El artículo trata sobre la necesaria protección jurídica de las personas con discapacidad en todos los ámbitos de actuación, incluido el del cambio climático. Es necesario que existan medidas concretas en la normativa sobre cambio climático dirigida a las personas con discapacidad dadas las consecuencias perjudiciales que les provocan. La normativa vigente en ese ámbito resulta escasa en cuanto a la integración de este colectivo al contrario de lo que ocurre en otros sectores, como el de la educación, sanidad, seguridad vial y entretenimiento, entre otros. ; The article deals with the necessary legal protection of people with disabilities in all areas of action, including climate change. It ́s necessary the concrete measures in the regulations on climate change aimed at people with disabilities, given the harmful consequences that they cause. The regulation in this area is deficient in terms of the integration of this group, contrary to what happens in other sectors, such as education, health, road safety and entertainment, among others.
The objective of the article was to analyze the legal specialization of adolescents in an extracurricular environment through art technology. The published results highlight the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem of the legal socialization of adolescents, which takes place in an extracurricular environment. The methodology of the research was represented by the theoretical study of this problem in its aspects: philosophical, legal, pedagogical, sociological and psychological, as well as by the experimental work with a sample of (342 adolescents). It has been shown that for the legal socialization of adolescents in non-formal education centers it is necessary: the application of axiological ideas and concepts of legal education, philosophy, legal pedagogy of adolescents in education through art technologies; the organization of cognitive-communicative interaction and communication as a means of increasing the legal socialization of the; consideration of the age characteristics, perspective and value changes of adolescents growing up in society. It is concluded that the structure of the legal socialization of adolescents should be considered as a holistic system in which different dimensions interact.
Educación para la diversidad ; Educación ; The following End of Master work (TFM) show us a investigation about how the attention to diversity have evolve and change along the history from the analysis of legislative documents and from a semi-structured interview to education professionals. The attention to diversity is a term that is constantly changing, because of that, our 3 educational system must be ready to deal with those changes. One of the main objects this proyects have is to identify the major changes of attention to diversity and how being treat by the educational laws is, also get to know the thought of the interviewed professionals, to understand how this changes had influenced in educational practice. The results obtained from the analysis of the legislative documents have indicated that the most relevant changes arise from the implementation of the General Education Law (LGE), 1970, to the General Organic Law of the Educational System (LOGSE), 1990, the same line of treatment towards diversity, but including some improvements and modifications. The analysis of the interviews of our professionals coincides with the results of the legislative analysis, affirming that the great changes on the attention to the diversity were established with the implantation of LOGSE in 1990, and that from that year to the present the variations have been although they emphasize that improvements and expansion of measures and resources have been introduced for their treatment. ; El siguiente Trabajo de Fin de Máster (TFM) muestra un proyecto de investigación acerca de la evolución de la atención a la diversidad donde buscamos conocer los grandes cambios que ésta ha experimentado a lo largo de la historia a partir del análisis de documentos legislativos y de la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesionales de la educación. La atención a la diversidad es un término que está cambiando constantemente, es por ello que nuestro sistema educativo debe estar preparado para hacer frente a dichos cambios. De este modo, partiendo del contenido de las leyes educativas y de la opinión de los profesionales de la educación, uno de los principales objetivos de este proyecto es identificar los grandes cambios de la atención a la diversidad y su tratamiento desde las distintas leyes educativas, así como conocer las percepciones de los profesionales entrevistados, para saber cómo esos cambios han influido en la práctica educativa. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de los documentos legislativos nos han indicado que los cambios más relevantes surgen desde la implantación de la Ley General de Educación (LGE), 1970, hasta la Ley Orgánica General del Sistema Educativo (LOGSE), 1990, manteniéndose hasta la actualidad una misma línea de tratamiento hacia la diversidad, pero incluyendo algunas mejoras y modificaciones. El análisis de las entrevistas de nuestros profesionales coincide con los resultados del análisis legislativo, afirmando que los grandes cambios sobre la atención a la diversidad se establecieron con la implantación de lo LOGSE en 1990, y que desde ese año hasta la actualidad las variaciones han sido poco relevantes, aunque hacen hincapié en que se han introducido mejoras y ampliación de medidas y recursos para su tratamiento.
The aim of the article is to clarify the limits and content of the normative regulation of the prevention of domestic violence in Ukraine based on the values of natural law, the theory of criminal, civil and administrative law, and current legislation. In addition, an analysis of the legal support for the training and implementation of State policy in the field of protection of victims of domestic violence is carried out. The legal nature and content of the legal regulation of the prevention of domestic violence in Ukraine are revealed. The dialectical method contributed to the consideration and study of the problem in the unity of its social content and legal form and to the implementation of a systematic analysis of the normative regulation of the prevention of domestic violence in Ukraine. Everything allows us to conclude that the norms of international, European, and national law that regulate the relations of prevention and fight against domestic violence in Ukraine are articulated. Finally, special attention is paid to the organizational and legal aspects of the fight against domestic violence in relation to changes in Ukrainian legislation.
En este artículo se intentan explicitar los cambios acaecidos en las últimas décadas en los ámbitos económico, político y tecnológico que han dado lugar a una nueva visión sobre la naturaleza socioeconómica y la estructura adecuada para el suministro de electricidad, así como los fundamentos conceptuales de la reforma de la industria eléctrica colombiana y su concreción en las Leyes de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios y Eléctrica. Inicialmente, se identifican los cambios mencionados y los lineamientos de la transformación subsectorial a saber: participación privada, reformas regulatorias y revisión de la estructura industrial basada en monopolios naturales. Luego, se establecen los principios teóricos y operativos de la reforma del sub sector eléctrico y se analiza cómo estos toman forma en las leyes adoptadas para el efecto. Por último, se esbozan algunas hipótesis en relación con el papel de las instituciones multilaterales de crédito en las políticas y el desenvolvimiento subsectorial. / Abstract. This article will attempt to explain the changes in recent decades in the economic, political and technological have led to new insights into the socio-economic nature and the appropriate structure for the supply of electricity as well as the conceptual foundations of the reform of the Colombian electricity industry and its realization in the Laws of Public Utilities and Electric. Initially, these changes are identified and guidelines of the transformation sub namely private participation, regulatory reform and revision of the industrial structure based on natural monopolies. Then down the theoretical principles and operational reform of the electricity sub sector and discusses how these take shape in the laws adopted for the purpose. Finally, it outlines some hypotheses regarding the role of multilateral lending institutions and policy development sub-sector
Ukraine's social security system faces significant difficulties. The challenges of the war add to the previously existing economic and demographic problems. The painful issue of ensuring social standards of the population in conditions of shortage of funds brings to the forefront ways to reduce the burden on budgets. In this regard, non-state social security is of great importance. In view of this, it is important to study the international experience of the functioning of non-state social security systems. The purpose of the work was to analyze the effectiveness of the Ukrainian system of non-state social security in comparison with the corresponding systems of other countries and to study international standards. The methodological basis of this research used such methods as: historical, statistical, comparative legal, formal legal and emergency method. In the conclusions of the case, the peculiarities of the non-state pension system of Ukraine are explained and the problems it faces are investigated. Several mechanisms that can lead to an increase of its efficiency and popularity among the population are considered. It was remarked that it is necessary to introduce changes, including through the implementation of international legal documents.
We have been witnessing, for decades, an accelerated successionof changes that put in check the traditional schemes of understandingof politics, economy and society. The article analyzed below"The teaching of Law in the economy of learning", by Professor JosefaRuiz Resa, it is placed within that framework. The reading of the textpresented is articulated with the introduction of an absent but inescapablediscussion to think about the sociopolitical scenario where thetrends of the legal professions are framed today. By assuming the constitutiveandrocentric of the legal field, the effects of this conditioningcan not be postponed for any analysis of the legal professions. Basedon a basic agreement with the hypothesis of the Professor's work, keysare proposed to understand the recurrence of androcentric logic in thecurrent scenario of legal education and the legal professions. ; Asistimos desde hace décadas a una acelerada sucesión decambios que ponen en jaque los tradicionales esquemas de comprensiónde la política, la economía y la sociología. Es en ese marco quese sitúa el texto de la Profesora Josefa Ruiz Resa, "La enseñanza delDerecho en la economía del aprendizaje", analizado a continuación.La lectura del texto que se presenta se articula con la introducciónde una discusión ausente aunque insoslayable para pensar el escenariosociopolítico donde se enmarcan las tendencias de las profesionesjurídicas en la actualidad. Al asumir el androcentrismo constitutivodel campo jurídico, los efectos de ese condicionamiento resultan impostergablespara cualquier análisis de las profesiones del Derecho. Apartir de un acuerdo básico con la hipótesis de trabajo de la Profesora,se proponen claves para comprender la recurrencia de la lógica androcéntricaen el escenario actual de la enseñanza del Derecho y lasprofesiones jurídicas.
[EN] Law schools as professional training institutions of central importance in the life of a society, must give not just a formal relevance but real importance to teaching methods that promote a type of deep and motivating learning, allowing to the students the apprehension of values of justice, equity, equality and democracy. This paper discuss the need for a change in the epistemological perspective: a shift from a positivist view towards a constructivist approach of learning as a way to deal with the serious training deficiencies detected. It is necessary to modify the traditional curricular organization, based on the epistemological and traditional concept of teaching, resulting in a lack of connection as well as no relationship between the knowledge imparted. But it is not enough altering the curriculum subjects or the order of the contents, it is necessary to modify the conception of knowledge which presides over the organization of content and teaching practices. In this sense, the real learning contexts developed by community services as an university activity -particularly through legal clinics- allows apprehension of a sort of meaningful knowledge, possibly would be the solution. Because we support the idea that the learnings should be operated from the social practices, to the production of knowledge, which helps to achieve a true integration of the three functions ascribed to Modern Universities: Teaching-Research-Extension. ; [ES] Las Facultades de Derecho, como instituciones formadoras de profesionales de central importancia en la vida de una sociedad, deben dar relevancia no solo formal sino real a aquellos métodos de enseñanza que propicien un tipo de aprendizaje profundo, movilizador, que permita la aprensión de valores como la justicia, equidad, igualdad y democracia.Para ello, es necesario modificar la organización tradicional curricular que, sustentada en la concepción epistemológica y didáctico-pedagógica tradicional, es caracterizada por la distribución del conocimiento de lo general hacia ...
Law in a transnational context loses the features with which it has been configured since modernity. Classic distinctions between national and international, public and private, substantive and procedural, legal and political, social and legal lose their rigidity in a context of norms, orders, institutions and agents that interact and overlap in diverse and changing ways. A legal theory capable of explaining and evaluating this overflowing egal reality is lacking. A theoretical reflection on international law is not enough. Transnationalism appeals to a plurality of legal actors and spaces that interact to create, interpret and enforce rules which they mutually identify with. Transnationalism does not only refer to the global or the supranational, but to the interdependence of both with the local and transit spaces. And this translates into a change of focus or perspective that is required of each legal agent: management of the interrelation between diverse orders aimed to create spaces for approach, contestation and innovation is a normative requirement and it must be weighed against other legal values. Concepts to which legal theory must focus its attention change their meaning. The work refers to four of those concepts that I consider essential: social group or community, relations between orders and interlegality, coercion and normative diversity. The last part of the paper addresses the way in which these necessary changes have a place in our theories elaborated from the perspective of the great traditions of legal philosophy. What legal positivism, socio-legal theory and legal realism have in common might be an appropriate approach to the review of our discipline.
Law schools as professional training institutions of central importance in the life of a society, must give not just a formal relevance but real importance to teaching methods that promote a type of deep and motivating learning, allowing to the students the apprehension of values of justice, equity, equality and democracy. This paper discuss the need for a change in the epistemological perspective: a shift from a positivist view towards a constructivist approach of learning as a way to deal with the serious training deficiencies detected. It is necessary to modify the traditional curricular organization, based on the epistemological and traditional concept of teaching, resulting in a lack of connection as well as no relationship between the knowledge imparted. But it is not enough altering the curriculum subjects or the order of the contents, it is necessary to modify the conception of knowledge which presides over the organization of content and teaching practices. In this sense, the real learning contexts developed by community services as an university activity -particularly through legal clinics- allows apprehension of a sort of meaningful knowledge, possibly would be the solution. Because we support the idea that the learnings should be operated from the social practices, to the production of knowledge, which helps to achieve a true integration of the three functions ascribed to Modern Universities: Teaching-Research-Extension. ; Las Facultades de Derecho, como instituciones formadoras de profesionales de central importancia en la vida de una sociedad, deben dar relevancia no solo formal sino real a aquellos métodos de enseñanza que propicien un tipo de aprendizaje profundo, movilizador, que permita la aprensión de valores como la justicia, equidad, igualdad y democracia.Para ello, es necesario modificar la organización tradicional curricular que, sustentada en la concepción epistemológica y didáctico-pedagógica tradicional, es caracterizada por la distribución del conocimiento de lo general hacia lo particular, de lo básico hacia lo profesionalizante, de lo teórico a lo práctico, produciendo una falta de conexión y de relación entre los conocimientos impartidos.Pero no basta con alterar el currículum insertando materias o alterando el orden de los contenidos, es necesario modificar la concepción de conocimiento que preside la organización de los mismos, así como las prácticas docentes. Este trabajo propone como alternativa un cambio de perspectiva epistemológica: un giro desde una visión positivista hacia una visión constructivista del aprendizaje, como modo de superar las serias deficiencias de formación que se constatan.En este sentido, el aprendizaje situado en contextos reales, permite la aprehensión de un tipo de conocimiento significativo, que desarrollado a través de la extensión –particularmente las clínicas jurídicas- puede ser la solución. En este trabajo se sostiene que la enseñanza debe tener como origen las prácticas sociales y a partir de ellas trabajar para la producción de conocimientos, logrando de este modo una verdadera integración de las tres funciones atribuidas a las Universidades Modernas: Docencia-Investigación-Extensión.
In the legislative production process on climate change mitigation we highlight, within the forestry sector, the use of typical forestry techniques, specifically those of reforestation, carried through sustainable forest management, and which have suffered a logical upgrade process. In addition, a practical and detailed regulation of the forests is detected in their function of natural sinks of greenhouse gases, being forced the society and the market to resort to alternative systems to achieve economic compensation to the investments that are executed in these forest lands and in exchange for the externalities that are generated in favor of society. ; En el proceso de producción legislativa en materia de mitigación del cambio climático destacamos, dentro del sector forestal, el uso de típicas técnicas de silvicultura, concretamente las de repoblación forestal, vehiculadas a través de la gestión forestal sostenible, y que han sufrido un lógico proceso de actualización. Además, se detecta una regulación práctica y detallada de los montes en su función de sumideros naturales de gases de efecto invernadero, viéndose obligada la sociedad y el mercado a acudir a sistemas alternativos para alcanzar contraprestaciones económicas a las inversiones que se ejecutan en esos terrenos forestales y a cambio de las externalidades que se generan a favor de la sociedad.
The purpose of the article was to identify and reveal the main contemporary modern legislative initiatives aimed at ensuring the expression of will by means of information technology. The main methodological tools applied in the study were comparative legal analysis and observational method. The study showed that effective manifestation of will requires further implementation of state-of-the-art systems of electronic petitions, digital resources and electronic voting. Relevant legislative initiatives should serve to increase the capacity for citizen participation and discussion. It is substantiated that the priority directions of changes in legal systems should be: 1) reforms aimed at closing the digital divide in access to information technologies; 2) technical improvement of the electronic voting procedure; 3) increasing the relevant informatization of citizens; 4) ensuring maximum protection of the state digital environment. Special attention should be paid to the legal development of a comprehensive technocratic approach. It is concluded that it is desirable to apply hybrid technology for the people to realize their right to vote and give them more opportunities to participate in the processes of governance and digital governance.
Introducción: La necesidad de estándares de calidad de los servicios farmacéuticos, para garantizar el uso seguro, responsable y efectivo del medicamento, ha hecho que a través de los años se produzcan una serie de cambios en los sistemas sanitarios. Existe además, una lucha para posicionar a la farmacia y a farmacéuticos como ejes potenciales para promulgar la protección de la salud. Fruto de estos cambios, se evidencian diferencias estructurales en los modelos de farmacia entre países desarrollados y países en vías de desarrollo. El presente estudio realiza un análisis comparativo del modelo de oficina farmacia entre los países de Ecuador y España, diferenciando las legislaciones alusivas al funcionamiento de las farmacias y comparando los modelos de oficina de farmacia. Método: Estudio comparativo basado en investigación documental, en lo referente a normativas y legislación de las farmacias comunitarias de Ecuador y España Resultados: En el presente trabajo se analizan la legislación vigente que regula la farmacia española y ecuatoriana, en referencia al establecimiento de nuevas farmacias, propiedad farmacéutica, prohibición de cadenas de farmacia, así como la calidad de la formación del farmacéutico comunitario Conclusiones: En países de Latinoamérica, como en el caso de Ecuador, la farmacia adopta un modelo más liberal, refiriendo a la desregularización de la apertura de nuevas farmacias, temas de propiedad, sistema de planificación territorial, así como la no presencia del profesional farmacéutico; dando lugar a un sistema con un fuerte enfoque comercial; incidiendo de esta forma sobre la función ideal que debe llevar a cabo la farmacia comunitaria. ; Introduction: The need for quality standards in pharmaceutical services, that provides a safety, responsible and effectiveness use of medication, has led several changes in health systems over the years. There is also a struggle to position the pharmacy and pharmaceutical professionals as potential axes to enact health care. As a result of these changes, there are structural differences in pharmacy models between developed and developing countries. The present study sets out to provide a comparative analysis of Ecuador and Spain pharmacy office model, differentiating legislations concerning the functioning of pharmacies and comparing the pharmacy office models. Method: Documentary based research and a comparative study, regarding regulations and legislation of community pharmacies in Ecuador and Spain. Results: In this paper, the current legislation that regulates the Spanish and Ecuadorian pharmacy is analyzed, in reference to the establishment of new pharmacies, pharmaceutical ownership, prohibition of pharmacy chains, as well as the quality of the training of community pharmacists. Conclusions: In Latin American countries, as in the case of Ecuador, the pharmacy adopts a more liberal model, referring to the deregulation of the opening of new pharmacies, property issues, territorial planning system, as well as the non-presence of the professional pharmacist; resulting in a system with a strong commercial focus; thus emphasizing the ideal role to be played by the community pharmacy.
In Latin America, the severe flaws in post dictatorial representative democracies and the constitutional principles originally designed to facilitate the exploitative governments of landed and capitalist elites, begin to be questioned and emerging emancipatory processes point towards the development of participatory democracies. In order to redirect national development the peaceful way, several of these processes have resorted to the transformation of the existing legal order in favour of the dominant classes, redirecting their vision of the future in favour of popular interests. The recovery and transformation of the role of the State and public policies with budget allocation in consonance with the new constitutional and social change projects, become indispensable for the success of these processes. In this scenario, concerted social movement action in the struggle for a post neoliberal future and for liberation regarding imperialist designs, constitute the most powerful force towards change. The recent constitutional processes in Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador have benefited from a combination of effective and charismatic popular leaders as heads of government and the pressure from popular bases with demonstrated capabilities for uniting, organizing and mobilizing towards their own agenda towards justice and sovereignty. ; Las severas limitaciones de las democracias representativas postdictatoriales en América Latina y los principios constitucionales originalmente diseñados para facilitar el gobierno explotador de las élites capitalistas y terratenientes comienzan a ser questionadas y surgen procesos emancipadores que buscan encaminarse hacia la formación de democracias participativas. Para reencauzar las vías de desarrollo nacional por la vía pacifica varios de estos procesos han recurrido a transformar el orden legal que servía a las clases dominantes, redefiniendo el proyecto de futuro en favor de los intereses populares. Imprescindibles al éxito de estos procesos, como elementos garantistas ...
This article presents the social and demographic panorama of the Government of Yucatan during the colonial era. The objective of the work is to have a much clearer picture of the social, cultural and political component in the conquered territory, as well as its changes and continuities during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The methodology used is qualitative and is based on the method of long historical duration in which it draws a line in time that covers the colonial era. The hypothesis is that colonial Yucatecan society was heterogeneous and was based on different legal statutes. The results of the work show us that the population in Yucatán suffered great changes due to situations such as the conquest, wars, epidemics and calamities; achieving a slow recovery for the eighteenth century.
