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The project aimed at contributing to understand the ecological and genetic mechanisms underlying the possibilities of establishment of exotic insects in the genus Megastigmus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), specialized in the exploitation of forest seeds, and at defining suitable methods of monitoring and management of the invasive insect populations. For that, we intended to compare two distinct models host seed/ Megastigmus, crossing different first date of invasion and taxonomic structure of the forests: (i) true firs (Abies)/Megastigmus where the resource, indigenous, is exploited by a native species, M. suspectus, in competition with at least 5 invasive species of North American origin, and (ii) true cedars (Cedrus)/Megastigmus where the resource, itself exotic, is exploited by 2 invasive species without native candidates. In a large seed sampling, involving 169 Abies stands in France and 55 in other European countries (Germany, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Spain, Greece, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, Tchéquie) and from the Middle East (Lebanon, Turkey), 90% of the seed lots presented chalcid damage, with a rate of attack higher than 50% in ca. 1/3 of them. On the whole, 5 invasive species coming from North America were observed (M. rafni, M. pinus, M. milleri, M. specularis, and M. lasiocarpae) beside the native species M. suspectus. At present, exotic chalcids largely predominate in Western Europe, displacing the native seed chalcids. M. rafni appears to be the most important species especially in natural fir stands with a much larger range than in the 1990s. In a similar way on Cedar, the exotic species M. schimitscheki, largely expanded since its introduction in the early 1990s and it supplants from now the other species introduced since a longer date (years 1950), M. pinsapinis, who was the only species observed in the years 1980. Several biological features likely to be implied in the apparent competitive superiority of both M. rafni and M. schimitscheki were examined in comparison to these of native species and dominated exotic species: length of female ovipositor, capability of developing in unpollenated seeds, parthenogenesis, phenology of adult emergence, prolonged diapause. These elements appear relatively contradictory between them to explain the statute dominating of M. rafni, at least. For instance the species has the longest ovipositor, allowing it to oviposit in all cone species independently of cone size, and is capable of developing until adult in unpollenated seeds. However, it is the latest species to emerge and it is not a thelytokous species conversely to the native M. suspectus. Bag tests were carried out using simultaneously or not the different species to look for resource sharing but the results will be available only during summer 2006 following adult emergence. On cedar, the same bagging experiments showed a division of the niche between M. schimitscheki and M. pinsapinis. Both prefer the apical part of the cone in non-competition situation but when the two species are placed in the same bag, their attacks added on the apical part rather than distribute on the cone. When insects from North America were compared with these of Europe using mtDNA sequencing (cyt b), it appeared with no doubt that the individuals present in Europe belong well to North-American species, in particular M. milleri who was regarded as absent from Europe until the end of 1990s. This study in addition showed that the species M. pinus, presents in many European sites, has two haplotypes very different, suggesting two cryptic species. A phylogeographic study of M. rafni using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers EF-1alpha elongation gene, ITS2) showed the existence of two distinct clades separated by strong genetic distances (3.5%), suggesting different routes of invasion. A set of 6 microsatellite markers was used to analyse the genetic structure of the populations of M. rafni in the areas of origin and invasion. The results suggested an absence of structure according to the fir host species, but a clear differentiation of the Danish populations, which have a very low variability, suggesting a probable bootleneck. On Cedrus, 5 loci microsatelittes were used to study the genetic structuring of the populations of Megastigmus schimitscheki. Populations of the native zone (Cyprus, Turkey) were highly polymorphic and spatially structured, and largely differentiated from those of the introduction zone of southeastern France, fewly polymorphic. We suggested a strong bottleneck connected to a recent and limited introduction, even limited to only one origin. Only two of these populations show a stronger differentiation however, and are both located on the current face of expansion in direction of the Alps of the South. The invasive history of the exotic species on Cedar and fir trees thus appears largely different. The additional impact of the invasive exotic species on the potential of natural regeneration of the European fir plantations is quantitatively consequent. Whereas in the years 1980, seed damage by M. suspectus very seldom exceeded 15%, percentages of attack higher than 50% are not rare any more (17.6% of the cases) due to the addition of the exotic species. On the other hand, the qualitative impact on the genetic pool of the fir plantations seemed much more limited. In particular, self-fertilized fir trees were equally infested as cross-fertilized trees. On a more general level, the taxonomic closeness of the native trees with respect to original host of the exotic insect seemed to constitute a relevant criterion to estimate the probability of establishment of exotic insects associated to forest trees. We also developed simple and cheap methods for monitoring insect infestation in seed lots at importation, based on differential flotation in solvents related to seed density. A booklet will be published gathering these data. We expect it could help in defining regulations at importation of forest seeds whereas such regulations do not exit in th European Union yet, and thus favour invasion of exotic seed insects

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Problem The site of Tall Safut in Jordan was excavated under the direction of Donald Wimmer during the years of 1982-2001. Other than the preliminary reports and encyclopedia articles published by Wimmer, no detailed analysis of the remains and no final reports have been published since the conclusion of excavations in 2001. The site has received only brief mention in other articles and books dealing with archaeology because of its remains dating to the Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, and Iron Age. However, there is a significant gap in the scholarly understanding of the history of the northern hill country of Central Jordan due to the lack of publication. Safut has significant remains from these time periods, and a detailed analysis of these remains is important for understanding the ancient history of Jordan by placing Safut within its regional and global context. As the northern gateway to the hill country of Central Jordan, Safut had important interactions with local and imperial forces, and this role must be investigated and explicated. Method The research focuses on the stratigraphy of the areas excavated rather than on small finds or other remains, with the ultimate goal of placing the cultural remains from these strata in their regional and global contexts. The stratigraphy of the site was compiled, based on information from the excavation notebooks and pottery dating from each level represented. Since this project offers the benefit of working through the material after the excavation's completion, this site report is organized by archaeological periods excavated. In line with the process that is typically called in archaeology the "comparative" approach, the pottery excavated from the site was compared with that from other sites with known chronologies. After a date was assigned to the sherds, the loci in which they were found were assigned to a particular phase, and from these phases the overall stratigraphy of the site was determined. After the stratigraphy was clarified, the material culture was related to other interregional and intraregional sites, and historical and anthropological insights collated. These insights were brought into focus through the theories of great and little traditions and world-systems theory. The great and little traditions analysis emphasized ritual and agriculture at Safut while world-systems theory focused on Safut's role in the Kingdom of Ammon on the periphery of Assyrian Empire. Results In-depth study and analysis of the site of Tall Safut and its materials, which are housed in various locations, have contributed to the assessment, organization, and detailed analysis of the material finds and phases at Tall Safut. A new stratigraphy for the site was established following the examination of over 3,000 sherds and whole vessels. Material from the Middle Bronze III was identified including ceramics found mainly in the Central Jordan Valley and imports from as far as Cyprus. Architecture and finds from the Late Bronze II and Iron Age IA were observed. Special attention was paid to the Late Bronze Age IIB cultic area where a metal seated figurine was found with parallels in modern day Syria and Lebanon, but likely representing the eponymous founder of Safut indicating a little tradition in ritual at the site separate from the influence of great traditions. Six phases beginning in the Late Iron Age IIB and ending in the Late Iron Age IIC/Persian Period were clarified in the building complex found in Areas B and C. It is during this time that the site grew to a large size and evidence for large-scale agricultural production is evidenced including storage rooms with large pithoi and metal tools. These technological advances and agricultural intensification likely resulted from the impact of the great traditions of the Assyrian Empire on the little traditions of the kingdom of Ammon. Pottery and small finds such as seals and bullae show connections with the empires of Assyria and Babylonia, evidence of the little traditions of local elites being influenced by the great traditions of Neo-Assyria. Conclusions The study carried out from the Tall Safut material clearly shows the importance of the site for more fully understanding the history of the hill country in Central Jordan. The identification of Middle Bronze Age III pottery at Safut is significant because there was previously no known Middle Bronze Age presence at the site, and also because broad cultural connections between the Central Jordan Valley and further afield were revealed. As pottery was the only material found in this period it is hard to draw any strong anthropological conclusions other than to say that Tall Safut was likely under the influence of a polity in the Central Jordan Valley centered around the sites of Pella and Tall abu al-Kharaz. These broader regional connections from the Middle Bronze Age were followed by a lack of intraregional connections in the Late Bronze Age. Cultic material identified from the Late Bronze Age II at Safut is significant because of its ritual context, as well as what these ritual practices say about a shift in focus to a more localized region around Safut. The possible presence of a temple complex at Safut strengthens the possibility of the site being an integral part in a city-state polity centered around Amman. During this period local traditions were able to flourish at Safut likely due to its protection within the city-state polity of Amman and due to the lack of great traditions as the major empires largely avoided this area in the Late Bronze Age. The Iron Age II at Safut, in contrast, experienced expansive regional connections. The substantial archaeological evidence from the Iron Age II indicate the site's importance for the Ammonites and external empirical control from Assyria and Babylonia. When viewing the findings from the different time periods at Safut with a focus on agricultural and religious evidence it is clear that the site shifts from a local orientation, based only on little traditions in the Bronze Age to an extra-regional perspective in the Iron Age II where the little traditions reflected by ritual practices and agricultural production in and around Safut reflect core influences of the great traditions of the Assyrian Empire. It was likely that the elite at Safut borrowed at least symbolism from the core of Assyria in order to gain social or political advantages in Ammon.

Le présent article se propose de réfléchir aux origines et aux configurations du féminisme arabe - « invisible » et « visible » (Margot Badran, 1995), à travers deux exemples qui, bien qu'ils soient historiquement et formellement éloignés, sont très représentatifs. Le premier, qui se situe dans la phase du féminisme invisible, est celui de May Ziadé (1886- 1941), considérée comme l'une des pionnières du féminisme dans le Monde arabe. Comment a-t-elle pu s'affirmer à une époque où l'on entendait peu ou pas du tout la voix des femmes ? En quoi consiste son engagement ? Quelles sont ses modalités et issues ? Ce sont des questions auxquelles nous essayerons de répondre en revenant sur son parcours et une sélection de ses publications (poèmes, articles de journaux, correspondance -principalement avec le poète Gibran Khalil Gibran). Un peu plus proche de nous, le second exemple -sis dans la période de la visibilité du féminisme- est celui de la réalisatrice, photographe et plasticienne franco-libanaise Jocelyne Saab (1948-2019). Nous nous concentrons sur quelques-unes de ses œuvres (une série de photographies et un film) pour comprendre au mieux, aussi bien son rôle dans la "démocratisation" de l'industrie du cinéma au Liban (et au Monde arabe) que son militantisme pour la cause des femmes. Il s'agit donc pour nous de découvrir un nouveau portait de la femme arabe- souvent cantonnée à une position de subordination, et de saisir par là même autant d'enjeux centraux pour le discours contemporain- qu'il s'agisse de l'interrogation sur la prise de parole subalterne qui commence timidement à se libérer essentiellement grâce aux réseaux sociaux, ou de la question de l'égalité entre les sexes, toujours d'actualité et ce, partout dans le monde. ; El presente artículo se propone reflexionar sobre los orígenes y las configuraciones del feminismo árabe - « invisible » y « visible » (Margot Badran, 1995), a través de dos ejemplos que, aunque históricamente y formalmente distantes, son muy representativos entre sí. El primero, que se sitúa en la fase del feminismo invisible, es el de May Ziadé (1886-1941), considerado una de las pioneras del feminismo en el mundo árabe. Cómo se pudo afirmar en una época en la que se oía poco o nada la voz de las mujeres ? En qué consiste su compromiso ? ¿Cuáles son sus modalidades y resultados ? Éstas son preguntas que trataremos de responder volviendo sobre su recorrido y una selección de sus publicaciones (poemas, artículos de periódicos, correspondencia, principalmente con el poeta Gibran Khalil Gibran). Un poco más cercano a nosotros, el segundo ejemplo -en el período de la visibilidad del feminismo- es el de la realizadora, fotógrafa y plástica franco-libanesa Jocelyne Saab (1948-2019). Nos concentramos en algunas de sus obras (una serie de fotografías y una película) para comprender mejor, tanto su papel en la « democratización » de la industria del cine en el Líbano (y en el mundo árabe) que su militancia por la causa de las mujeres. Se trata, pues, para nosotros de descubrir un nuevo retrato de la mujer árabe, a menudo confinada a una posición de subordinación, y de captar por ello tantos retos centrales para el discurso contemporáneo- ya se trate del interrogante sobre la toma de palabra subordinada que comienza tímidamente a liberarse esencialmente gracias a las redes sociales, o de la cuestión de la igualdad entre los sexos, siempre de actualidad y esto, en todo el mundo. ; O presente artigo ofertas reflectir sobre as origens e as configurações do feminismo árabe -» invisível » e « visível » (Margot Badran, 1995), através de dois exemplos que, embora historicamente e formalmente afastados, são muito representativos. O primeiro, que se situa na fase do feminismo invisível, é o de May Ziadé (1886-1941), considerada uma das pioneiras do feminismo no mundo árabe. Como pôde afirmar-se numa época em que se ouvia pouco ou nada a voz das mulheres ? Em que consiste o seu compromisso ? Quais são as modalidades e os resultados ? Estas são perguntas às quais tentaremos responder voltando ao seu percurso e a uma selecção das suas publicações (poemas, artigos de jornal, correspondência -principalmente com o poeta Gibran Khalil Gibran). Um pouco mais próximo de nós, o segundo exemplo -se no período da visibilidade do feminismo- é o da realizadora, fotógrafa e plástica franco-libanesa Jocelyn Saab (1948-2019). Nós nos concentramos em algumas de suas obras (uma série de fotografias e um filme) para entender o melhor, tanto o seu papel na « democratização » a indústria do cinema no Líbano (e no mundo árabe) como o seu ativismo pela causa das mulheres. Trata-se, portanto, para nós, de descobrir um novo porte da mulher árabe- muitas vezes confinada a uma posição de subordinação, e de agarrar por isso mesmo outros tantos desafios centrais para o discurso contemporâneo- quer se trate da interrogação sobre a tomada de palavras subalterna que começa timidamente a libertar-se essencialmente graças às redes sociais, quer da questão da igualdade entre os sexos, sempre actual, em todo o mundo. ; The purpose of this article is to reflect on the origins and configurations of Arab feminism -» invisible » and « visible » (Margot Badran, 1995), through two examples which, although historically and formally distant, are very representative. The first, in the phase of invisible feminism, is that of May Ziadé (1886-1941), considered one of the pioneers of feminism in the Arab world. How could it have asserted itself at a time when the voice of women was not heard at all? What is its commitment? What are its modalities and outcomes? These are questions that we will try to answer by going back over his career and a selection of his publications (poems, newspaper articles, correspondence - mainly with the poet Gibran Khalil Gibran). A little closer to us, the second example -in the period of the visibility of feminism- is that of the Franco-Lebanese director, photographer and visual artist Jocelyne Saab (1948-2019). We focus on some of his works (a series of photographs and a film) to better understand both his role in the "democratization" of the film industry in Lebanon (and the Arab World) that his activism for the cause of women. It is therefore for us to discover a new portrait of the Arab woman- often confined to a position of subordination, and thus to grasp as many central issues for contemporary discourse- whether it is the question of the subordinate speaker who is timidly starting to break free mainly through social networks, or the issue of gender equality, which is still on the agenda around the world.