Suchergebnisse

In this article, we will undertake a reflection on the analytics of power in Michel Foucault. Our intention is to cover Foucault's production from the mid-seventies to the beginning of the eighties, seeking to understand the shifts or "twists and turns" through which the concept of power has suffered over time. We will try to show that it is possible to identify three moments in Foucault's research. First, when trying to move away from the traditional legal-discursive understanding of power, he introduces an unprecedented analysis of the dynamics of disciplinary power and the micro-powers that make up the social field. This can be considered a shift, in general, in relation to the western political tradition. With the course society must be defended we are faced with a change in the understanding of power when identifying it as war or struggle. Finally, with the introduction of the concepts of biopower/ biopolitics, Foucault is led to a great expansion of his research, focusing on concepts that were not part of his interest until then, such as, for example, the concept of State. It is in this context that the concept of government will enter Foucault's reflections. We understand that the concept of government is a refinement and, likewise, makes its analysis of power broader and more complex in order to account for the political present.

This article proposes reflections on quilombola childhoods, in the plural. It starts with the conception of quilombo to discuss values that base relations of care and education of childhood and affirm the black identity. Childhoods in quilombola communities in the state of Rio de Janeiro, field of action and research of the authors, and changes in the insertion of children in Jongo as affirmation of quilombola identity are presented as contribution to the proposed reflections. Finally, based on legal frameworks in the field of education and questioning challenges posed to the implementation of the National Curriculum Guidelines for Quilombola School Education, it discusses quilombolaeducation as a duty and right of memory and affirmation of black identity. ; Este artigo propõe reflexões sobre infâncias quilombolas, no plural. Parte da concepção de quilombo para discutir valores que fundamentam relações de cuidado e de educação da infância e afirmam a identidade negra. Infâncias quilombolas do estado do Rio de Janeiro, campo de atuação e de pesquisa das autoras, e transformações ocorridas na inserção das crianças no jongo como afirmação da identidade quilombola são apresentadas como contribuição às reflexões. Finalmente, tomando por base marcos legais no campo da educação, esta pesquisa problematiza desafios colocados à implementação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Escolar Quilombola e discute a educação quilombola como dever e direito de memória e de afirmação da identidade negra.

The reform of the Social Security system is perhaps the most important item of the agenda of Constitutional reforms in Brazil. Without it, the increase in the (Number of retired people/Number of contributors) ratio will create dramatic fiscal problems in the long term. This article analyzes the evolution of the Social Security expenditures in Brazil during the last 15 years. The focus of the paper is on the composition of expenditures and the trajectory of its real value, with special emphasis on the impact of inflation. After the Real Plan, the possibility that the prices might accomodate the structural pressures for increasing expenditures has practically disappeared. As a consequence, the necessity to reform the retirement system has become more evident. The paper defines a taxonomy of the different proposals of reform, comments on the most relevant issues being discussed within the debate about the Social Security and includes a proposal of reform. This proposal makes only a few changes in legislation and preserves the legal existence of the job time retirement. Nevertheless, it would have a considerable economic impact compared with the preservation of the status quo and would be a more ambitious and more feasible alternative than the one currently being discussed by Congress.

This article discusses the mostly recent legal instrument of The International Climate Change Regime, nationally determined contributions (NDCs) of the Paris Agreement. This instrument was adopted in Paris, 2015, the agreement in itself does not explain in sufficient detail how Parties intend to achieve yours NDCs, the role of the Paris Rulebook. It was therefore questioned how does the Paris Rule Book address the bottom-up paradigm, that is, it instrumentalizes Article 4:2 of the Paris Agreement? The main goal was defined: to demonstrate the bottom-up paradigm normative. In order to achieve the main objective, the following specific objectives were defined: We've contextualized the UNFCCC regime; and we presented the instrumentation of Article 4:2 of the Agreement by the Paris Rules Book. This study has utilized like method research: the theoretical research, the problem was approached in a qualitative way, its purpose is to describe the legal phenomenon by technical procedures of bibliographic review, with systematic interpretation. We have concluded that, in general, the NDCs depend of the key elements the Paris's Agreement. At last auto determination is the bone of NDCs, for this reason the further guidance relating to greenhouse gas mitigation seem to us to political decision-making, does not about scientific evidence or due to the need to contain global temperature, the NDC's effectiveness in halting the global temperature increase is under construction. ; A pesquisa aborda a instrumentalização do paradigma ascendente no regime internacional de mudanças climáticas, as contribuições nacionalmente determinadas (CNDs) do Acordo de Paris. Esse não apresenta detalhes do procedimento das CNDs, essas lacunas foram supridas pelo Livro de Regras de Paris. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo foi guiado pelo seguinte questionamento: como o Livro de Regras de Paris aborda o paradigma ascendente, ou seja, instrumentaliza o art. 4:2 do Acordo de Paris? Definiu-se como objetivo geral evidenciar o paradigma normativo. A fim de alcançar o objetivo geral, delimitou-se como objetivos específicos: contextualizar o regime das Nações Unidas sobre de mudanças climáticas, e elucidar a instrumentação do art. 4:2 do Acordo pelo Livro de Regras de Paris. Trata-se de uma pesquisa teórica, cujo problema foi abordado de maneira qualitativa e tem por finalidade descrever o fenômeno jurídico por procedimentos técnicos de revisão bibliográfica com interpretação sistemática. Considera-se que, sendo um instrumento, as CNDs dependem dos três elementos essenciais do Acordo. Sendo a autodeterminação norteadora das contribuições, conclui-se que os procedimentos de mitigações de gases de efeito estufa são processos de decisão política, não técnica ou por necessidade da contenção da temperatura global, e que é instrumento ainda em construção.

Abstract: Positive obligations of States to protect and implement human rights are considered a part of various effects of human rights in legislations. In this article, it is argued that a crucial problem arises from the inconsistent practice of addressing violations of human rights committed by juristic persons together with a lack of underlying general theory of liability for human rights violations committed by private entities. Without a major change in the legal doctrine and case-law, we will need to remain focused on the role of the State as a guarantor of human rights, rather than on the imposition of human rights obligations on private-law entities. In this article, it is argued that the nature of the relationship between a juristic person and the State is not the only relevant aspect, as we should also examine the activity of the juristic person in question.Keywords: Positive obligations of States. Juristic persons. State-juristic person nexus. Fundamental rights. Horizontal effect.Resumo: Obrigações estatais positivas de proteger e de implementar direitos humanos são parte dos vários efeitos dos direitos humanos nas legislações nacionais. Neste artigo, argumenta-se que um problema crucial decorre da prática de abordar violações de direitos humanos cometidas por pessoas jurídicas sem uma teoria geral da responsabilidade por violações de direitos humanos cometidas por entidades privadas. Sem uma mudança importante na doutrina e na jurisprudência será preciso permanecer olhando apenas para o papel do Estado como garantidor de direitos humanos. Neste artigo argumenta-se que a natureza da relação entre uma pessoa jurídica e o Estado não é o único aspecto relevante. É preciso examinar também a atividade da pessoa jurídica em questão.Palavras-chave: Obrigações positivas dos Estados. Pessoas jurídicas.

Through an analysis of the transformations and persistencies in the image­-power­-knowledge relationship that result from the spread of digital communication's technologies, our goal is to characterize the emergence of a conflict that, in the politics of visuality and the cyberspace's techno­political configuration, reflects similar tensions that constitute the actual power relations diagram. The research begins with an investigation of the historical background that influenced Thomas Hobbes Leviathan's images production, where a given visual order corresponds to a new power order. Then, we analyze the changes of this specific configuration – that is perceptible as the Leviathan image regime's metaphor - in face of the analog and digital image production technologies. Our hypothesis is that the disputes (aesthetic, legal, economic) that attempt to regulate the image within the digital media domain and that shape a particular politics of visibility, are similar to those tensions that affect the cyberspace conditions to become a different 'sensible' surface (medium), that potentially mobilizes other forms of knowing, other models of organization and production. To examine this issue, we analyze the ongoing conflict between different social forces that point out both for new practices and meanings that emerge in the cybercultural arena, and for the trends that attempts to impose over the digital medium the regulatory mechanisms established in the context of analog medium. At the end we characterize the current power diagram, and we argue that cyberspace aesthetic and political configuration depend upon a capacity to intervene over the very fundamentals that regulate its field of enunciation and visibility. Finally, we take it as a struggle for others modes of thought and social organization models, as a war over the virtual and imaginary production, therefore a war that is oriented to the future.

OBJETIVO: analisar a ampliação do número de cursos de graduação em enfermagem nas últimas duas décadas, frente ao movimento de expansão da educação superior no Brasil. Metodologia: foi realizada pesquisa documental sobre os marcos legais, que impulsionaram esse movimento, e pesquisa quantitativa, que descreveu a expansão do número de cursos de enfermagem. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise temática (qualitativos) e da estatística descritiva (quantitativos). RESULTADOS: o discurso político-ideológico, presente nos documentos normativos que apontam a educação superior como possibilidade de transformação da realidade social, não vem se refletindo na área da enfermagem. A expansão dos cursos de enfermagem vem se dando de maneira desordenada, concentrada no setor privado e com desigualdade geográfica na distribuição desses cursos. CONCLUSÃO: não se observa preocupação com as necessidades locais, com a articulação entre o ensino, a pesquisa e extensão, fato esse que compromete a qualidade da formação das futuras enfermeiras. ; OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the increase in the number of undergraduate nursing courses during the last two decades due to the expansion of higher education in Brazil. METHOD: A records-based research concerning the legal frameworks that have driven this movement and a quantitative research that described the increase in the number of professional nursing courses. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis (qualitative) and descriptive statistics (quantitative). RESULTS: the political-ideological argument present in the regulatory documents, which points out higher education as a possibility to change the current social scenario, has not been reflected in the professional nursing field. The expansion of nursing courses has been unfolding in a disorderly manner and is concentrated in the private sector, with geographical inequality in the distribution of these courses. CONCLUSION: There does not seem to be a concern with the local needs and with a connection among education, research and extension, which compromises the quality of the education provided to future nurses. ; Introducción: Este estudio analizó la ampliación del número de cursos de pregrado en enfermería en las últimas dos décadas ante el movimiento de expansión de la educación superior en Brasil. MÉTODO: Fue desarrollada una investigación documental sobre los marcos legales que impulsaron ese movimiento y una investigación cuantitativa que describió la expansión del número de cursos de enfermería. Los datos fueron analizados a través del análisis temático (cualitativos) y de la estadística descriptiva (cuantitativos). RESULTADOS: El discurso político-ideológico presente en los documentos normativos que indican la educación superior como posibilidad de transformación de la realidad social no se viene reflejando en el área de enfermería. La expansión de los cursos de enfermería está ocurriendo de manera desordenada, concentrada en el sector privado y con desigualdad geográfica en la distribución de esos cursos. CONCLUSÍON: No se observa una preocupación con las necesidades locales, con la articulación entre la enseñanza, investigación y extensión. Ese hecho compromete la calidad de la formación de las futuras enfermeras.

The design of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) provides for the possibility of integrating state and municipal conditional cash transfers, based on the establishment of terms of cooperation with the Federal Government (or "pacts", as these instruments became known). The work systematizes the history of the PBF state pacts, implemented in the context of the Brasil sem Miséria Plan (BSM) - from 2011 - examining how much the changes in the program design, especially the creation of the Benefício para Superação da Extrema Pobreza (BSP), affected the use of this instrument of federative coordination, highlighting its limits and potentialities as a national strategy for coping with poverty. The advent of the BSP contributed to the decline of the pacts agenda, as it changed the federal government's strategy of financial support to overcome the extreme poverty gap on the part of the states for its resolution by the Union itself: that is, the The Union has, on its own, ensure that extreme poverty is overcome according to the national line defined for the BFP. This decision also equated the lack of effectiveness of the instrument of agreement in the induction of the state governments for that purpose. Regarding the limits of the agreements, it was identified difficulties of states with greater proportion of poverty to make financial contributions more robust; the volatility of political interests and the fluctuation of the theme in the state agenda; the low state capacity to act in a countercyclical manner and the fragility of the legal instrument mobilized to manage the pacts between federative entities. On the other hand, it was also possible to find in the pacts an experimental space for adjustments in the design of the programs, which in turn lead to the improvement of the PBF itself, since it has a unique design for the whole country and should be adapted to the different local realities so that it is better able to reach its objectives.

This paper registers some notes and interrogations concerning the express legal enshrinement of the concept of Social Market Economy. It highlights the ordoliberal origin of this concept and questions its meaning – associated with a certain loss of intensity from the clear proclamation of the principle of Competition – in terms of the economic ordination of the Internal Market and European integration. However, the question to be asked brings us back to the effective and contextualised characterisation in the current moment of European integration – the economic Constitution of the EU. Will there be, then, a change of the ideological referential in the economic constitution of the EU and, consequently, in the paths that are intended to be trailed in the future? Or, instead, is the emergence of the express enshrinement in the Treaty of the "Social MarketEconomy" not indicative of a shift of perspective (sense of direction) of the economy in the Internal Market, but only an evolution in continuance? ; No presente texto, registam-se algumas notas e interrogações a propósito da consagração expressa do conceito de economia social de mercado. Sublinha-se a origem ordoliberal de tal conceito e questiona-se o significado, em termos de ordenação económica do mercado interno e da Integração europeia, de tal afirmação (economia social de mercado) associada a uma certa perda de intensidade na proclamação clara do princípio concorrencial. Mas a interrogação que se pretende suscitar e abordar com as notas e pistas de reflexão registadas, reconduz-se à caracterização efetiva e contextualizada no atual momento da integração europeia, da Constituição económica da UE. Haverá, então, uma mudança de referencial ideológico na constituição económica da UE e, por conseguinte, nos caminhos que se pretendem trilhar em termos de futuro da integração europeia? Ou, ao invés, a emergência, em termos de consagração expressa no Tratado, da "economia social de mercado" não significa uma mudança de perspetiva (sentido ordenador) da economia no Mercado Interno, mas sim, apenas uma evolução na continuidade?

Introduction: intrafamilial sexual abuse of children is a social and public health problem. The investigation of crimes of this nature shows widespread and often irreversible psychological harm to the victims. The harmful effects arise from the act itself as well as the absence of special care for children, whose development is gradual and whose condition of being subjects with rights is often ignored. Interdisciplinary coordination among the fields of Law, Psychology, and Social Work is essential to reduce the extent of the damage. The coordination of these areas of expertise when put into practice leads to the non-victimization of the child. This interdisciplinary effort has gained prominence in the discussions of children's rights, and the possibility of its implementation in the project "Testimony without harmful effects" (DSD, acronym in Portuguese). Objective: to analyze the DSD (Depoimento Sem Dano) from the perspective of the full protection of the child. Methods: a qualitative approach, with a literature review, legislation review and semi-structured interviews. Results: there was a shortage of national literature on DSD. The interviews enabled the designation of four categories based on the analysis of the different points of view of DSD according to those interviewed: the actions of the legal professionals and the care for children; the need for change in the dynamic of listening to the child victim; positivity of the "DSD" project proposal; the effectiveness of the technique. Discussion: the most characteristic aspects of intrafamilial sexual abuse of children justify the use of the DSD technique and its integrative phases. Conclusion: there is an imminent need for an extensive discussion of the guarantee of and effectiveness of the human rights of the child victim of intrafamilial sexual abuse, of the child victim's treatment and of listening to the child in a judicial proceeding. Dialogue among the different areas of expertise involved in the protection of the child is essential for the effective success of new possibilities.

The main objective of this work is to analyze how the Brazilian Supreme Audit Institution (Tribunal de Contas da União - TCU) has been acting in the policy making of the federal public administration. It seeks to highlight that in addition to the classic functions of a court of accounts that oversees governmental acts, there has been an expansion of performance aimed at evaluating the performance and implementation of public programs and policies. The text highlights that there are several factors that affect this change in trajectory that gives the Court's operational audits a prominent place alongside those that are more focused on the analysis of legal and formal compliance. The international literature highlights that changes in the roles of the courts of accounts have been deepening in several countries. A second group of factors considers the so-called "good practices": experiences of countries taken as examples (especially the United States and England) and international organizations that disseminate ways of acting (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD, International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions - Intosai, United Nations - UN and World Bank). The research analyzes the Court's organizational structure, such as salaries and schooling of civil servants, in which it finds that both are higher than the average for the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary branches. The investigation examines how the official documents of the TCU appropriate the international debate, and the support on the Federal Constitution, which underlies the expansionism of its actions. This debate upholds the analysis of three empirical evidence capable of discussing this argument. Initially, backed on audit database created after a search on the court's website. Operational audits were identified that, since 2005, have been expanding TCU's performance in several public policies. Also were analyzed the Inspection Reports on Government Policies and Programs and Systemic Inspection Reports. Since 2005, there has been a significant expansion of audits aimed at evaluating public policies. In order to thicken the research, interviews were carried out with six TCU external control departments, aiming to present how this kind of acting is institutionally justified. The comparison with the literature, the document analysis that underlies this form of action, the alignment with the international "epistemic community" and the features of its organizational structure allow us to understand how external control justifies and validates its activities into the policy making of public administration. The conclusions summarize this process within the scope of public management and its managerial and political effects. Research agendas are suggested seeking to increase this incipient field of study in the areas of public administration and political science in Brazil.

Objetivo: o presente artigo científico tem como finalidade abordar o cenário excepcional imposto pela pandemia decorrente do vírus SarsCov2 – COVID-19 e seus desdobramentos, dos quais decorrem alterações na vida dos cidadãos em relação aos direitos de personalidade, como, por exemplo, a liberdade de ir e vir, o direito à informação e o direito do consumidor, entre outros, em confronto com direitos coletivos para salvaguardar a saúde, como bem primordial da sociedade, por ser um dos elementos que integram o Estado: o território, a soberania e o povo (quiçá vivo).Metodologia a metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi a jurídica-teórica, por meio do raciocínio empírico-dedutivo e da observação da realidade social, estudos do ordenamento jurídico, material bibliográfico doutrinário e jurisprudencial.Resultados: os resultados obtidos foram respectivamente (i) a necessidade de reflexão e fomento das normas constitucionais para salvaguardar o Estado Democrático de Direito consagrado na Constituição; (ii) a defesa do direitos e garantias do indivíduo, (iii) os direitos da personalidade e outros referenciados; (iv) a utilização de tutelas inibitórias individuais e coletivas para atingir este mister. E, por fim, de forma sintética, concluiu-se que a tutela inibitório é um meio eficaz para tornar direitos efetivos, principalmente no contexto excepcional imposto pela pandemia.Contribuições: a contribuição científica almejada é, inicialmente, fomentar o debate sobre os meios de efetivação da tutela jurisdicional na defesa de Direitos materiais, difusos, coletivos e individuais homogêneos, sobre os quais não há a possibilidade de quantificar os danos, em sendo lesionados, por suas características imanentes não patrimoniais e, em um segundo momento, revisar institutos de Direito processual, como as tutelas preventivas, e, em especial, a tutela inibitória, aqui tratada, como meio de salvaguarda desses direitos.Palavras-chave. Tutela inibitória; Direito de ação; Tutela jurisdicional diferenciada; Pandemia. ABSTRACTObjective: the purpose of this scientific article is to address the exceptional scenario imposed by the pandemic resulting from the SarsCov2 - COVID-19 virus, its consequences which result in changes in the lives of citizens, in relation to personality rights, such as, for example, freedom to go and come, right to information, consumer etc. in confrontation with collective rights to safeguard health, as a fundamental good of society, since one of the elements that integrate the State, being them: the territory, the sovereignty and the people (perhaps alive).Methodology: the research methodology used was the legal-theoretical, through empirical-deductive reasoning through the observation of social reality, studies of the legal system, doctrinal bibliographic material and jurisprudence.Results: the results obtained were respectively (i) the need for reflection and the promotion of constitutional norms to safeguard the Democratic Rule of Law enshrined in our Constitution; (ii) the defense of the individual's rights and guarantees, (iii) personality rights and others referenced; (iv) the use of individual, and (v) collective injunctions to achieve this objective. Finally, in summary, it was concluded that inhibitory protection is an effective means of making rights effective, especially in the exceptional context imposed by the pandemic.Contributions: the intended scientific contribution is initially to stimulate the debate about means of effective judicial protection in the defense of rights, material, diffuse, collective and homogeneous individuals, which are not possible to quantify the damages, in case they are injured, due to their immanent non-patrimonial characteristics, and, in a second moment, to review institutes of procedural law, such as preventive protection, and, in particular, the inhibitory protection, treated here, as a means of safeguarding these rights.Keywords. Inhibitory procedure protection; Right of action; Differentiated jurisdictional protection; Pandemic.

This work analyzes the mining legal system in Brazil associated with the historical understanding of the colonization process, from the transmodern perspective of Enrique Dussel and decolonial thougth in Latin America. Mining was guided by an instrumental reason of Eurocentric matrix, supported by the man-nature disjuction, as well as an universalist and objectifying view of enviroment. Therefore, It have sought to confront this exploratory model with the assumptions of decolonial thinking and the proposal of overcoming from the emerging andean Latin America environmental constitutionalism. The discussion of mining under the poltical ecology in Latin America was deeppened, especially the contemporary theoretical developments by the neoextractivism concept and the new role of the State in the global commodity market. Next, the epistemological foudations of the mining regulation in Brazil and the proposals for legislative change in Bill 5.807/2013, Provisional Measure 790/2017 and Bill 191/2020 was anayzed. In the end, it can surmise that the exploitation model in the country keeps politically aligned with a ultraliberal and mercantilized dimension of nature, founded on an antinatura rationality. ; O presente trabalho analisa o regime jurídico da mineração no Brasil, associado a compreensão histórica do processo colonização, a partir da perspectiva transmoderna de Enrique Dussel e do pensamento decolonial na América Latina. A atividade extrativa mineral orientou-se por razão instrumental de matriz eurocêntrica, escorada na disjunção homem-natureza, bem como por uma cosmovisão univestalista e objetivadora do meio ambiente. Por meio da utilização do método dialético, buscou-se confrontar esse modelo exploratório dela decorrente com os pressupostos do pensamento decolonial e a proposta de superação advinda do emergente constitucionalismo ambiental latino-americano andino. Aprofundou-se, ainda, a discussão da atividade mineira à luz da ecologia política na América Latina, notadamente os contemporâneos desenvolvimentos teóricos da noção de neoextrativismo e o novo papel do Estado no mercado global de commodities. Em seguida, analisaram-se os alicerces epistemológicos dos regimes jurídicos de mineração no Brasil e as propostas de mudança legislativa do Projeto de Lei nº 5.807/2013, da Medida Provisória nº 790/2017 e o Projeto de Lei nº 191/2020. Ao final, depreende-se que o modelo de exploração de recursos minerais no país mantém alinhado a uma dimensão politicamente ultraliberal e mercantizada da natureza, fundada numa racionalidade antinatura.

ABSTRACT Objective: to reflect on the historical evolution of public policies aimed at drug users, highlighting the advances made and their contextual reality. Methodology: descriptive study consisting in a reflective analysis. For its preparation, we chose to conduct a previous narrative literature review, which allowed a broader and contextualized reflexive approach. Results: we notice along this historic pathway the disruption of a major paradigm: no restriction of this problem to the legal and police dimension, but understanding the existence of an inevitable relation between drug use and changes involving health. Conclusion: despite all advances and achievements, what can be actually noticed in political speeches on the theme are guidelines that complement and converge to the deployment of increasingly effective measures to tackle this public health problem. Descriptors: Illicit Drugs; Public Policies; Nursing. RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a evolução histórica das políticas públicas direcionadas aos usuários de drogas, destacando os avanços obtidos e sua realidade contextual. Metodologia: estudo descritivo do tipo análise reflexiva. Para sua elaboração, optou-se por uma revisão narrativa da literatura prévia, o que possibilitou uma abordagem reflexiva ampliada e contextualizada. Resultados: percebe-se ao longo desse percurso histórico o rompimento de um importante paradigma: a não restrição dessa problemática à dimensão jurídica e policial, mas a compreensão da existência de uma relação inevitável entre o consumo de drogas e as alterações envolvendo a saúde. Conclusão: apesar de todos os avanços e conquistas, o que de fato se percebe nos discursos políticos sobre o tema são diretrizes que se complementam e convergem para a implementação de medidas cada vez mais efetivas para enfrentar esse problema de saúde pública. Descritores: Drogas Ilícitas; Políticas Públicas; Enfermagem. RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar acerca de la evolución histórica de las políticas públicas dirigidas a los usuarios de drogas, destacando los avances logrados y su realidad contextual. Metodología: estudio descriptivo del tipo análisis reflexivo. Para su elaboración, se optó por realizar una revisión narrativa de literatura previa, lo que posibilitó un abordaje reflexivo amplio y contextualizado. Resultados: lo que se percibe a lo largo de esa ruta histórica es la ruptura de un paradigma importante: no hay restricción de ese problema a la dimensión jurídica y policial, pero la comprensión de la existencia de una relación inevitable entre el uso de drogas y los cambios relativos a la salud. Conclusión: a pesar de todos los avances y logros, lo que de hecho se percibe en los discursos políticos acerca del tema son directrices que se complementan y convergen para la implementación de medidas cada vez más eficaces para hacer frente a ese problema de salud pública. Descriptores: Drogas Ilícitas; Políticas Públicas; Enfermería. ; RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a evolução histórica das políticas públicas direcionadas aos usuários de drogas, destacando os avanços obtidos e sua realidade contextual. Metodologia: estudo descritivo do tipo análise reflexiva. Para sua elaboração, optou-se por uma revisão narrativa da literatura prévia, o que possibilitou uma abordagem reflexiva ampliada e contextualizada. Resultados: percebe-se ao longo desse percurso histórico o rompimento de um importante paradigma: a não restrição dessa problemática à dimensão jurídica e policial, mas a compreensão da existência de uma relação inevitável entre o consumo de drogas e as alterações envolvendo a saúde. Conclusão: apesar de todos os avanços e conquistas, o que de fato se percebe nos discursos políticos sobre o tema são diretrizes que se complementam e convergem para a implementação de medidas cada vez mais efetivas para enfrentar esse problema de saúde pública. Descritores: Drogas Ilícitas; Políticas Públicas; Enfermagem. ABSTRACT Objective: to reflect on the historical evolution of public policies aimed at drug users, highlighting the advances made and their contextual reality. Methodology: descriptive study consisting in a reflective analysis. For its preparation, we chose to conduct a previous narrative literature review, which allowed a broader and contextualized reflexive approach. Results: we notice along this historic pathway the disruption of a major paradigm: no restriction of this problem to the legal and police dimension, but understanding the existence of an inevitable relation between drug use and changes involving health. Conclusion: despite all advances and achievements, what can be actually noticed in political speeches on the theme are guidelines that complement and converge to the deployment of increasingly effective measures to tackle this public health problem. Descriptors: Illicit Drugs; Public Policies; Nursing. RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar acerca de la evolución histórica de las políticas públicas dirigidas a los usuarios de drogas, destacando los avances logrados y su realidad contextual. Metodología: estudio descriptivo del tipo análisis reflexivo. Para su elaboración, se optó por realizar una revisión narrativa de literatura previa, lo que posibilitó un abordaje reflexivo amplio y contextualizado. Resultados: lo que se percibe a lo largo de esa ruta histórica es la ruptura de un paradigma importante: no hay restricción de ese problema a la dimensión jurídica y policial, pero la comprensión de la existencia de una relación inevitable entre el uso de drogas y los cambios relativos a la salud. Conclusión: a pesar de todos los avances y logros, lo que de hecho se percibe en los discursos políticos acerca del tema son directrices que se complementan y convergen para la implementación de medidas cada vez más eficaces para hacer frente a ese problema de salud pública. Descriptores: Drogas Ilícitas; Políticas Públicas; Enfermería.

After the Lisbon Summit of 2009, the whole matter of fundamental rights in the European Union has taken a new connotation. Local economic interests and social protests – in opposition to the "neoliberal agenda" of EU institutions – have played an important role in stopping the enforcement of the "Constitutional Treaty" and boosted an anti-Euro mobilization. In the meanwhile, the European bodies and transnational corporations have continued to settle a new and alternative basis for the integration. A radical shift can be observed, from the research of synthetic set of principles – as those established on the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights – to a deeply technical and detailed normative production. The regulation on safety and healthy workplaces is one of the best point of view to study this change. Far from calling into question the unbalanced positions between the parties in contemporary labour relationships, the European strategy for workers' protection move through procedural issues and voluntary obedience to the soft law instruments. In the past, the legal doctrine described the creation of a multilevel architecture of institutions, sometimes implemented in a top-down approach. Along with this, recently, it was implemented the establishment of common organizational standards associated to a specific system of corporate governance to pursue a better integration between business and fundamental rights. ; Após o Summit de Lisboa de 2009, toda a questão dos direitos fundamentais na União Europeia tomou uma nova conotação. Os interesses econômicos locais e os protestos sociais – em oposição a "agenda neoliberal" promovida pelas instituições europeias – têm desempenhado um papel importante em parar a execução do "Tratado Constitucional" e impulsionaram uma mobilização anti-Euro. No enquanto isso, os organismos europeus e as empresas transnacionais instalaram uma base nova e alternativa para a integração. Uma mudança radical pode ser observada, a partir da pesquisa de um conjunto (ainda) sintético de princípios – como os estabelecidos na Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia – para uma produção normativa profundamente técnica e detalhada. A regulação da segurança no lugar de trabalho é um dos melhores pontos de observação para estudar a transformação mencionada. Longe de pôr em causa as posições desequilibradas entre as partes nas relações de trabalho contemporâneas, a estratégia europeia para a proteção da saúde dos trabalhadores prefere as questões procedimentais e a adesão voluntária aos instrumentos de soft law. No passado, a doutrina jurídica descrevia a criação de uma arquitetura multi-nível de instituições, as vezes implementada por meio de uma abordagem de cima para baixo (top-down approach). Junto com isso, recentemente, teve a implementação de padrões organizacionais comuns para a criação de um sistema específico de governança corporativa, finalizado a buscar uma melhor integração entre os negócios e os direitos fundamentais.