos I, II, III y IV de la obra Decretos del rey d. Fernando VII, ó sease, Coleccion de reales resoluciones respectivas a los años de 1814, 1815, 1816 y 1817. Por d. Fermin Martin de Balmaseda. Madrid, Imprenta real, 1819. 58, 460 p. [With the preceding]. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Vol. 147-162, 1891-1898 issued as "segunda serie" with title: Parte I. Legislación y disposiciones de la administración central.

cover-title. ; "Oficina del Gobernador militar de los Estados Unidos en las Islas Filipinas. Manila, I.F., junio 27 de 1900. Orden general, no. 92."--p. [1] ; Mode of access: Internet.